NCM 111: NURSING RESEARCH – Lecture

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH

1st SEMESTER (3RD Year) | S.Y 2023 – 2024
LECTURER: PROF. WILFRED RAMOS

NURSING RESEARCH VS RESEARCH IN NURSING 4. IT COULD BE THERAPEUTIC AND ENJOYABLE

FOR THE CLIENT TO PARTICIPATE IN CLINICAL
NURSING RESEARCH RESEARCH.
➢ REFERS TO RESEARCH DONE ON ADDRESSING
THE HEALTH CONCERNS OF CLIENTS AND THE 5. CLINICAL RESEARCH IS A PRACTICAL WAY
APPLICATION OF THE RESEARCH ON THEIR FOR A NURSE TO HELP IMPROVE THE HEALTH
CARE (EX. “AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF CARE OF THE SICK AND WELL INDIVIDUALS
MOTHERING FOR TEENS WITH ATTENTION
DEFICIT DISORDER”, LIVED EXPERIENCES OF GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH
CAREGIVING INDIVIDUALS”)
1. PROVIDE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE NURSING
RESEARCH IN NURSING CARE.
➢ REFERS TO STUDIES ON THE PARTICULAR 2. PROMOTE THE WORTH AND VALUE OF THE
CONCERNS OF NURSES THEMSELVES (EX. JOB NURSING PROFESSION TO SOCIETY
SATISFACTION AND ACCULTURATION OF 3. IDENTIFY, IMPLEMENT, AND EVALUATE
FILIPINO NURSES IN CANADA, LEADERSHIP AND
EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE MODALITIES
MANAGEMENT STYLES OF NURSE LEADERS IN
SELECTED HOSPITALS IN CABANATUAN CITY”) 4. UTILIZE CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH AS
EVIDENCE-BASED DATA TO PROVIDE QUALITY
WHAT IS NURSING RESEARCH? CARE TO CLIENTS
➢ RESEARCH MEANS “TO SEARCH AGAIN” OR “TO
EXAMINE CAREFULLY” REASONS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN NURSING
➢ “A SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT VALIDATES AND 1. GATHERS DATA OR INFORMATION ON NURSING
REFINES EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND SITUATIONS OR CONDITIONS ABOUT WHICH LITTLE
GENERATES NEW KNOWLEDGE THAT DIRECTLY
KNOWLEDGE IS AVAILABLE.
AND INDIRECTLY INFLUENCES NURSING
2. PROVIDES SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE FROM
PRACTICE” (BURNS & GROVE)
WHICH NURSING THEORIES EMERGE AND
➢ “KEY FEATURES ARE SYSTEM, ORDER AND
DEVELOP.
THEORY DEVELOPMENT” (SCHMIDT & BROWN)
3. HELPS CORRECT, CLARIFY, VALIDATE AND
EXPAND PERCEPTIONS.
4. PROVIDES THEORETICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS
FOR NURSING PRACTICE.
5. DEFINES THE PARAMETERS OF NURSING AND
IDENTIFIES ITS BOUNDARIES.
6. DOCUMENTS THE SOCIAL RELEVANCE AND
EFFICACY OF NURSING PRACTICE TO PEOPLE AND
HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
7. DESCRIBES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
NURSING SITUATION ABOUT WHICH LITTLE IS
KNOWN.
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE 8. PREDICTS PROBABLE OUTCOMES OF NURSING
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH DECISIONS IN RELATION TO CLIENT CARE.
9. PROVIDES KNOWLEDGE FOR PURPOSES OF
WHY CONDUCT CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH?
PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING.
1. NURSING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ARE
10. DEVELOPS AND EVALUATES NURSING THEORIES
INTEGRAL TO THE WORK SITUATION.
AND CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES THESE FOR
2. PERSONAL SATISFACTION IS DERIVED FROM CLARITY AND VALIDITY FOR NURSING ACTIONS.
FINDING BETTER WAYS OF PROVIDING NURSING 11. PREVENTS UNDESIRABLE CLIENT REACTIONS.
CARE. 12. DEVELOPS CONSIDERABLE DEGREE OF
3. NO ONE HAS GREATER ACCESS TO THE CLIENT CONFIDENCE
THAN THE NURSE. WHO ELSE WILL DO
RESEARCH IN NURSING?
 REASONS FOR LACK OF CLINICAL RESEARCH HISTORICAL EVENTS OF RESEARCH IN NURSING
1. NURSES TEND TO FEEL THAT THEY ARE “TOO ➢ 1850 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IS THE FIRST
BUSY CARING FOR PATIENTS”. THERE IS SIMPLY NURSE RESEARCHER.
NO MORE TIME TO CONDUCT NURSING ➢ 1900 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NURSING IS
RESEARCH. FIRST PUBLISHED.
2. UNLESS THE NURSE HAS HAD ACADEMIC ➢ 1923 TEACHERS’ COLLEGE OF COLUMBIA
TRAINING IN THEORETICAL UNIVERSITY OFFERS THE FIRST EDUCATIONAL
