Republic of the Philippines

Mindoro State University

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Alcate, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro 5205

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

GONITO, LIEZEL B. MAY 27, 2022

BSABE IV-D ENGR. MARJUN CAGUAY

AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION

ACTIVITY 2

Crop Protection Machinery

Crop protection is the science and practice of

managing pests, plant diseases and other pest organisms
that damage agricultural crops. Pesticides help farmers to
reduce crop damage from pests and increase food
production. They’re very important as they improve the
quality and yield of agricultural produce.
Crop Protection involves the activities of two units,
namely the Pest Management unit and the Disease
Management unit. The emphasis is on biological control and a reduction in the use of
toxic pesticides, to promote a more sustainable, environment friendly approach of pest
management.
In agricultural ecosystems, thousands or even millions of individuals of a single
crop species are planted in a monoculture. To maximize growth of the desired crop, we
try to eliminate organisms that we consider pests. Pests are organisms that might
compete with or damage crop species. They reduce plant density, cause plant stunted
growth and their death, cause lower production capacity, damage berries and in many
other ways reduce the yield or quality of agricultural products.
In order to properly protect the crops from pests and other organisms its is vital to
use equipment that can greatly enhance and ease the application of protective chemicals.

Crop Protection Equipment

Equipment for crop protection refers to
machinery and implements protecting crops in a
scientific and effective way, aiming at eliminating
pests, diseases and weeds, and ensuring stable and
high yield of crops.(Liu 2008) In a narrow sense,
equipment items used for crop protection spray
chemicals to protect crops against pests, diseases
and weeds. It is an effective approach to maintain good harvest for grain, forest and
orchard. (Matthews 2008)
Equipment for crop protection, through the use of which both unit area yields and
good quality of agricultural products are ensured is essential for modern agricultural
production. (Oerke and Dehne 2006) The operation and safety performance of crop
protection equipment have always been the concern of manufacturers, distributors and
farmers, since they are closely related to human health, safety and environmental
pollution.

Crop Protection Machinery

Are equipment used to apply insecticides, pesticides,

herbicides to the crops to protect from insects pests
and plant diseases. The most common equipment
are sprayers, dusters, and weeders.

PEST CONTROL METHODS

In agricultural production, a pest is anything that impedes or competes with the desired crop. The
pest may be other plants (weeds), insects, fungi or diseases. Control of these pests si accomplished by
chemical means, nonchemical treatments, or a combination of measures sometimes known as integrated
pest management.
 Non-Chemical Control Methods
This includes:
 Weeding
 Thermal treatments
 Vacuum
 Biological Pest-Control Equipment
Chemical Control Methods
This includes:
 Spraying
 Dusting
Sprayer
Is a machine that applies liquid chemicals on plants
in the form of droplets. Sprayer is used for the following
purpose:

 Application of herbicides to remove weeds

 Application of fungicides to minimize fungus diseases
 Application of insecticides to control insect pests.
 Application of micro nutrients on the plants

Basic Components Of Sprayer

 Pump
 Chemical tank
 Agitator
 Air chamber
 Pressure gauge
 Pressure regulator
 Valves
 Strainer
 Suction line
 Delivery line
 Nozzles
Classification of Sprayers
Based on the volume of liquid handled, sprayers may be classified into:
1. High volume sprayer (more than 400 L/ha)
2. Low volume sprayer (5-400L/ha)
3. Ultra low volume sprayer(less than 5L/ha)
The selection technique depends on the type of vegetation, kind of pest and
approach to the field

Types of Sprayer
Lever-operated Knapsack Sprayer (LOKS) Backpack Sprayer - Is a sprayer
which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on the back of an
operator for spraying. PAES-112-2000
The knapsack sprayers - are wide available all throughout the country as the
farming strategy here is not yet so much advanced and many farmers are still into
traditional farming specially those who are at the mountainous area.
Prices ranges from 1000 pesos up to 4000 of the regular knapsack sprayer.
Specifications:
 Power required – one person
 Tank Capacity (L) – 9 – 22.5
 Pump cylinder inner diameter (mm) -39-42
 Number of piston in pump cylinder- 1
 Pressure chamber capacity (ml) – 572-660
 Displacement volume (ml) – 87.24
 Type of delivery sprout – threaded
 Cut off valve passage diameter (mm)- 5
 Lance length (mm)- 725
 Nozzle Type- hollow cone
 Spray angle- 78 degree
 Size of filling hole (mm)- 94.9
 Pump discharge (ml/min)- 610-89

