MIDTERMS!!!

prepare nurses to assume the role as

Health Education Reviewer teachers for others.

Definition: 1996- According to ‘Chankes and

 Social science that draws from Christ’ Public Health Nurses clearly
biological, environmental, understood the significance of the role
psychological, physical and medical of the nurse as a teacher in preventing
science to promote health and disease and in maintaining the health of
prevent disease, disability, and society.
premature death THROUGH
education-driven voluntary 1998- Joint Commission (JC)
behavior. established nursing standards for patient
education to recognize its importance.
 Development of individual, group,
institutional, community and PEW HEALTH PROFFESSIONS
systemic strategies to improve COMMISSIONS INFLUENCED by
health knowledge, attitudes, skills the dramatic changes surrounding health
and behavior. care, published a broad set of
competencies it believed would mark the
success of the health professions in 25th
AIM: Positively influence the health Century.
behavior of individuals and communities
as well as the living and working WHY IS HEALTH EDUCATION
conditions that influence their health. IMPORTANT?

LEGAL BASIS OF HEALTH  It empowers people to decide for

EDUCATION IN THE NURSING themselves. In what options to
SERVICE choose to enhance their quality of
life.
 Rule IV, article VI, Sec 28 of the  It improves the health status of
Philippines Nursing Act of 2002 RA individuals, families, communities,
9173 states that a nurse function is; states, and the nation.
 It enhances the quality of life for all
 To provide health education to people.
individuals, families and  Reduces premature deaths.
communities.
 To teach, guide and supervise the Note; Focus on prevention, it reduces
students in nursing education. the costs that we would spend on
medical treatment!!!
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
TRENDS IN HEALTH EDUCATION
1918 - NLNE in US observed
importance of health teaching as a  ‘ HEALTHY PEOPLE;2010’
function within the scope of nursing which is a book about
practice. understanding and improving health
was published by the FEDERAL
1950- NLNE had identified course GOVERNMENT.
content in nursing school curricula to
 Growth in managed care has  Family/Community Involvement
resulted in shifts in reimbursements
for healthcare services.
 Health providers are recognizing the Characteristics of Effective Health
economic and social values of Educator
reaching out to communities,
schools and workplaces to provide
 Directed at people who are directly
education.
involved with health related
 Politicians and healthcare
situation or issues.
administrators alike recognize the
 Repeated and reinforced over time
importance of health education to
using different methods.
accomplish the economic goal or
 Adaptable and uses existing
reducing the high costs of health
channels of communication.
services.
 Entertaining
 Healthcare professionals are
 Clear, uses simple language
increasingly concerned about
 Emphasizes short term benefits
malpractice claims and disciplinary
 Demonstrations
actions for incompetence.
 Nurses continue to define their
professional role, body knowledge,
7 AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF
scope of practice and expertise w/
HEALTH EDUCATOR
client education as central to the
practice of nursing.
1. ASSESS needs, resources and
 Consumers are demanding
capacity
increased knowledge and skills
- first step
about how to care for themselves
and how to prevent disease.
2. PLAN
 The increase in chronic and
- identified health needs and
incurable conditions requires that
communicate
individuals and families become
informed participants to manage
3. IMPLEMENT
their own illnesses.
- go out in the community and provide
 Health providers are increasingly
the education
becoming more aware that client
health literacy is an essential skill if
4. Conduct EVALUATION and
health outcomes are to be improved
Research
nationwide.
- Understand proper evaluation
 Demograpic trends like aging of the
methodology.
population requires emphasis on
self-reliance and maintenance of a
5. ADMINISTER
health status.
- If you developed the program, run that
program.
 Health Education
 Physical Education
6. SERVE
 Health services
- make yourself available to answer
 Nutrition Service
community health needs, then help the
 Counselling, Psychological &
community address the health concern.
Social services.
 Healthy School environment
7. CPA- Communicate, promote and
 Health Promotion for staff
Advocate
- make everyone understand the
importance of health educators.