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS, RESEARCH MAY NOT DOCTORAL PROGRAMS FOR NURSES.
SEEM IMPORTANT. ➢ 1929 FIRST MASTER’S IN NURSING DEGREE IS
3. UNLESS THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IS
OFFERED AT YALE UNIVERSITY
FELT AND RECOGNIZED, NURSES MAY NOT BE
➢ 1932 THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE
ABLE TO IDENTIFY RESEARCHABLE PROBLEMS.
SCHOOLS OF NURSING IS ORGANIZED
4. MANY NURSES DO NOT HAVE THE ACADEMIC
TRAINING NEEDED TO FEEL CONFIDENT IN ➢ 1950 AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
DOING CLINICAL RESEARCH. PUBLISHES STUDY OF NURSING FUNCTIONS
5. THE ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS OF RESEARCH AND ACTIVITIES
ARE DIFFICULT TO COMPLY WITH AND TEND TO ➢ 1952 NURSING RESEARCH WAS FIRST
SCARE WOULD-BE RESEARCHERS. THE PUBLISHED.
REQUIREMENT TO OBTAIN ADMINISTRATIVE- ➢ 1953 INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND SERVICE
PATIENT-RELATIVE APPROVAL FOR RESEARCH IN NURSING EDUCATION IS ESTABLISHED.
MAY DETER SOME RESEARCHERS. THERE IS ➢ 1955 AMERICAN NURSES FOUNDATION WAS
ALSO THE FEAR OF HARMING PATIENTS. ESTABLISHED TO FUND NURSING RESEARCH.
6. UNLESS ADMINISTRATORS ARE RESEARCH- ➢ 1963 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING
ORIENTED, THE NURSING STAFF FEELS THE STUDIES IS FIRST PUBLISHED.
FUTILITY OF SUPPORT FOR NURSING RESEARCH. ➢ 1965 ANA SPONSORED THE FIRST NURSING
THUS NO MOTIVATION TO PURSUE ANY FORM RESEARCH CONFERENCES.
OF RESEARCH. ➢ 1967 IMAGE (SIGMA THETA TAU JOURNAL) IS
7. RESEARCH TAKES TIME AND TIME COSTS FIRST PUBLISHED WHICH IS NOW KNOWN AS
MONEY. WITHOUT SUFFICIENT FUNDING, THE JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP
RESEARCH MAY NOT BE CONDUCTED DUE TO STETLER/MARRAM MODEL FOR APPLICATION
LACK OF RESOURCES OF RESEARCH FINDINGS TO PRACTICE IS FIRST
NURSE’S ROLE IN RESEACH PUBLISHED
➢ 1970 ANA COMMISSION ON NURSING
1. AS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS RESEARCH WAS ESTABLISHED.
2. AS A MEMBER OF A RESEARCH TEAM ➢ 1972 PROF. ARCHIE COCHRANE, A SCOTTISH
3. AS EVALUATOR OF RESEARCH FINDINGS EPIDEMIOLOGIST, PDDDDDDDD HIS BOOK
4. AS CONSUMERS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY: RANDOM
5. AS CLIENT ADVOCATES IN RESEARCH STUDY REFLECTIONS ON HEALTH SERVICES, WHICH
6. AS SUBJECTS OF RESEARCH PROMOTED THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE
CONCEPTS BEHIND EVIDENCE-BASED
HALLMARK AND QUALITIES OF GOOD NURSE PRACTICE.
RESEARCHER ➢ 1973 FIRST NURSING DIAGNOSIS CONFERENCE
IS HELD.
HONEST AND CREDIBLE IMAGINATIVE AND
➢ 1978 RESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH IS
CURIOUS
FIRST PUBLISHED. ADVANCES IN NURSING
ACCURATE IN DATA PERSISTENT WITH
SCIENCE IS FIRST PUBLISHED.
COLLECTION BARRIER
➢ 1979 WESTERN JOURNAL OF NURSING
ESTABLISHES GOOD
RESEARCH IS FIRST PUBLISHED.
ORGANIZED AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH
SYSTEMATIC RESPONDENTS AND ➢ 1980S – 1990S DAVID SACKETT AND HIS
OTHER RESEARCHERS RESEARCH TEAM DEVELOPED
METHODOLOGIES TO DETERMINE T “BEST
UPDATED AND
EVIDENCE” FOR PRACTICE.
LOGICAL INFORMED OF PRESENT
ISSUES AND EVENTS ➢ 1982 – 1983 CONDUCT AND UTILIZATION OF
SELF-AWARENESS RESEARCH IN NURSING (CURN) PROJECT IS
PUBLISHED.
➢ 1983 ANNUAL REVIEW OF NURSING RESEARCH
IS FIRST PUBLISHED.
➢ 1985 NATIONAL CENTER FOR NURSING ➢ 1980S NURSING RESEARCH WENT ON HIGH
RESEARCH (NCNR) WAS ESTABLISHED WITHIN GEAR WHEN MORE UNIVERSITIES OFFERED
THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. MASTER’S AND DOCTORAL PROGRAMS
➢ 1987 SCHOLARLY INQUIRY FOR NURSING RESEARCHES ARE MORE ON PAIN,
PRACTICE IS FIRST PUBLISHED. COMPLIANCE, STRESS AND COPING,
➢ 1988 APPLIED NURSING RESEARCH IS FIRST EXERCISE, GROWTH & AND
PUBLISHED NURSING SCIENCE QUARTERLY IS DEVELOPMENT, EFFECTS OF NURSING
FIRST PUBLISHED INTERVENTION & AND CARE AND
➢ 1989 AGENCY FOR HEALTH CARE POLICY AND LEADERSHIP & AND DECISION-MAKING
RESEARCH (AHCPR) IS ESTABLISHED. CLINICAL SKILLS OF ADMINISTRATORS AND
