Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological
processes and aspects that underlie cognition,[1] with a specific focus on the neural connections in
the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive
activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a
branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral
neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience.[2]
Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from
neurobiology, and computational modeling.[2]

Parts of the brain play an important role in this field. Neurons play the most vital role, since the
main point is to establish an understanding of cognition from a neural perspective, along with the
different lobes of the cerebral cortex.

Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental procedures from psychophysics

and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and
behavioral genetics.

Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of
cognitive neuroscience. The damages in lesioned brains provide a comparable starting point on
regards to healthy and fully functioning brains. These damages change the neural circuits in the
brain and cause it to malfunction during basic cognitive processes, such as memory or learning.
People have learning disabilities and such damage, can be compared with how the healthy neural
circuits are functioning, and possibly draw conclusions about the basis of the affected cognitive
processes. Some examples of learning disabilities in the brain include places in Wernicke's area,
the left side of the temporal lobe, and Brocca's area close to the frontal lobe.[3]

Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development are studied and examined under the subfield
of developmental cognitive neuroscience. This shows brain development over time, analyzing
differences and concocting possible reasons for those differences.

Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.

Contents
Historical origins
Origins in philosophy

1 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

19th century
Phrenology
Localizationist view
Aggregate field view
Emergence of neuropsychology
Mapping the brain
20th century
Cognitive revolution
Neuron doctrine
Mid-late 20th century
Brain mapping
Emergence of a new discipline
Birth of cognitive science
Combining neuroscience and cognitive science
Recent trends
Topics
Methods
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Historical origins
Cognitive neuroscience is an
interdisciplinary area of study that
has emerged from neuroscience and
psychology.[4] There are several
stages in these disciplines that have
changed the way researchers
approached their investigations and
that led to the field becoming fully
established.

Although the task of cognitive

neuroscience is to describe the neural
mechanisms associated with the
mind, historically it has progressed by
investigating how a certain area of the
brain supports a given mental faculty. Timeline showing major developments in science that led to the
However, early efforts to subdivide emergence of the field cognitive neuroscience.
the brain proved to be problematic.
The phrenologist movement failed to

2 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

supply a scientific basis for its theories and has since been rejected. The aggregate field view,
meaning that all areas of the brain participated in all behavior,[5] was also rejected as a result of
brain mapping, which began with Hitzig and Fritsch's experiments[6] and eventually developed
through methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI).[7] Gestalt theory, neuropsychology, and the cognitive revolution were major
turning points in the creation of cognitive neuroscience as a field, bringing together ideas and
techniques that enabled researchers to make more links between behavior and its neural
substrates.

Origins in philosophy

Philosophers have always been interested in the mind: "the idea that explaining a phenomenon
involves understanding the mechanism responsible for it has deep roots in the History of
Philosophy from atomic theories in 5th century B.C. to its rebirth in the 17th and 18th century in
the works of Galileo, Descartes, and Boyle. Among others, it's Descartes' idea that machines
humans build could work as models of scientific explanation."[8] For example, Aristotle thought
the brain was the body's cooling system and the capacity for intelligence was located in the heart. It
has been suggested that the first person to believe otherwise was the Roman physician Galen in the
second century AD, who declared that the brain was the source of mental activity,[9] although this
has also been accredited to Alcmaeon.[10] However, Galen believed that personality and emotion
were not generated by the brain, but rather by other organs. Andreas Vesalius, an anatomist and
physician, was the first to believe that the brain and the nervous system are the center of the mind
and emotion.[11] Psychology, a major contributing field to cognitive neuroscience, emerged from
philosophical reasoning about the mind.[12]

19th century

Phrenology

One of the predecessors to cognitive neuroscience was phrenology, a

pseudoscientific approach that claimed that behavior could be
determined by the shape of the scalp. In the early 19th century, Franz
Joseph Gall and J. G. Spurzheim believed that the human brain was
localized into approximately 35 different sections. In his book, The
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the
Brain in Particular, Gall claimed that a larger bump in one of these
areas meant that that area of the brain was used more frequently by
that person. This theory gained significant public attention, leading to
the publication of phrenology journals and the creation of
phrenometers, which measured the bumps on a human subject's head.
While phrenology remained a fixture at fairs and carnivals, it did not
enjoy wide acceptance within the scientific community.[13] The major A page from the American
criticism of phrenology is that researchers were not able to test Phrenological Journal
theories empirically.[4]