Types of Sprayer

Hand Atomizer
 Container capacity of 0.5 to 3.5 liters
 The outer end of the pipe terminates in a nozzle with 0.6 to
1.6 mm diameter orifice. The container is filled to approximately
¾ of its capacity and air is compressed on the remaining space
by means of the pump.
 The application rate ranges from 18 to 45 liters per acre
 It is ideal for small nurseries, kitchen gardens and spraying
wettable insecticides and fungicides.
Specifications:
 Diameter of the tank (mm)- 130
 Height (mm)- 210
 Weight (kg)- 1.2
 Widely available all around the country and prices varies from 150 pesos to
1500 pesos in the market.
Rocker Sprayer
 This sprayer consist of pump assembly, platform with frame
and fork, operating lever, pressure chamber, suction hose with
strainer, delivery hose, extension rod with spray nozzles.
 The rocking movement of the handle helps in building
pressure in the pressure chamber. There is no built-in tank and
separate spray tank is necessary.
 The sprayer builds up a high pressure of 199 to 256 psi.in
some it maybe as much as 512 psi
 It can therefore be used for spraying the field crops. The
sprayer is popular in some of the coconut areas. Long hose
connections up to 30 m are made to 1 or 2 outlets.
Specifications:
 Overall length (mm)- 760
 Overall width (mm)- 150
 Overall height (mm)- 1230
 Weight (kg )- 6
 Pressure developed (kg/cm2)- 10
 Field capacity (ha/day) - 1 (with 1 lance) and 1.5 – 2 (with 2 lances)
 More popular to farm industry of mango and coconut due to its long
hose and it costs roughly around 3,500 pesos and above depending
on the modifications and specific design.
Foot/Pedal Operated Sprayer
 This sprayer consist of Plunger Assembly, stand,
suction hose, delivery hose, extension rod with a spray
nozzle.
 One end of the suction hose is fitted with strainer and
other with a flexible coupling.
 Foot instead of hand operates it, but the principle is the
same as in case of rocker sprayer
 The pump is fitted on iron stand and a pedal attached
to the plunger rod operates the sprayer by its upward and
downward movement.
 The sprayer also does not have a built in tank.
Constant pedalling is required for continuous spray. It
develops a pressure of 241 to 299 psi.
 It is easy to operate and can be used for spraying tall
crops as well as fruit trees.
Specifications:
 Overall length (mm)- 440
 Overall width (mm)- 170
 Overall height (mm)- 980
 Weight (kg)- 10
 Pressure developed (kg/cm2)- 14 - 18
 Field capacity (ha/day)- 1 (with 1 lance) and 1.5 – 2 (with 2 lances)
 This type of sprayer is not yet fully introduced to the country that is why the pricing
is not yet properly defined in the market places.

Power Sprayers
 It is a heavy duty and efficient sprayer. It consist of a
triplex pump with stainless steel piston with oil bath
lubrication. It can develop
 250 to 350 pounds pressure and can deliver the
solution up to 15 m.
 It can be powered by a 3 hp engine or electric motor.
It is convenient to spray with 4 to 6 spray lances at a time
using the sprayer.
  This sprayers can be operated by tractor PTO as well as by a power tiller. It is
widely accepted the Philippines and widely available.
 Prices for a QUALITY power sprayer starts from 5000 pesos and can reach
22,000 for a quality four stroke power engine sprayer.
Specifications:
 Overall length (mm)- 740
 Overall width (mm)- 610
 Overall height (mm)- 990
 Weight (kg)- 66
 Pressure developed (kg/cm2)- up to 40
 Field capacity (ha/hr)- 0.2 – 0.3
 Number of spray lance- up to 6
 Discharge (L/min)- up to 25
 Power required (hp)- 3
Performance test on power sprayer for mango
This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall performance of the equipment
• The noise emitted by the power sprayer shall be measured 50 mm away from the
operator’s ear level and 1 m away from the source of noise. This shall be recorded in
Annex C.
• The fuel consumption of the engine of the power sprayer shall be obtained by measuring
the volume of fuel refilled after the test. The tank hall be filled to full capacity before and
after each trial.
• Discharge rate of the power sprayer shall be obtained either by directly using a
graduated cylinder and getting the time or by measuring the volume of liquid required to
refill the power sprayer after spraying and getting the total time to consume the liquid.
Discharge rate shall computed in Annex D.
• The sprayer range shall be obtained by determining the distance of the spray droplet
blown from the nozzle. The operator shall measure the longest reach of the droplet from
the tip of the nozzle. Wind speed in the test site shall be measured and recorded.
• The power sprayer shall be tested for uniformity of droplet sizes. The pressure shall be
set on the manufacturer’s recommended setting. The power sprayer shall be allowed to
pass over a series of magnesium oxide coated glass slides, the tank shall be filled with a
solution of dye. The spray shall pass over a series of collecting paper or glass slides. The
dried paper, slides or their photographs shall be examined under a microscope. The mean
diameter and percentuniformity shall be computed using the formula in Annex D. the
volume median diameter ( VMD) and the number median diameter(NMD) shall be
obtained. The ratio of the VMD to NMD shall be obtained.
• Condition of power sprayer after the test shall be compared to its initial condition.
• Welded parts shall be inspected.
• All data shall be recorded in Annex C

