Chapter 1-3 Group 2
Chapter 1-3 Group 2
Chapter 1-3 Group 2
Campus”
Members:
Castro, Hero
GROUP 2
INTRODUCTION
In our current situation, the problem of waste pollution in our country is getting worse.
As a consequence, this may affect us in various ways, mostly in our natural resources. The
researchers aim to start a way in helping the country by using plant fibers to create an economic-
friendly product that will reduce waste. The plant fibers that will be used are Banana stem
fibers, which are the best and most commendable ingredient for producing economic-friendly
According to National Geographic (2022), Paper bags have some advantages over plastic
bags when it comes to sustainability. They are easier to recycle, and, because they are
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, as rapidly
increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world’s ability to deal with
them. Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage
collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in
countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. Plastic
trash has become so ubiquitous it has prompted efforts to write a global treaty negotiated by the
United Nations. Due to these situations, researchers have decided to create an alternative to paper
bags that can help us to maintain the good quality of our nature, which is the main source of our
life.
The pseudo-stem is a part of the banana plant that looks like a trunk, which consists of a
soft central core and tightly wrapped up to 25 leaf sheaths. These leaf sheaths unwrap from the
stem and transform to recognizable banana leaves when they have matured. The height of banana
plant can reach approximately 7.5 m and since the leaf sheaths grow from the base of the plant,
some of the leaves, on the inner side, have approximately the same length of the tree. Whereas
the outer side leaves, which grow later, are shorter. The width of the banana leaves can reach
Banana stems have historically been used as a source of fiber, with early evidence around
the 13th century. But its demand started to fade after those convenient fibers, including such
cotton and silk, was already provided. Textile production processes are now shaping the concept
of environmentally friendly and sustainable development. These ideas are not very new to the
textile industry. Progress has been made in improving a range of natural and environmentally
friendly textile processes. Numerous efforts have been made in science and technology to
Alternative materials should be considered, however. Natural fibers have significant benefits,
like low density, effectiveness and physical characteristics, and greater disposability. Banana
pseudo-stem is a waste material after harvesting. Banana fiber is a natural fiber. It can be
produced very cheaply from waste materials left out of the field after harvesting. As a source of
wealth from the waste concept, banana fiber is a major alternative to the pulp industry. Raw
materials are freely available. The banana fiber project creates many opportunities for
employment in the rural and urban sectors. Banana fiber is environmentally friendly and
biodegradable compared to all other synthetic fibers. Mechanical extraction should be used to
compare the extraction of fiber. Banana fiber is currently a waste product of banana cultivation
and is either not properly used or partially used. The extraction of fiber from the pseudo-stem is
not a common practice and a large part of the stem is not used for the production of fibers.
(Sentones, J. 2020)
The study of The Effectiveness of Paper Bag made from Banana Pseudo- Stem Fibers
will focus on giving us alternative product to use. Paper bag is a hundred percent better than
plastic bags, this can lower our need for single-use plastic that can cause waste pollution. Aside
from being economic friendly, paper bag is also budget-friendly, since it is recyclable and eco-
friendly. Thus, the benefits of this made us come up with the idea of making an experiment using
a plant fiber that can produce a paper that can be turned into a paper bag.
This study aims to determine how effective and good the quality of a Paper Bag made
from Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers for Grade 12 students of Arellano – Juan Sumulong Campus.
1. The qualities of paper bag made from banana pseudo-stem fibers in terms of:
1.1. Texture
1.2. Appearance
1.3. Durability
paper bags?
3. How effective is banana pseudo-stem fiber as a Paper bag?
HYPOTHESIS
H0: Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers are not effective materials in making a Paper bag
H1: Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers are effective materials in making a Paper bag
This research should serve as how the waste of Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers make a Paper
Bag in Arellano University Juan Sumulong Campus. The findings of this research benefit the
students of Arellano University, the results will provide the students of Arellano to have a
knowledge of how effective is the Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber as Paper bag. At the end of the
study the students will know how the waste banana pseudo-stem fiber makes a Paper bag.