Localizationist view

3 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

The localizationist view was concerned with mental abilities being localized to specific areas of the
brain rather than on what the characteristics of the abilities were and how to measure them.[4]
Studies performed in Europe, such as those of John Hughlings Jackson, supported this view.
Jackson studied patients with brain damage, particularly those with epilepsy. He discovered that
the epileptic patients often made the same clonic and tonic movements of muscle during their
seizures, leading Jackson to believe that they must be caused be activity in the same place in the
brain every time. Jackson proposed that specific functions were localized to specific areas of the
brain,[14] which was critical to future understanding of the brain lobes.

Aggregate field view

According to the aggregate field view, all areas of the brain participate in every mental function.[5]

Pierre Flourens, a French experimental psychologist, challenged the localizationist view by using
animal experiments.[4] He discovered that removing the cerebellum (brain) in rabbits and pigeons
affected their sense of muscular coordination, and that all cognitive functions were disrupted in
pigeons when the cerebral hemispheres were removed. From this he concluded that the cerebral
cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem functioned together as a whole.[15] His approach has been
criticised on the basis that the tests were not sensitive enough to notice selective deficits had they
been present.[4]

Emergence of neuropsychology

Perhaps the first serious attempts to localize mental functions to specific locations in the brain was
by Broca and Wernicke. This was mostly achieved by studying the effects of injuries to different
parts of the brain on psychological functions.[9] In 1861, French neurologist Paul Broca came
across a man with a disability who was able to understand the language but unable to speak. The
man could only produce the sound "tan". It was later discovered that the man had damage to an
area of his left frontal lobe now known as Broca's area. Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, found
a patient who could speak fluently but non-sensibly. The patient had been the victim of a stroke,
and could not understand spoken or written language. This patient had a lesion in the area where
the left parietal and temporal lobes meet, now known as Wernicke's area. These cases, which
suggested that lesions caused specific behavioral changes, strongly supported the localizationist
view. Additionally, Aphasia is a learning disorder which was also discovered by Paul Broca.
According to, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Aphasia is a language disorder caused by damage
in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension.[16] This can
often lead to the person speaking words with no sense known as "word salad" [17]

Mapping the brain

In 1870, German physicians Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch published their findings of the
behavior of animals. Hitzig and Fritsch ran an electric current through the cerebral cortex of a dog,
causing different muscles to contract depending on which areas of the brain were electrically
stimulated. This led to the proposition that individual functions are localized to specific areas of
the brain rather than the cerebrum as a whole, as the aggregate field view suggests.[6] Brodmann
was also an important figure in brain mapping; his experiments based on Franz Nissl's tissue
staining techniques divided the brain into fifty-two areas.

4 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

20th century

Cognitive revolution

At the start of the 20th century, attitudes in America were characterized by pragmatism, which led
to a preference for behaviorism as the primary approach in psychology. J.B. Watson was a key
figure with his stimulus-response approach. By conducting experiments on animals he was aiming
to be able to predict and control behavior. Behaviorism eventually failed because it could not
provide realistic psychology of human action and thought – it focused primarily on stimulus-
response associations at the expense of explaining phenomena like thought and imagination. This
led to what is often termed as the "cognitive revolution".[18]

Neuron doctrine

In the early 20th century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi began working on the
structure of the neuron. Golgi developed a silver staining method that could entirely stain several
cells in a particular area, leading him to believe that neurons were directly connected with each
other in one cytoplasm. Cajal challenged this view after staining areas of the brain that had less
myelin and discovering that neurons were discrete cells. Cajal also discovered that cells transmit
electrical signals down the neuron in one direction only. Both Golgi and Cajal were awarded a
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for this work on the neuron doctrine.[19]