Performance requirements of power sprayer for mango

• The power sprayer shall not produce noise higher than 92 db measured 1 meter away
from the source of noise
• The power sprayer shall produce uniformly sized droplets
• The power sprayer shall have an operating pressure of 1.21 MPa (175 psi) to 1.75 MPa
(250 psi)
• The power sprayer shall have a discharge rate of at least 15 Lpm

Battery Sprayer
• The battery operated sprayer developed consist of a
10 liter capacity plastic tank and a 6 volt rechargeable
battery both fixed in a frame which is carried on the
back of the operator
• A plastic spinning disc along with a micro motor fitted
at the end of a aluminium handle.Chemical is taken
from the tank to the spinning disc through a plastic
hose.
• A cut off valve is provided on the hose line to stop a flow of spray fluid when desired.The
salient features of the unit are light in weight, less water requirement and low cost
• For spraying chemicals on crops like paddy, ground nut, pulses and vegetables.
Specifications:
• Weight (kg)- 5
• Material - PVC
• Tank capacity- 16L
• Battery- 12V 12AH
• Price starts from 1500 pesos and can reach up to 11, 000 depending on the brand and
it was widely available in the country.

Hand compression sprayer

• This is similar to the hand atomizer but are adopted for
spraying large quantities of liquids. They are more easily
operated than the knapsack sprayer
• The typical hand compression sprayer comprises a tank for
holding spray material and compressed air, vertical air pump
with a handle, filling fork, spray lance with nozzle and release
and shut-off devices
• It is used in kitchen gardens, nurseries, vegetable gardens,
flower crops, and field crops. Due to its easy usage many
Farmers are accepting this product and also available in the
market with price ranging from 1000 pesos up to a certain price
depending on the volume capacity

Specifications:
• Diameter of the tank (mm)- 200
• Height (mm)- 670
• Capacity of the tank (L)- 6, 8, 12, 14, 16
• Weight (kg)- 7.5
• Field capacity ( L/ha) – 0.4
Stirrup Sprayer
• It consist of a single or double acting pump, placed into any
ordinary bucket containing spraying solution to create required
pressure to spray small garden and low trees.
• It is used in spraying in orchards, nurseries, flowe crops,
vegetable gardens etc.
• Widely available in the country commonly used by simple
gardeners and small scale farms. Price ranges from.

Tractor mounted Sprayer

• This sprayers are designed to spray pesticide solution
over a large area. They are most often used in
agriculture, forestry, and right-of way pest control
operations.
• They deliver low to moderate application rates, usually
50 to 500
L/ha, at working pressures ranging from 150 to 500 kPa.
• The most common booms are between 6 to 10 meters long and contain nozzles spaced
at 50 to 100 cm intervals.

Specifications:
• Overall length (mm)- 6340
• Overall width (mm)- 1290
• Overall height (mm)- 1570
• Weight (kg)- 150
• Pressure developed (kg/cm2)- 14 - 18
• Field capacity (ha/day)- 8 (with 14 nozzles)
• Tank capacity(L)- 400
• Available on the market but the stocks are limited due to its high cost up to 3500 – 25000
pesos.
BOOM SPRAYER
• Designed for economic and effective application of pesticides, weedicides and fertilizers
in farm crops.