PRACTICE GUIDELINES ARE FIRST PUBLISHED EDUCATORS
BY THE AHCPR. STUDIES USED THE EXPERIMENTAL AND
➢ 1992 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 IS PUBLISHED BY US QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN ➢ 1990S QUALITATIVE DESIGNS GAINED
SERVICES. CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH IS POPULARITY PARTICULARLY THE
FIRST PUBLISHED. PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH
➢ 1993 NCNR IS RENAMED THE ➢ 1991 R.A. 7164 STATED THAT “NURSES
NATIONALINSTITUTE OF NURSING RESEARCH SHOULD UNDERTAKE HEALTH HUMAN
(NINR). JOURNAL OF NURSING MEASUREMENT IS RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, TRAINING AND
FIRST PUBLISHED. COCHRANE COLLABORATION RESEARCH” (ART. V SECTION 27)
IS INITIATED PROVIDING SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS ➢ 2002 R.A. 9173 WAS ENACTED WHICH
AND EVIDENCEBASED GUIDELINES FOR REPEALED THE OLD LAW.
PRACTICE ➢ 2006 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL HEALTH
➢ 1994 QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH IS FIRST RESEARCH SYSTEM (PNHRS) LAUNCHED THE
PUBLISHED. NATIONAL UNIFIED RESEARCH AGENDA
➢ 1999 AHCPR IS RENAMED THE AGENCY FOR (NUHRA) 2006 – 2010
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY (AHRQ). CORE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE DOH,
➢ 2000 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 IS PUBLISHED BY PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR HEALTH
THE US DOH AND HS. BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT –
FOR NURSING IS FIRST PUBLISHED. DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
➢ 2001 STETLER PUBLISHES HER MODEL, “STEPS TECHNOLOGY (PCHRD-DOST), CHED AND
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF UNIVERSITY OF
OF RESEARCH UTILIZATION TO FACILITATE
THE PHILS. MANILA –
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE.”
REGIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH AND
➢ 2002 THE JOINT COMMISSION REVISES THE
DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIA (RHRDC) WERE
ACCREDITATION POLICIES FOR HOSPITALS TO
DEVELOPED IN METRO MANILA, LUZON,
SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EVIDENCE-
VISAYAS AND MINDANAO
BASED HEALTH CARE.
➢ 2007 THE PHILIPPINE NURSING RESEARCH
➢ 2004 WORLDVIEWS ON EVIDENCE-BASED
SOCIETY WAS FORMED
NURSING IS FIRST PUBLISHED
➢ 2006 THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS
COLLEGES OF NURSING RELEASES ITS CURRENT 1. HEALTH FINANCING
POSITION STATEMENT ON NURSING RESEARCH. 2. GOVERNANCE
➢ 2009 NINR IDENTIFIES MISSION AND FUNDING 3. HEALTH REGULATIONS
PRIORITIES AHRQ IDENTIFIES MISSION AND 4. HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY
FUNDING PRIORITIES. 5. HEALTH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY OF NURSING RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES 6. HEALTH RESEARCH ETHICS
7. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS
➢ EARLY 1940S EDUCATION TO BECOME A
PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH
NURSE WAS HOSPITAL-BASED LATE
➢ 1940S BSN DEGREE WAS INTRODUCED IN THE DESCRIPTION
UNIVERSITY LEVEL LATE IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING THE
➢ 1950S NURSING RESEARCH WAS INTRODUCED NATURE OF NURSING PHENOMENA AND
IN THE UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM AS AN SOMETIMES THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
THEM.
ELECTIVE COURSE
➢ 1960S – 1970S RESEARCH ARE MAINLY THIS HELPS NURSES TO:
FOCUSED ON NURSING EDUCATION, 1. DESCRIBE WHAT EXISTS IN NURSING PRACTICE
PERFORMANCE IN NLE, CHARACTERISTICS OF 2. DISCOVER NEW INFORMATION
NURSES AND NURSING STUDENTS, ROLES OF 3. PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING OF SITUATIONS
NURSING ADMINISTRATORS IN SERVICE 4. CLASSIFY INFORMATION FOR USE IN THE
DISCIPLINE
EXPLANATION
CLARIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG
PHENOMENA AND IDENTIFIES THE REASONS
WHY CERTAIN EVENTS OCCUR