CHANGE PROCESS
THEORIES IN HEALTH
Guidelines that may help affect EDUCATION
change:
1. NOLA PENDER- HEALTH
1. Perceive the NEED FOR CHANGE PROMOTION MODEL

- Progress requires modification, PUBLISHED: 1982

improvement or replacement of obsolete IMPROVED: 1996 - 2002
knowledge through RE-EDUCATION
and training. USED: For nursing research, education
and process.
Resistance
Uncertainty APPLICATION: nursing theory and the
Assimilation body of knowledge that has been
Tranference collected through observation and
Integration research.

2. Initiate GROUP INTERACTION - Nurses are in the top profession to

\ enable people to improve their well-
- Initiate and motivate client to think in being and self-care with positive health
critical of situations. behaviors.

a.) Identify external and internal forces DEFINITION OF HEALTH

for change PROMOTION
b) State the problem
c) Identify constrains -behavior motivated by the desire to
d) List change strategies increase well-being and actualize human
e) Select best change strategies health potential.
f) Formulate a plan for implementation - an approach to wellness.
g) Develop a tool to Evaluate
- “ empowering people to make
healthy lifestyle choices and
3. IMPLEMENT CHANGE ONE STEP
motivating them to become better self-
AT A TIME
managers.”
- change must be done gradually
HEALTH PROTECTION
-in orderly and systematically
-ABRUPT change can change
- illness prevention is described as
resistance.
behavior motivated desire to actively
avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain
4. EVALUATE OVERALL RESULTS
functioning within illness constraints.
OF CHANGE AND MAKE
ADJUSTMENTS

- Identify strength and weaknesses so as

to provide remedial measures.
 ethnicity, acculturation, education,
and socioeconomic status.

2. Behavior-specific knowledge and

NOLA PENDER’S ASSUMPTION affect
❑ Perceived benefits to action
 Individual Strive to control their - Anticipated positive outcomes that
own behavior will occur from health behavior
 Individuals work to improve
themselves and their environment ❑ Perceived barriers to action
 Health professionals comprise the - Anticipated, imagined, or real blocks
interpersonal environment- Which and personal costs of
influences individual behavior. understanding a given behavior.
 Self-initiated change is essential to
changing behavior ❑ Perceived self-efficacy
- The judgment of personal capability
to organize and execute a health
FOCAL AREAS promoting behavior. Perceived self-
efficacy influences perceived
1. Individual Experiences barriers to action, so higher efficacy
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and results in lowered perceptions of
affect barriers to the behavior’s
3. Behavioral outcomes performance.
HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL ❑ Activity related affect
• Subjective positive or negative
feeling occurs before, during, and
1. Individual Experiences following behavior based on the
❑Prior Related Behavior stimulus properties of the behavior
Prior Related Behavior = Past itself.
experiences • Activity-related affect influences
perceived self-efficacy, which means
❑Personal Factors the more positive the subjective
- are categorized as biological, feeling, the greater its efficacy. In
psychological, and socio-cultural. turn, increased feelings of efficacy can
These factors are predictive of a given generate a further positive
behavior and shaped by the target affect
behavior’s nature being considered.
• Personal biological factors. ❑ Interpersonal influences
Include variables such as age, gender, -Cognition concerning behaviors,
body mass index, pubertal status, beliefs, or attitudes of others.
aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or Interpersonal influences include
balance. norms (expectations of significant
• Personal psychological factors. others), social support (instrumental
Include variables such as self-esteem, and emotional encouragement),
selfmotivation, personal competence, and modeling (vicarious learning
perceived health status, and definition through observing others engaged in
of health.
• Personal socio-cultural factors.
Include variables such as race,
a particular behavior). Primary health outcomes such as optimal
sources of interpersonal influences wellbeing, personal fulfillment, and
are productive living.
families, peers, and healthcare
providers.