This research aims to provide the benefits and knowledge of Paper Bag made by Banana
Students – It helps the students to have an idea on how can they use Banana Pseudo-
To the Future Researchers – This study will serve as a reference for future researchers
on the subject research. This will serve as a guide to further developing the research with the
The study will focus on how Effective can a Paper Bag made of Banana Pseudo-Stem
fibers to be compared to commercial paper bags. It also focuses on the making of Paper bag from
Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers to make use of waste banana stems. The researcher exerted effort to
determine the effectiveness and efficiency of Paper Bag made of Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers
compared to commercial paper bags. This study will be conducted during academic year 2022-
2023. The participants will be in Grade 12 STEM strand of Arellano University Juan Sumulong
Campus we will need one hundred (100) respondents to know how Effective can a Paper bag
made of Banana Pseudo-Stem can be. The focus of this study is to identify how effectively and
how good the quality of a Paper bag made out of Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers.
The researchers limited the focus of their study about how Effective the Banana Pseudo-
Stem fibers as a Paper Bag compare to the commercial Paper Bags. The only information the
researchers can provide are the effectiveness and how good the quality of a Paper bag made from
Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers. The researchers cannot go in-depth with their study because of not
having enough equipment. Topics that are not in the scope will not be included.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Table A shows the independent variable of the study, which is the Paper Bag made of
Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers. Nowadays, people see banana stem fiber as a waste since they don't
have any knowledge on the uses of this. Over the years, people around the world consume
banana fruit approximately 11.9 Kgs per year. And since banana plants only fruit once in their
lifetime before they die, tones of banana stems are thrown away each year. So, we need a new
way of using that can lessen the waste of banana stems and that is a paper bag. Paper bags are
seen to be helpful to the people and the environment, since they are lessening the usage of plastic
which is considered dangerous for our environment because of the plastic waste.
Table B shows the dependent variable of the study, which is the students. Today, student
always buy things anywhere. They pretty much use plastic bags to store their purchases since
they are sturdy especially when carrying heavy things. However, later on this plastic bags will
only be thrown by the students. So, in this study the student is the one who will determine if the
paper bag made of banana pseudo-stem fibers are effective, efficient and helpful for the students
of Arellano Juan University Juan Sumulong Campus. This student will be the key to have a
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Banana Stem is a waste material after the harvest. Banana fiber is a natural fiber. It can
be produced very cheaply from the waste materials left out in the field after harvest. Banana
fibers have great potentialities for papermaking that can be used to make an eco-bag because of
their high alpha-cellulose and lignin content. The natural fibers are the chemical composition of
cellulose and lignin. These fibers have excellent tensile strength; they are strong fibers. They are
biodegradable and have no negative effect on the environment hence categorized eco-friendly
fiber. Over the years the global consumption of banana fruit has quickly outpaced the usage of
banana fibers in industrial textile production. On average, one person consumes approximately
11.9 Kgs of bananas per year. But more than a billion tons of banana tree stems are thrown away
each year, as banana plants only fruit once in their lifetime before they die.
In my theory I believe that Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers can make a good quality paper
bag. The process leads to have a decent but cheap paper that can be turn into a paper bag that can
aid the problems of farmers that throws the banana stem after the collection of fruit. Historically,
banana stems had been used as a source of fiber with the earliest evidence around the 13th
century. But its popularity was faded after other convenient fibers such as cotton and silk were
Foreign Literature
Natural fibers of plant and animal origin have been extensively researched over the last
two decades and are gaining popularity over synthetic counterparts due to their biodegradability,
renewability, lightweight, and superior biochemical and strength properties. According to Arya,
N. et. al. (2020), Banana fiber is a natural fiber finds applications in various fields, from
agriculture to automotive. It is used in the development of various types of products such as bag,
rope, card age, sanitary napkin etc. Thus, environmental friendly material has gained critical
According to Hendriksz, V. (2017) Banana fiber, also known as musa fibre is one of the
world’s strongest natural fibers. Biodegradable, the natural fiber is made from the stem of the
banana tree and is incredibly durable. Over the years the global consumption of banana fruit has
quickly outpaced the usage of banana fibers in industrial textile production. On average, one
person consumes approximately 11.9 kgs of bananas per year. But more than a billion tonnes of
banana tree stems are thrown away each year, as banana plants only fruit once in their lifetime
which can be blended easily with cotton fiber or synthetic fiber to produce composite material. In
the fiber extraction process, a substantial amount of lignocellulosic wastes are generated,
Extracted banana fiber (EBF) and waste banana fiber (WBF) were characterized in terms
of chemical and morphological properties to produce handmade paper. WBF was characterized
with lower α–cellulose, lignin content and longer fiber length. Pulping of EBF and WBF was
carried out with varying active alkali and cooking time at boiling temperature. Pulp yield of
WBF was 35.9% after 120 min of cooking with 8% alkali charge. In the unbeaten state the
degrees of drainage resistance i.e. SR values were 65 and 71 for EBF and WBF, respectively.