PREDICTION
ESTIMATION OF THE PROBABILITY OF A
SPECIFIC OUTCOME IN A GIVEN SITUATION.
RISK OF ILLNESS IS IDENTIFIED AND LINKED
TO POSSIBLE SCREENING METHODS TO
IDENTIFY THE ILLNESS.

CONTROL
MANIPULATE THE SITUATION TO PRODUCE
THE DESIRED OUTCOME
ABILITY TO WRITE A PRESCRIPTION TO
PRODUCE THE DESIRED RESULTS
 NCM 111: NURSING RESEARCH – Lecture
WEEK 2: RESEARCH PROCESS IN QUANTI AND QUALI STUDIES
1st SEMESTER (3RD Year) | S.Y 2023 – 2024
LECTURER: PROF. WILFRED RAMOS

RESEARCH PROCESS RELEVANT TERMS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The Conceptual Phase Basic Research (Pure Research)
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem The scientific investigation that involves the pursuit
2. Sources of Research Problem
of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake” or for the
3. Criteria for evaluating a research problem
4. Reviewing the related literature: pleasure of learning and finding truth
Purpose Seeks new knowledge about health phenomena with
Categories of reference the hope of establishing general principles
Locating relevant literature for research review The purpose is to generate and refine theory; thus,
5. Defining the framework and developing conceptual and the findings frequently are not directly useful in
theoretical frameworks practice
6. Defining important terms: concept, construct, conceptual
Focused on physiological or pathological variables
models, statistical models
7. Formulating hypotheses: which include laboratory investigations in animals
Purpose of research hypotheses or humans to develop principles regarding the
Types processes or the effects of treatment
Criteria considered when stating hypotheses
Applied Research (Practical Research)
The Design and Planning Phases
The scientific investigation conducted to generate
1. Selecting a research design
2. Characteristics of research designs knowledge that will directly influence or improve
3. Identifying the population to be studied clinical practice
4. Designing the sampling plan Purpose is to solve problems, make decisions, or
5. Specifying methods to measure variables predict or control outcomes in real-life practice
situations
The Empirical Phases Findings can be invaluable to policymakers as a
1. Measurement and assessment of quantitative data
basis for making changes to address health and
Definition of measurement
Levels of measurement social problems
Advantages of measurement Also used to test theory and validate usefulness in
2. Reliability clinical practice
Stability, internal consistency, equivalence Nursing research is mostly applied because it
3. Validity focuses on clinical problems and the testing of
Content validity, criterion-related validity, construct nursing interventions to improve patient outcomes
Sensitivity and specificity
Basic and applied research are complimentary
The Analytical Phase
1. Analyzing the quantitative data CONTROL
descriptive data analysis Involves the imposing of rules by the researcher to
inferential data analysis decrease the possibility of error to increase the
classification of statistics probability that the study’s findings are an accurate
criteria for selecting a statistical tool
reflection of reality.
The Dissemination Phase
Communicating the research findings
Using research in evidence – based nursing practice