❑ Situational influences Major Assumptions in Health

• Personal perceptions and cognition Promotion
of any given situation or context Model
can facilitate or impede behavior. • Individuals seek to regulate their
Include perceptions of options own behavior actively.
available, demand characteristics, and • Individuals in all their
aesthetic features of the biopsychosocial complexity interact
environment in which given health- with the
promoting is proposed to take environment, progressively
place. transforming the environment and
- Situational influences may have being
direct or indirect influences on transformed over time.
health behavior. • Health professionals constitute a
part of the interpersonal
environment, which influences
3. Behavioral outcomes persons throughout their life span.
• Commitment to plan • Self-initiated reconfiguration of
- The concept of intention and person-environment interactive
identification of a planned strategy patterns is essential to behavior
leads to the implementation of health change.
behavior
SELF-EFFICACY THEORY
• Immediate competing demands and By: ALBERT BANDURA
preferences
- Competing demands are those • Self-Efficacy is a person’s particular
alternative behaviors over which set of beliefs that determine how
individuals have low control because well one can execute a plan of action
of environmental contingencies in prospective situations
such as work or family care • self-efficacy is a person’s belief in
responsibilities. their ability to succeed in a
- Competing preferences are particular situation.
alternative behaviors over which • involves determination and
individuals exert relatively high perseverance – seeing as how it helps
control, such as choice of ice cream or one
apple for a overcome obstacles that would
Snack. interfere with utilizing those innate
abilities to achieve goals.

• Health promoting behavior

-is an endpoint or action-outcome

directed toward attaining positive
 action a person takes in preventing
(or curing)
illness or disease relies on
consideration and evaluation of both
perceived susceptibility and perceived
benefit, such
Health Belief Model that the person would accept the
By: Becker and Rosenstock, recommended health action if it was
perceived as beneficial.
- is a theoretical model that can be
used to guide health 4. Perceived barriers -
promotion and disease prevention -This refers to a person's feelings
programs. It is used on the obstacles to performing a
to explain and predict individual recommended health action.
changes in health - There is wide variation in a person's
behaviors. It is one of the most widely feelings of barriers, or impediments,
used models for which lead to a cost/benefit analysis.
understanding health behaviors. -The person weighs the effectiveness
of the actions against the perceptions
Key components of HBM that it may be expensive, dangerous
(e.g., side effects), unpleasant (e.g.,
1. Perceived susceptibility - painful), time-consuming, or
This refers to a person's subjective inconvenient.
perception of the risk of acquiring an
illness or disease. 5. Cue to action -
There is wide variation in a person's -This is the stimulus needed to trigger
feelings of personal vulnerability to an the decision-making process to accept
illness or disease. a recommended health action. These
cues can be internal (e.g., chest pains,
2. Perceived severity - wheezing, etc.) or external (e.g.,
This refers to a person's feelings on advice from others, illness of
the seriousness of contracting an family member, newspaper article,
illness or disease (or leaving the etc.).
illness or disease untreated). There is
wide variation in a person's feelings of 6. Self-efficacy -
severity, and often a person considers - This refers to the level of a person's
the medical consequences (e.g., death, confidence in his or her ability to
disability) and social consequences successfully perform a behavior.
(e.g., family life, social relationships) This construct was added to the
when model most recently in mid-1980.
evaluating the severity. Self-efficacy is a construct in many
behavioral
3. Perceived benefits - theories as it directly relates to
This refers to a person's perception of whether a person performs the
the effectiveness of various actions desired behavior
available to reduce the
threat of illness or disease (or to cure
illness or disease). The course of
PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL
BY: LAWRENCE GREENE

a comprehensive structure for

assessing health needs for designing,
implementing, and evaluating health
promotion and other public health
programs to meet those needs.

PRECEDE provides the structure for

planning a targeted
and focused public health program.

PROCEED provides
the structure for implementing and
evaluating the public
health program