Better Strategies For Covid Vaccinations
Better Strategies For Covid Vaccinations
Better Strategies For Covid Vaccinations
1
Public Health and Medical Research, Charisma University, Grace Bay, Turks and Caicos
Islands,
Train to Teach in Medicine, Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
Doctor of Health Sciences Candidate, MCPHS University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Harvard Medical School Postgraduate Medical Education High Impact Cancer Research
2019-2021
2
Clinical Research, TRG GEN+, Beirut, Lebanon
3
Biological and Chemical Technology, International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical
University, Kursk, Russian Federation.
Corresponding Author:
Professor Nikolaos Tzenios Ph.D., FRSPH, FRSM, FAAMFM, FWAMS, FMRS, AcIASS,
mRSB, DABAAHP1 3 Walham Yard, SW61JA, London, Uk
Email address: Nicolas@Trccolleges.com
Abstract
The first case of COVID-19 a coronavirus disease was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan,
China, and spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is
regarded as the most challenging pandemic in the current century. COVID-19 has brought
scientists together on a platform where they are searching to find out different therapeutic and
preventive strategies to combat this coronavirus. Scientists and healthcare workers are working
on developing new vaccines that are safe and take less time to develop. They are trying to
elucidate various target sites on 2019-nCov that could act as potential candidates for effective
vaccine preparation. Besides this, there is also a need for proper community involvement to elicit
the coronavirus disease by taking preventive measures and spreading awareness. In this review,
we have focused that how scientists can develop vaccines against new variants and convince the
public about vaccine acceptance at the community level. This manuscript reviews Strategies for
Covid-19 Vaccination Development, Strategies for Covid-19 Vaccination Acceptance, and
Community Engagement in Covid-19 Vaccination plans.
Special journal of the Medical Academy and other Life Sciences
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023) 02/09/2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58676/sjmas.v1i2.11
Introduction:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has transmitted very quickly around the globe after the
first case was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of COVID-19[1]. The World Health
Organization (WHO) declared this outbreak to be a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2] More than
108.8 million people had COVID-19 infection as of February 17, 2021, and 223 different
countries had reported over 2.4 million casualties [3] [4]. Until COVID-19 vaccinations became
widely available, countries relied upon contact tracing to control the virus's spread [5]. Nearly 20
million cases had been reported worldwide by August 2020, with over a half million deaths.
Although the disease affects persons of various ages, it primarily affects elderly aged
individuals and those who are already suffering from many health complications [6]. One of the
most problematic and worrying pandemics is now being caused by a coronavirus associated with
severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19). Vaccine-preventable disease (VPD)
surveillance and routine pediatric vaccines for individual children in clinics should continue as
long as possible throughout the pandemic [7].
Prioritizing vaccination for the older age group decreases infection occurrences more efficiently
in areas with a high level of social distance while prioritizing immunization for the younger age
group has a greater impact in areas with a low level of social distancing. Regardless of the extent
to which people are socially isolated or resistant to vaccines, providing elderly aged
individuals with a higher immunization preference is the most effective way to decrease
mortality rates [6]. Vaccine hesitancy is the reluctance to receive or outright rejection of a
vaccine due to personal beliefs about the vaccine or the disease it is intended to prevent, or
because of access issues and continuous development in vaccines play a critical role in halting
coronavirus pandemic [8] [9]. To control these challenges it is required to make sure
community-engaged initiatives that highlight messages that can be easily understand and in other
way culturally appropriate, which address people's reservations about vaccine safety and
accessibility, and that fully utilize trusted individuals to offer timely and precise information
regarding vaccines [10]. In this review, we have highlighted the strategies that are required for
vaccine development, to eradicate the stigma about vaccination and ensure proper
implementation of covid vaccines in the community.
Because of their rapid development and excellent level of safety and efficacy, mRNA vaccines
had emerged as leading contenders. Two messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have been licenced
for use in humans, proving the viability of this emerging vaccination technology [15]. The open
reading frame of the target antigen (in this case, spike protein) with a 3′ polyadenylated tail is a
standard component of conventional mRNA vaccine formulation, and it often elicits both
humoral and cellular immune responses. BioNTech and Pfizer have developed four RNA-based
vaccine candidates that have been tested in Phase I clinical trials, and two vaccines are moving
on to Phase II. Their LNP-encapsulated vaccines encoded a trimerized, secreted SARS-CoV-2
receptor-binding domain (BNT162b1) and a perfusion-stabilized, membrane-anchored full-
length spike (BNT162b2) [16] [14].
DNA vaccines are beneficial even in infant children; they are harmless; they are stable; and the
production process is quick; cheap; and it does not result in an anti-vector immune reaction [17].
DNA vaccines have a substantially longer shelf life than mRNA vaccinations because they can
be handled at 4 °C . In addition, DNA vaccines are more rapidly developed and manufactured
than mRNA vaccines [18]. Spike (S) protein, a viral glycoprotein that projects from SARS-CoV-
Special journal of the Medical Academy and other Life Sciences
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023) 02/09/2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58676/sjmas.v1i2.11
2, is a prominent target for vaccine research because it mediates viral entrance into host cells by
binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, furin cleavage at the interface
of the S1 and S2 subunits stimulate the S2-mediated fusion of viral and host membranes [19].
This is achieved via interacting with the ACE2 receptor. Thus, the two subunits serve different
purposes in the infection process. Proline substitution (HexaPro) is commonly used in vaccine
production for prefusion-stabilizing S-protein six because it elicits increased expression and
resilience to varied temperature conditions, giving improved stability [20].
Inactivated pathogen vaccines have a long history of usage in pandemic preparedness. Variants
of the SARS-CoV-2 virion are grown in Vero (African Green Monkey) cell lines for use in this
vaccine strategy. Beta -propiolactone is used to inactivate the virus after viral extraction, and the
inactivated virus particle is subsequently adsorbed in on an adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide) [3].
These inactivated viral vaccinations seem to have fewer side effects than live virus vaccines.
Redness as well as pain at the injection site were the most prevalent local adverse effects [26],
while only moderate systemic adverse effects occurred. Although inactivated vaccines are
generally thought to be safe for use on a global scale, studies of inactivated vaccines against
SARS-CoV (the initial SARS epidemic's causative agent) have shown that anti-viral IgG levels
rapidly decline 16 months after inoculation, becoming specifically undetectable 3 years upon
inoculation [16].
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