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
A formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for
generating numerical information about the world
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABLES 3. Quasi-experimental research
Purpose is to examine causal relationships or
1. They have two or more mutually exclusive values o determine the effect of one variable on another
properties that can be quantitatively and qualitatively Involves implementing a treatment and examining
measured the effects of this treatment using selected methods
Examples: height, weight, sex, age, civil status, of measurement
blood type, vital signs Differ from experimental studies by the level of
2. There are varying factors that affect the phenomenon, control achieved by the researcher
nursing situations, or cases under study Usually lack a certain amount of control over the
Examples: pre-operative anxiety levels, body manipulation of the treatment, management of the
temperature, levels of care, weather conditions, settings, and/or selection of the subjects
global warming Nurse researchers usually conduct more of these
3. They are varying qualities of people, institutions, studies
situations, or statuses 4. Experimental Research
Examples: ethnicity, government agencies, type of Objective, systematic, highly controlled
hospitals, levels of care, community services investigation or the purpose of predicting and
4. They can be heterogeneous when the attributes or controlling phenomena in health practice
characteristics of a group being studied are extremely Causality between the independent and the
varied dependent variables is examined under highly
Examples: Height and weight among adolescents controlled conditions
are varied depending on their genetic components, Most powerful quantitative method because of the
activities, diet, etc. rigorous control of variables
5. They can be homogeneous if the attributes or Involves random selection of subjects and the
characteristics of the group being studied have limited conduct of the study in a laboratory or research
variability facility which strengthen control
Examples: Height and weight of infants may be Degree of control varies according to the population
considered homogeneous since their variability is studied, the variables examined and the
limited to the standard measurement expected per environment of the study
month
3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
1. Controlled manipulation of at least one treatment
1. Descriptive Research variable (independent variable)
The exploration and description of phenomena in 2. Exposure of some of the subjects to the treatment
real-life situations (experimental group), and no exposure of the remaining
Provides an accurate account of characteristics of subjects (control group);
particular individuals, situations, or groups. 3. Random assignment of subjects to either the control or
Usually conducted with large numbers of subjects, in experimental group
natural settings, with no manipulation of the situation
in any way. Identifying the steps of the quantitative research process
Through this, researchers discover new meanings, Research problem and purpose
describe what exists, determine the frequency with Literature review
which something occurs, and categorize information Research objectives, questions, or hypotheses
Outcomes include the description of possible Study variables
relationships between concepts and the development Assumptions
of hypotheses that provide a basis for future Limitations
quantitative research Research design
2. Correlational Research Population and sample
Involves systematic investigation of relationships Methods of measurement
between or among variables. Data collection
Researcher measures selected variables in a sample Data analyses
and then uses correlational statistics to determine
Research outcomes
relationships
Relationship varies from -1 (perfect negative
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), with 0
indicating no relationship A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life
Primary intent is to explain the nature of relationships experiences and give them meaning.
in the real world, not to determine the cause and
effect however, generated hypotheses guide Been an interest of the nursing profession beginning late
quasiexperimental and experimental studies that do 1970s and continued to grow
focus on examining cause-and effect relationships
 VALUES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 4. Historical Research
Examines events of the past
Qualitative research approaches are based on a worldview Three (3) primary questions of history are:
that is holistic, and may draw upon the following beliefs: ➢ Where have we come from?
1. There are multiple, constructed realities. ➢ Who are we?
2. The knower and the known are inseparable and ➢ Where are we going?
knowledge is co-constructed. A major assumption of historical philosophy is
3. Inquiry is value bound. “There is nothing new under the sun” which
4. All generalizations are bounded by time and context. provides the rationale for the foundation idea of
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH historical research: We can learn from the past.
Historians study the past through oral and written
The reasoning process involves perceptually putting reports and artifacts, searching for patterns that lead
pieces together to make wholes to generalizations.
Qualitative researchers believe that there are better and QUALITATIVE METHODS
worse interpretations of data
Frameworks /theories are used during data analysis to Selection of Topic
further expand the understanding of the data State the Problem or Question
Findings lead to an understanding of a phenomenon in a Justify the Significance of Data
particular situation and are not generalized Design the Study
Insights can guide nursing practice and aid in the Identify Sources of Data
important process of theory development for building Gain Access to Sources of Data
nursing knowledge. Recruit Subjects
4 QUALITATIVE PERSPECTIVE Gather Data
Describe, Analyze and Interpret Data
1. Phenomenological Research Develop Written Report of the Results
Phenomena are the world of experience and they
occur only when a person experiences them SUMMARY
Phenomenology refers to both a philosophy and a
group of research methods congruent with the
philosophy
Phenomenologists view the person as integrated with
the environment
“What is the meaning of one’s lived experience?”
Understanding human behavior or experience,
requires the person to interpret the action or
experience for the researcher and then the researcher
must then interpret the explanation provided by the
person
2. Grounded Theory Research
Inductive technique that emerged from the discipline
of sociology
“Grounded” means that the theory that developed
from the research has its roots in the data from which
it was derived
Based on symbolic interaction theory which explores
how people define reality and how their beliefs are
related to actions.
George Herbert Mead (1934), a social psychologist
was a leader in the development of this theory
Grounded theory researcher seeks to understand the
interaction between self and group from the
perspective of those involved.
3. Ethnographic Research
Developed by anthropologists to study cultures
through immersion in the culture for a significant
period of time
“Ethnography” means “portrait of a people”.
Study a people’s origins, past ways of living, and
ways of surviving through time
 NCM 111: NURSING RESEARCH – Lecture
WEEK 3: MAJOR PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS
1st SEMESTER (3RD Year) | S.Y 2023 – 2024
LECTURER: PROF. WILFRED RAMOS