Mid-late 20th century

Several findings in the 20th century continued to advance the field, such as the discovery of ocular
dominance columns, recording of single nerve cells in animals, and coordination of eye and head
movements. Experimental psychology was also significant in the foundation of cognitive
neuroscience. Some particularly important results were the demonstration that some tasks are
accomplished via discrete processing stages, the study of attention,[20][21] and the notion that
behavioural data do not provide enough information by themselves to explain mental processes. As
a result, some experimental psychologists began to investigate neural bases of behaviour. Wilder
Penfield created maps of primary sensory and motor areas of the brain by stimulating the cortices
of patients during surgery. The work of Sperry and Gazzaniga on split brain patients in the 1950s
was also instrumental in the progress of the field.[9] The term cognitive neuroscience itself was
coined by Gazzaniga and cognitive psychologist George Armitage Miller while sharing a taxi in
1976.[22]

Brain mapping

New brain mapping technology, particularly fMRI and PET, allowed researchers to investigate
experimental strategies of cognitive psychology by observing brain function. Although this is often
thought of as a new method (most of the technology is relatively recent), the underlying principle
goes back as far as 1878 when blood flow was first associated with brain function.[7] Angelo Mosso,
an Italian psychologist of the 19th century, had monitored the pulsations of the adult brain through
neurosurgically created bony defects in the skulls of patients. He noted that when the subjects
engaged in tasks such as mathematical calculations the pulsations of the brain increased locally.

5 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

Such observations led Mosso to conclude that blood flow of the brain followed function.[7]

Emergence of a new discipline

Birth of cognitive science

On September 11, 1956, a large-scale meeting of cognitivists took place at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. George A. Miller presented his "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus
Two" paper[23] while Noam Chomsky and Newell & Simon presented their findings on computer
science. Ulric Neisser commented on many of the findings at this meeting in his 1967 book
Cognitive Psychology. The term "psychology" had been waning in the 1950s and 1960s, causing
the field to be referred to as "cognitive science". Behaviorists such as Miller began to focus on the
representation of language rather than general behavior. David Marr concluded that one should
understand any cognitive process at three levels of analysis. These levels include computational,
algorithmic/representational, and physical levels of analysis.[24]

Combining neuroscience and cognitive science

Before the 1980s, interaction between neuroscience and cognitive science was scarce.[25] Cognitive
neuroscience began to integrate the newly laid theoretical ground in cognitive science, that
emerged between the 1950s and 1960s, with approaches in experimental psychology,
neuropsychology and neuroscience. (Neuroscience was not established as a unified discipline until
1971[26]). In the very late 20th century new technologies evolved that are now the mainstay of the
methodology of cognitive neuroscience, including TMS (1985) and fMRI (1991). Earlier methods
used in cognitive neuroscience include EEG (human EEG 1920) and MEG (1968). Occasionally
cognitive neuroscientists utilize other brain imaging methods such as PET and SPECT. An
upcoming technique in neuroscience is NIRS which uses light absorption to calculate changes in
oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in cortical areas. In some animals Single-unit recording can be used.
Other methods include microneurography, facial EMG, and eye tracking. Integrative neuroscience
attempts to consolidate data in databases, and form unified descriptive models from various fields
and scales: biology, psychology, anatomy, and clinical practice.[27]

Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a cognitive

neuroscience theory developed by Gail Carpenter and Stephen
Grossberg in the late 1970s on aspects of how the brain
processes information. It describes a number of neural network
models which use supervised and unsupervised learning
methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition
and prediction.[28]
ARTMAP overview
In 2014, Stanislas Dehaene, Giacomo Rizzolatti and Trevor
Robbins, were awarded the Brain Prize "for their pioneering
research on higher brain mechanisms underpinning such complex human functions as literacy,
numeracy, motivated behaviour and social cognition, and for their efforts to understand cognitive
and behavioural disorders".[29] Brenda Milner, Marcus Raichle and John O'Keefe received the
Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and
cognition"[30] and O'Keefe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in the same year with