The tensile, burst and tear indices of WBF were 23.7 N.m/g, 2.2 kPa.m2/g and 5.0 mN.m2/g,
respectively; these were much lower as compared to EBF. These values however, meet the
Local Literature
According to Balda, S. et. al. (2021), Plant-based natural fibers such as banana, coir,
sisal, jute, kenaf and many others have been studied for industrial applications. Among these,
banana fiber is of major interest as banana is one of the most consumed fruit worldwide with
annual production of 115.7 million tonnes in the year 2018 and is grown in 130 countries, which
makes banana waste available locally. Various parts of banana plant such as fruit, fruit peel,
flower bud, leaves and pseudo-stem (banana trunk) are utilized for different industrial purposes.
Pseudo-stem is the major portion of banana waste biomass and yields good quality fiber that has
the potential for industrial applications in the making of sanitary pads, textiles, pulp and paper,
food and reinforced composite materials for automobiles, construction material, aerospace and
other composite materials. Recently, Philippine Department of Science and Technology prepared
masks from banana fiber which can cut the usage of single usage plastic.
According to itfnet.org (2022) the Philippines is one of the world’s top producers of
banana and therefore, one of the top generators of banana fruit stalk wastes. In Mindanao alone,
some 1.35 billion kilos of these stalks are produced every year and left in the fields to rot.
A research project initiated by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) focused on the
industrial uses of peduncle fiber and juice. The study was carried out with private fruit grower
Unifrutti Corp., University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) and Fiber Industry Development Authority (FIDA). Every year, about 2.3
million metric tons (MT) of banana peduncle were either thrown as waste or turned into
compost. Researchers discovered that fiber from the peduncle can be used as pulp for paper
products and composite fiber boards including resin-bonded and cement-bonded peduncle
METHODOLOGY PROCESS
Blender
Basin
MATERIALS Pot
Research Design
relationship in between of the independent and dependent variables. But, unlike the true
experiment, a quasi-experiment does not base on a random assignment. Instead, the subjects are
assigned to groups based on non-random method. The researcher usually designs the treatment
but in quasi-experimental the researcher does not have control over the treatment, but the studies
Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers as a Paper bag and to discover if there is a substantial difference
between the commercial paper bags and the paper bags made of Banana Pseudo-Stem fibers. The
The researchers gathered data and information, such as the Effectiveness of Banana
Pseudo-Stem fibers as a Paper bag. The response will be examined and analyzed to see whether
Research Method
According to Dr. McLeod, S. (2012), The experimental method involves the
manipulation of variables to establish cause and effect relationships. The key features are
controlled methods and the random allocation of participants into controlled and experimental
groups.
Pseudo-Stem Fibers as a Paper Bag compared to commercial paper bags to make use of waste
banana pseudo-stems. This type of method used to investigate the possibility of the study.
The researchers chose this type of method because the researchers seek for the experience
Effectiveness of Paper Bag made from Banana Pseudo-Stem Fibers for Grade 12 STEM
students. The responses will undergo examination and analyzation to find out if the paper bag is
Research Instrument
gather data from respondents about their attitudes, experiences, or opinions. Questionnaires can
This research was conducted through a survey. The researchers provide a survey
questionnaire that is considered as the main instrument for gathering data. It accumulates data for
the researcher to achieve the information needed from the Grade 12 STEM Students of Arellano
University- Juan Sumulong Campus. The provided survey questionnaire must have been
answered by the participants based on their own satisfaction with the said product. Google form
is the platform that the researcher will be used to gather data. The researchers are using an
Sampling Technique
According to B.R.M. (2013), Convenience sampling is a type of sampling where the first
available primary data source will be used for the research without additional requirements. In
other words, this sampling method involves getting participants wherever you can find them and
to the selection of subjects. The researchers will ask STEM students to answer the survey
This study used convenience because they are the easiest for the researcher to access.
participate in the research. Since the researchers need a large respondent to fully know if the