MAJOR PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS Researcher qualifications

Feasibility of study
Phase 1: The conceptual phase
➢ Time
Activities with a strong conceptual or intellectual element
These activities include: ➢ Cost
➢ Reading ➢ Equipment and supplies
➢ Conceptualizing ➢ Administrative support
➢ Theorizing ➢ Peer support
➢ re-conceptualizing ➢ Availability of subjects
➢ reviewing ideas with colleagues or advisers
During this stage, researchers call on such skills as:
Research question format
➢ Creativity
➢ deductive reasoning (is logic that moves from the Research questions for studies that examine more than one
general to the specific), (is the kind of reasoning in variable are usually written as correlational statements or
which the conclusion is necessitated by, or reached comparative statements.
from, previously known facts (the premises). 1. Correlational Statement (dependent and
➢ Insight (penetration: clear or deep perception of a independent)
situation, a feeling of understanding)
“Is there a correlation between anxiety and midterm
➢ A firm grounding in previous research on the topic
of interest scores of baccalaureate nursing students?”
2. Comparative Statement:
Step 1: formulating and delimiting the problem Descriptive study: “Is there a difference in
Develop a research problem and research questions readiness to learn about preoperative teaching
Good research depends to a great degree on good between preoperative patients who have high
questions anxiety levels compared to preoperative patients
Without a significant, interesting problem, the most
who have low anxiety levels?”
carefully and skillfully designed research project is of
little value Experimental study: “ Is there a difference in the
How can this question best be studied to yield high- preoperative anxiety levels of patients who were
quality evidence taught relaxation techniques compared to those
The identification and research questions must also take patients who were not taught relaxation
into consideration practical and ethical concerns. techniques?”
Formulating a Research Question
Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature
Is the specific question that the researcher expects to be
answered in a study. Quantitative research is typically conducted within the
Should specify the variables and the population that are context of previous knowledge
being studied To build on existing theory or research, quantitative
➢ Example; “Is there a difference in anxiety levels of researchers strive to understand what is already known
women about to undergo hysterectomy between those about a research problem
women who receive a back rub and those who not A thorough literature review provides a foundation on
receive a back rub?”
which to base new knowledge and usually is conducted
Sources of Nursing Research Problems well before any data are collected in quantitative studies
Personal experiences For clinical problems, it is necessary to learn as much as
Literature sources possible about the “status quo” of current procedures
Existing theories relating to the topic and to review existing practice
Previous research guidelines or protocols
A familiarization with previous studies is useful in
Research problem considerations
suggesting research topics or in identifying aspects of a
Ethical issues
Significance to nursing problem about which more research is
Personal motivation
 Purpose for ROL WRITING LITERATURE REVIEW
To define research questions, methods, and tools that may Organize the Review- outline helps to structure the
prove useful in problem identification, research design, flow of presentation
and instrument development. Content of the Written Literature Review:
To reveal difficulties experienced by others that may save ➢ Should provide readers with an objective, organized
time, money, and error in the projected study. synthesis of evidence on a topic
To provide clear information on the task carried out by ➢ Should be neither a series of quotes nor a series of
the nursing personnel. abstract
To locate findings that may be included in a similar study ➢ Should be summarized in your own words.
to confirm or refute earlier findings. ➢ Should demonstrate that you have considered the
To provide comparative data that are available in the cumulative worth of the body of research
analysis and interpretation of one’s own. ➢ Should be objective, to the extent possible
To identify studies that may be replicated or re-tested. ➢ Typically concludes with a concise summary of
To compare one’s findings with other theoretical and current evidence on the topic and gaps in the
conceptual frameworks. evidence