6 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning
system in the brain".[31]

In 2017, Wolfram Schultz, Peter Dayan and Ray Dolan were awarded the Brain Prize "for their
multidisciplinary analysis of brain mechanisms that link learning to reward, which has far-
reaching implications for the understanding of human behaviour, including disorders of decision-
making in conditions such as gambling, drug addiction, compulsive behaviour and
schizophrenia".,[32]

Recent trends
Recently the focus of research had expanded from the localization of brain area(s) for specific
functions in the adult brain using a single technology. Studies have been diverging in several
different directions: exploring the interactions between different brain areas, using multiple
technologies and approaches to understand brain functions, and using computational
approaches.[33] Advances in non-invasive functional neuroimaging and associated data analysis
methods have also made it possible to use highly naturalistic stimuli and tasks such as feature films
depicting social interactions in cognitive neuroscience studies.[34]

Another very recent trend in cognitive neuroscience is the use of optogenetics to explore circuit
function and its behavioral consequences.[35]

Topics
▪ Attention
▪ Consciousness
▪ Decision-making
▪ Emotions
▪ Intelligence
▪ Language
▪ Learning
▪ Memory
▪ Perception
▪ Social cognition

Methods
Experimental methods include:

▪ Psychophysics
▪ Eye-tracking
▪ Functional magnetic resonance imaging
▪ Electroencephalography
▪ Magnetoencephalography
▪ Electrocorticography

7 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

▪ Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

▪ Computational Modeling

See also
▪ Cognitive biology
Philosophy portal
▪ Cognitive psychology
▪ Embodied cognition Psychology portal
▪ Experimental psychology
▪ Cognitive psychophysiology
▪ Affective neuroscience
▪ Social neuroscience
▪ Social cognitive neuroscience
▪ Cultural neuroscience
▪ List of cognitive neuroscientists
▪ Neurochemistry
▪ Neuroethology
▪ Neuroendocrinology
▪ Neuroscience

References
1. Gazzaniga, Ivry and Mangun 2002, cf. title
2. Gazzaniga 2002, p. xv
3. "Learning Disabilities | BRAIN" (https://brainaacn.org/learning-disabilities/). brainaacn.org.
Retrieved 2022-04-27.
4. Kosslyn, S, M. & Andersen, R, A. (1992). Frontiers in cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge, MA:
MIT press.
5. Cordelia Erickson-Davis. "Neurofeedback Training for Parkinsonian Tremor and Bradykinesia"
(https://ida.mtholyoke.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10166/626/153.pdf?sequence=1) (PDF).
Retrieved 2013-05-23.
6. Fritsch, G.; Hitzig, E. (June 2009). "Electric excitability of the cerebrum (Über die elektrische
Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns)". Epilepsy & Behavior. 15 (2): 123–130.
doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.03.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2009.03.001).
PMID 19457461 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457461). S2CID 40594131 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:40594131).
7. Raichle, Marcus E. (2009). "A brief history of human brain mapping". Trends in Neurosciences.
32 (2): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2008.11.001).
PMID 19110322 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110322). S2CID 205403489 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:205403489).
8. Sirgiovanni, Elisabetta (2009). "The Mechanistic Approach to Psychiatric Classification" (http://
www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-C09-02.pdf) (PDF). Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and
Neuro Sciences. 2 (2): 45–49.
9. Uttal, William R. (2011). Mind and Brain: A Critical Appraisal of Cognitive Neuroscience. MIT
Press. ISBN 978-0-262-29803-2.