2 kinds of ROL Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork

Research- previously done studies In addition to refreshing or updating clinical knowledge
Non-research- includes experiences, opinions and based on written work, researchers embarking on a
theories of experts along the problem area. clinical study benefit from spending time in clinical
settings, discussing the topic with clinicians and
MAJOR TYPES OF WRITTEN RESEARCH REVIEW
healthcare administrators, and observing current
A review of a research report practices.
A Review of a proposal For example, in the course of clinical fieldwork
A review of a thesis or dissertation researchers might learn what extraneous variables need
Free-standing literature reviews to be controlled,

TYPES OF INFORMATION FOR A RESEARCH Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing
REVIEW PRIMARY Conceptual Definitions
SOURCE- research reports, which are descriptions of Theory is the ultimate aim of science in that it
studies written by a researchers who conducted them transcends the specifics of a particular time, place, and
SECONDARY SOURCE- research source documents group of people and aims to identify regularities in the
are descriptions of studies prepared by someone other relationships among variables.
than the original researcher. When quantitative research is performed within the
context of a theoretical framework—that is, when
LOCATING RESEARCH MATERIALS previous theory is used as a basis for generating
Devising a strategy to locate relevant studies (e.g. select predictions that can be tested through empirical
database, identify keywords, etc.) research—the findings may have broader significance
FORMULATE A SEARCH STRATEGY and utility.
Bibliographic databases
Ancestry approach- involves using citations from FORMULATE THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL
relevant studies to track down earlier research on the FRAMEWORKS
same topic THEORY- is a set of interrelated constructs, definitions,
Descendancy Approach- to find a pivotal early study and prepositions that present a systematic view of
and to search forward in citation indexes to find more phenomena by specifying relations among variables
recent studies. with the purpose of explaining and predicting the
Grey Literature- refers to studies with more limited phenomena (Kerlinger, 1973)
distributions, such as conference papers, unpublished Theories refer to a hypothetical universe in the sense
reports, and so on. that it encompasses all past, present, and future cases o
which theory applies.
KEY ELECTRONIC DATABASE FOR NURSE
RESEARCHERS RELATION OF THEORY TO THE RESEARCH
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied PROCESS
Health Literature) A theory, conceptual model, or theoretical framework
MEDLINE (Medical Literature On-Line) identifies parameters for the study, guides data
Other: British Nursing Index, Dissertation Abstract collection, and provides a perspective in the
Online, Scopus, Nursing and Allied Health Source interpretation of data to enable the researchers to
(ProQuest), and Google Scholar. structure facts into an orderly system.
Fawcett (1984) describes the relationship between
theory and research as a double helix,
 CONCEPTS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONCEPTUAL AND
Are abstractions that categorize observations based on THEORETICAL MODELS
commonalities and differences.
They are building blocks of theories and they vary in level
of abstraction.
Example of highly abstract
➢ Stress
➢ Pain
➢ Grief
➢ Wellness
Examples of less abstract and more concrete concepts
➢ Blood
➢ Temperature
➢ Weight
➢ Height
NATURE OF THEORIES AND MODELS
Construct
Theorist’s best effort to describe and explain
Is a group of concepts that are directly or indirectly
phenomena.
observable.
Today’s flourishing theory may be discredited or
They are derived from a combination of academic and
revised tomorrow.
clinical knowledge and add meaning and scope to a
New theory might integrate new observations into an
theory.
existing theory to yield a more accurate explanation of
Examples:
phenomena.
➢ Society
Theories and models that are not congruent with a
➢ Social status
culture’s values also may fail into disfavor over time.
➢ Health
Thus, theories and models are never considered final
Not observable are theoretical constructs:
and verified.
➢ Superego
we have no way of knowing the ultimate accuracy and
➢ Oedipus complex from psychoanalytical theory
utility of any theory and so should treat all theories as
tentative.
PREPOSITIONS
Are statements that describe the relationship of two or
CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND THEORIES USED IN
more concepts.
NURSING
Theory development begins with the identification and
Fawcett (2005), noted four concepts are central to models
description of concepts and constructs and proceeds to
of nursing:
formulate relationships between the two concepts.
Human beings
Environment
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OR PARADIGM
Health
Are concepts that provide a structure or pattern for
Nursing
organizing phenomena of interest in the practice or
Examples:
research.
➢ Sister Calista Roy’s adaptation model identifies the
Paradigm is also used to mean a model or worldview
adaptation of patients as a critical phenomenon
about a major phenomenon of concern to a discipline.
➢ Martha Rogers by contrast, emphasized the
The term conceptual model or paradigm means the same
centrality of the individual as a unified whole
thing.
Examples:
TESTING AND DEVELOPING THEORIES AND
➢ Orem
FRAMEWORKS
➢ King
Theories sometimes stimulate new studies.
➢ Levine’s
In testing a theory or model, quantitative researchers
➢ Neuman’s
deduce implications and develop hypotheses, which are
➢ Roger’s
predictions about the manner in which variables would
THEORICAL FRAMEWORK be interrelated if the theory were valid.
The hypotheses are then subjected to testing through
Is derived from one or more theories or paradigms
systemic data collection and analysis.
through the processes of induction and deduction.
The testing process involves a comparison between
It postulates relationships among concepts and permits
observed outcomes with those predicted in the
empirical testing.
THEORETICAL MODEL refers to a group of hypothesis.
interrelated theories that provide rationale for the
hypotheses, policies and curricula of a science.
 Different methods in testing theories/framework 1. It can be used to explain phenomena, guide actions, and
Researchers base a new study on a theory in an effort to predict outcomes.
explain earlier descriptive findings. 2. It adequately explains observed facts.
Researchers sometimes combine elements from more than 3. It offers the simplest explanation under the
one theory as a basis for generating a hypothesis. circumstances.
Another strategy sometimes used in theory–testing 4. It offers an explanation that is as complex as necessary
researchers is to test two competing theories directly- that under the circumstances.
is to test alternative explanations of a phenomenon. 5. It can be brought into an agreement or disagreement
with observations.
Developing a Framework
The basic intellectual process underlying theory SOURCE OF HYPOTHESIS
development is induction. The hypothesis may be based on astute observation of
Induction- reasoning from particular observations and some phenomenon within the environment, or on other
facts to broader generalizations. hypotheses that have been tested.
The inductive process involves integrating what one has Experience may also be a source.
experienced or learned into an organized scheme.
The first step in the development of a framework is to TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
formulate a generalized scheme of relevant concepts that Simple hypothesis- predicts the relationship between
is firmly grounded in the research literature. one independent variable and one dependent variable.
Concept map represents an attempt to put the pieces of Complex hypothesis- predicts the relationship between
the puzzle together for a study involving a test. two or more independent variables and two or more
dependent variables.
Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses Directional/Predictive Hypothesis- specifies the
A hypothesis is a statement of the researcher’s direction of the relationship between the variables being
expectations about relationships between the variables studied.
under investigation. EXAMPLE: There is a more significant increase in the
Hypotheses, in other words, are predictions of expected rate of healing of decubitus ulcer among subjects who
outcomes; they state the relationships researchers expect receives regular application of topical insulin than in
to find as a result of the study. those who do not.
The research question identifies the concepts under
investigation and asks how the concepts might be related;
a hypothesis is the predicted answer.
For example, the initial research question might be
phrased as follows: Is preeclamptic toxemia in pregnant
women associated with stress factors present during Non-directional hypothesis- predicts only that there is
pregnancy? a relationship between the variables being studied but
This might be translated into the following hypothesis: does not specify what it is.
Pregnant women with a higher incidence of stressful EXAMPLE: There is a difference in the level of
events during pregnancy will be more likely than women anxiety of pre-surgical patients who received
with a lower incidence of stress to experience preoperative instruction and patients who receives no
preeclamptic toxemia. instruction pre-operatively.
Most quantitative studies are designed to test hypotheses
through statistical analysis.

PURPOSE
HYPOTHESIS- is a shrewd guess or inference that is
formulated and provisionally adopted to explain observed
facts or conditions and to guide further investigations. Null Hypothesis- an assumption that there is no
A hypothesis is also a statement of the relationships difference between the studied variables.
between the phenomenon and the variables being studied. EXAMPLE: There is no significant difference in test
It translates problem statements into predictions of means between students having a hospital laboratory
expected outcomes and is thus a technique for answering experience and students having a free day preceding the
a problem. day of test administration
Hypothesis is not proven, it is only tested.

ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS

1. It is strong enough to compel an injury and serves as its
focus.
2. When substantiated through research, it moves to the
realm of outcomes.
VARIABLES
 VARIABLES
Is a quality, property, or characteristics of the person or
thing to be studied that can be quantitatively measured.
Independent Variable (cause)- is one manipulated by
the researcher.
Dependent Variable (effect)- is the response and effect
or the criterion measure. Target Population- subjects to be
studied.
OTHER VARIABLES Confounding or extraneous or
uncontrolled variables
Dichotomous variable- one that has only two categories,
such as male or female.
Polychotomous variable- more than two categories such
as race.
Categorical variables- are those that represent unordered
categories, groups, or classes.
Continuous variables- are those that have a range of
variety such as weight, height, and temperature.