8 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

10. Gross, Charles G. (July 1995). "Aristotle on the Brain". The Neuroscientist. 1 (4): 245–250.
doi:10.1177/107385849500100408 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107385849500100408).
S2CID 146717837 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146717837).
11. Smith, C.U.M. (January 2013). "Cardiocentric Neurophysiology: The Persistence of a
Delusion". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 22 (1): 6–13.
doi:10.1080/0964704X.2011.650899 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0964704X.2011.650899).
PMID 23323528 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23323528). S2CID 34077852 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:34077852).
12. Hatfield, Gary (June 2002). "Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science: Reflections on the
History and Philosophy of Experimental Psychology". Mind & Language. 17 (3): 207–232.
doi:10.1111/1468-0017.00196 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0017.00196).
13. Bear, Connors & Paradiso 2007, pp. 10–11.
14. Enersen, O. D. 2009
15. Boring, E.G. (1957). A history of experimental psychology. New York.
16. "Aphasia" (https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/aphasia).
www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
17. "Wernicke area | Definition, Location, Function, & Facts | Britannica" (https://www.britannica.co
m/science/Wernicke-area). www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
18. Mandler, George (2002). "Origins of the cognitive (r)evolution" (http://www.escholarship.org/uc/i
tem/22s8x969). Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 38 (4): 339–353.
doi:10.1002/jhbs.10066 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbs.10066). PMID 12404267 (https://pub
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404267). S2CID 38146862 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:
38146862).
19. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906" (https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/me
dicine/laureates/1906/).
20. Carrasco, Marisa (2011). "Visual attention: The past 25 years" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC3390154). Vision Research. 51 (13): 1484–1525.
doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2011.04.012).
PMC 3390154 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390154). PMID 21549742 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21549742).
21. Kastner, Sabine; Ungerleider, Leslie G. (2000). "Mechanisms of visual attention in the human
cortex". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 23: 315–41. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.315 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.23.1.315). PMID 10845067 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/10845067). S2CID 11869810 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11869810).
22. Gazzaniga, Michael (1984). "Preface". Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience. pp. vii.
23. Miller (1956). "The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for
processing information". Psychological Review. 63 (2): 81–97. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.8071 (http
s://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.308.8071). doi:10.1037/h0043158 (http
s://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0043158). PMID 13310704 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1331070
4).
24. "Approaches in Cognitive Psychology" (http://jungminded.weebly.com/7/post/2013/01/approach
es-in-cognitive-psychology.html). JungMinded.
25. not available, [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20220120082225/http://www.petemandik.com/ph
ilosophy/papers/brookmadik.com.pdf) not available
26. Society for Neuroscience. Date of the first meeting of the Sociefy for Neuroscience

9 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

27. "Growth of Psychology as a Science - Origin of Psychology" (https://archive.today/2013062819

3855/https://www.boundless.com/psychology/history-psychology/origin-psychology/growth-of-p
sychology-as-a-science--31/). www.boundless.com. Archived from the original (https://www.bou
ndless.com/psychology/history-psychology/origin-psychology/growth-of-psychology-as-a-scien
ce--31/) on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
28. Carpenter, G.A., Grossberg, S., & Reynolds, J.H. (1991), ARTMAP: Supervised real-time
learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network (http://cns.
bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/CarGroRey1991NN.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2006
0519091848/http://cns.bu.edu/Profiles/Grossberg/CarGroRey1991NN.pdf) 2006-05-19 at the
Wayback Machine, Neural Networks, 4, 565-588
29. "The Brain Prize" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233429/http://www.thebrainprize.org/fl
x/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014/). Archived from the original (http://www.thebrainprize.org/
flx/prize_winners/prize_winners_2014) on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
30. "2014 Kavli Prize Laureates in Neuroscience" (http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/pr
izes/2014-kavli-prize-laureates-neuroscience). 2014-05-30.
31. "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014" (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/
2014/summary/). NobelPrize.org.
32. Gallager, James (6 March 2017). "Scientists win prize for brain research" (https://www.bbc.co.u
k/news/health-39183178). BBC. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
33. Takeo, Watanabe. "Cognitive neuroscience Editorial overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
121224221332/http://people.bu.edu/takeo/takeo/Editorial%20(Current%20Opinion).pdf) (PDF).
Archived from the original (http://people.bu.edu/takeo/takeo/Editorial%20(Current%20Opinion).
pdf) (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
34. Hasson, Uri; et al. (2004). "Intersubject Synchronization of Cortical Activity During Natural
Vision". Science. 303 (5664): 1634–1640. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1634H (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2004Sci...303.1634H). doi:10.1126/science.1089506 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fs
cience.1089506). PMID 15016991 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15016991).
S2CID 12688628 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12688628).
35. Pama, E. A. Claudia; Colzato, Lorenza S.; Hommel, Bernhard (6 September 2013).
"Optogenetics as a neuromodulation tool in cognitive neuroscience" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC3764402). Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 610. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00610
(https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00610). PMC 3764402 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p
mc/articles/PMC3764402). PMID 24046763 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24046763).

Further reading
▪ Baars, Bernard J.; Gage, Nicole M. (2010). Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness: Introduction
to Cognitive Neuroscience. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-381440-1.
▪ Bear, Mark F.; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A. (2007). Neuroscience. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-6003-4.
▪ Churchland, Patricia Smith; Sejnowski, Terrence Joseph (1992). The Computational Brain. MIT
Press. ISBN 978-0-262-33965-0.
▪ Code, Chris (2004). "Classic Cases: Ancient and Modern Milestones in the Development of
Neuropsychological Science". In Code, Chris; Joanette, Yves; Lecours, André Roch; Wallesch,
Claus-W (eds.). Classic Cases in Neuropsychology. pp. 17–25. doi:10.4324/9780203304112-8
(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203304112-8). ISBN 978-0-203-30411-2.
▪ Enersen, O. D. (2009). John Hughlings Jackson. In: Who Named It.

10 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2766.html Retrieved 14 August 2009

▪ Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B. & Mangun, G. R. (2002). Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of
the mind (2nd ed.). New York: W.W.Norton.
▪ Gallistel, R. (2009). "Memory and the Computational Brain: Why Cognitive Science will
Transform Neuroscience." Wiley-Blackwell ISBN 978-1-4051-2287-0.
▪ Gazzaniga, M. S., The Cognitive Neurosciences III, (2004), The MIT Press,
ISBN 0-262-07254-8
▪ Gazzaniga, M. S., Ed. (1999). Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences, The MIT Press,
ISBN 0-262-57117-X.
▪ Sternberg, Eliezer J. Are You a Machine? The Brain, the Mind and What it Means to be
Human. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
▪ Ward, Jamie (2015). The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience (http://www.routledgetext
books.com/textbooks/9781848722729/) (3rd ed.). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1848722729.
▪ Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition By Roberto Cabeza, Alan Kingstone (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=VLQbZGc6vxsC&printsec=frontcover)
▪ Principles of neural science By Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell (https://
books.google.com/books?id=yzEFK7Xc87YC&printsec=frontcover)
▪ The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory By Amanda Parker, Edward L. Wilding, Timothy J.
Bussey (https://books.google.com/books?id=vlnrEZrx-3QC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1)
▪ Neuronal Theories of the Brain By Christof Koch, Joel L. Davis (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=7TWDYUYSce0C&pg=PA61#PPP1,M1Large-scale)
▪ Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning By Keith James Holyoak, Robert G. Morrison
(https://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC8QeMC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1The)
▪ Handbook of Mathematical Cognition By Jamie I. D. Campbell (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=AQZ5jmmpaDAC&printsec=frontcover#PPR5,M1)
▪ Cognitive Psychology By Michael W. Eysenck, Mark T. Keane (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=22ZWi-LVLDcC&pg=PA526#PPP7,M1)
▪ Development of Intelligence By Mike Anderson (https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0VAAA
AIAAJ&pg=PR17#PPR7,M1The)
▪ Development of Mental Processing By Andreas Demetriou, et al. (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Y7_F04wAnUgC&pg=PP9#PPA3,M1The)
▪ Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly (https://books.google.com/books?id=4
Yog2csUCFwC&pg=PA151#PPR8,M1Working)
▪ Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan (https://books.google.com/books?id=0ojq3qdhf7QC&print
sec=frontcover#PPR7,M1Working)
▪ Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=ILMwZKgkNzIC&pg=PA406#PPA410,M1)
▪ Models of Working Memory By Akira Miyake, Priti Shah (https://books.google.com/books?id=e
mdwD4Q0HdEC&pg=PR9#PPA64,M1)
▪ Memory and Thinking By Robert H. Logie, K. J. Gilhooly (https://books.google.com/books?id=4
Yog2csUCFwC&pg=PR9#PPR5,M1Working)
▪ Variation in Working Memory By Andrew R. A. Conway, et al. (https://books.google.com/books?
id=fZuFD4AJOscC&pg=PA49#PPR16,M1)
▪ Memory Capacity By Nelson Cowan (https://books.google.com/books?id=00UOAAAAQAAJ&p
g=PR7)

11 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

▪ Cognition and Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Jean E. Pretz (https://books.google.com/bo

oks?id=2L5CDYhA1R4C&pg=PA268#PPA89,M1)
▪ General Factor of Intelligence By Robert J. Sternberg, Elena Grigorenko (https://books.google.
com/books?id=2OjruFlEWukC&pg=PA415#PPA91,M1The)
▪ Neurological Basis of Learning, Development and Discovery By Anton E. Lawson (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=NZS11x10QNwC&pg=PR9#PPR7,M1The)
▪ Memory and Human Cognition By John T. E. Richardson (https://books.google.com/books?id=
mBf217lUQpAC&pg=PA89)
▪ Society for Neuroscience. https://web.archive.org/web/20090805111859/http://www.sfn.org
/index.cfm?pagename=about_SfN#timeline Retrieved 14 August 2009
▪ Keiji Tanaka,"Current Opinion in Neurobiology", (2007)

External links
▪ Cognitive Neuroscience Society Homepage (http://cogneurosociety.org/)
▪ There's Something about Zero (https://web.archive.org/web/20071028090722/http://www.in-mi
nd.org/issue-4/there-s-something-about-zero.html)
▪ What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?, Jamie Ward/Psychology Press (https://web.archive.org/web/
20060828044459/http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com/whatiscognitiveneuroscience.as
p)
▪ goCognitive - Educational Tools for Cognitive Neuroscience (including video interviews) (http://
www.gocognitive.net)
▪ CogNet, The Brain and Cognitive Sciences Community Online, MIT (http://cognet.mit.edu)
▪ Cognitive Neuroscience Arena, Psychology Press (https://web.archive.org/web/200607140221
54/http://www.cognitiveneurosciencearena.com/)
▪ Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, CUJCS, Spring 2002 (https://web.archive.org/web/201
10722172831/http://www.neuroscience.me/wp-content/uploads/CUJCS-Spring_2002.pdf)
▪ Whole Brain Atlas Top 100 Brain Structures (https://web.archive.org/web/20080514235449/htt
p://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/cases/caseM/case.html)
▪ Cognitive Neuroscience Discussion Group (https://web.archive.org/web/20090815082715/htt
p://www.neuroscienceforums.com/cognitive-neuroscience/)
▪ John Jonides, a big role in Cognitive Neurosciences by Beebrite (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0140528010810/http://beebrite.tumblr.com/post/22320464480/jonides-neuroscience)
▪ Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience (https://web.archive.org/web/20121031165308/http://bo
okboon.com/en/textbooks/healthcare-science/introduction-to-cognitive-neuroscience)
▪ AgliotiLAB - Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory founded in 2003 in Rome, Italy (htt
p://agliotilab.org/)

Related Wikibooks

▪ Wikibook on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience

▪ Wikibook on consciousness studies
▪ Cognitive Neuroscience chapter of the Wikibook on neuroscience
▪ Computational Cognitive Neuroscience wikibook (http://grey.colorado.edu/CompCogNeuro/inde
x.php/CCNBook/Main) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190724170532/https://grey.col

12 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM
Cognitive neuroscience - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience

orado.edu/CompCogNeuro/index.php/CCNBook/Main) 2019-07-24 at the Wayback Machine

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_neuroscience&oldid=1127860671"

This page was last edited on 17 December 2022, at 01:58 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

13 of 13 12/25/2022, 12:54 AM