TYCOON SPRAYER
• For spraying on field crops, tall trees, orchards and plantations.
Airplane/Aerial Sprayer
• It consist of gear pump or centrifugal pump to
force/to spray liquid through the nozzle with a
pressure range of 43 to 121 psi
• The pump gets it drive from a wind driven
propeller having 4 to 6 blades. Light weight
aluminum tank of capacity of 450 to 2200 liters
is used to store the liquid depending upon the
size of plane.
• It is used to cover large areas such as wheat and rice fields
• It is highly costly and as of this time not yet adapted in the country.

DUSTER
• Is a machine used to apply chemicals in dust form. Dusters make use of air stream to
carry pesticides in a finely divided form on the plants.
A duster essentially consist of
1. Hopper
2. Agitator
3. Feed control
4. Fan or blower
5. Delivery nozzle
Type of dusters
Plunger type
• It is a simple duster with a small piston. The piston drives
a current of airover the dust on the hopper. The dust is
carried away through a delivery spout.
• Small hand pump dusters of this type are available and are
suitable onlywhere the area to be dusted is small like
vegetable gardens. It can easily be acquired at online
market and stores selling agri. equipments.
Price starts at 500 pesos.
Knapsack Type
• It is a duster with the powder container carried on the
back of the operator. Knapsack dusters have a hopper
through which a current of air is blown to pick up the dust.
• The air current is produced by a lever operated leather
bellows. Shoulder straps are used to carry in the field
• This dusters is suitable for small areas.
• Like the plunger it is also available in online platform with
such small price starting from
500 pesos.
Knapsack Motorized Mist Blower Cum Duster
• It consist of a 1.2 to 3.0 hp high speed petrol engine,
a blower, a 1.2 lit chemical tank, delivery hose, fleeted
air hose, flow regulator knob, and a plastic atomizer
grate. The tank is filled with the required chemical
solutions.
• When the engine is started, the blower generates a
high velocity air to which the chemical solution is fed.
The chemical mixed air stream is broken into fine
droplets at the atomizer grate and sprayed.
• It is used for spraying all types of field crops most
popularly to paddy, groundnut, cotton and vegetable
crops.
• Due to it being motorized it has a considerably higher
price that other dusters with prices starting from 1500 pesos.

Specifications:
• Overall length (mm)- 460
• Overall width (mm)- 220
• Overall height (mm)- 670
• Weight (kg)- 11
• Field capacity (ha/hr)- 3
• Power required (hp)- 7
• Air velocity at the outlet (m/s)- 65-75
• Horizontal range (m)- 10-15
• Vertical range(m)- 6-8
Rotary Duster
• It consist of hopper, a fan, gear box, handle,
delivery hose and a deflector plate. When the
handle is rotates the fan rotates at high speed
and draws air from the outside. The chemical
form hopper is fed into the air stream in the
suction side of the fan.
• The chemical mixes with the air, passes
through the delivery line and is applied on the
plants. The rate of delivery can be regulated.
• It is used to apply powdery chemicals to vegetables, sorghum etccrops. Can also be
acquired at legit agri equipment suppliers with a low price.
Specifications:
• Overall length (mm)- 280
• Overall width (mm)- 330
• Overall height (mm)- 330
• Weight (kg)- 3.5
• Hopper capacity (L)- 5
• Field capacity (ha/day)- 0.6 (for field crops)

Power Operated Duster

• It consist of a power driven fan, a hopper and a delivery spout.
The fan creates strong air flow which causes the dust to blow
off from the hopper to a considerable distance vertically or
horizontally.
• Direction of the dust is regulated by a movable spout suitably
fitted with the unit.
• This type of duster is used for a large areas.
Aerial duster
• Aerial spraying and dusting permit prompt
coverage of large areas at the moment when
application of pesticide is most effective and
avoid the need for wheeled vehicles that
might damage crops.
• The technique was greatly improved in the
1960’s with the development of ultra-low-
volume applicators, which concentrated
pesticides are distributed in amounts as small as 1 ounce per acre (70 grams per hectare).
• Not yet accepted in the country due to its considerably high price and maintenance.
Weeders
• Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.
Weeds
• Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture
and sunlight.
Classification of Weeders
 By design of soil working part
Blade type - Type of weeder with rectangular, triangular, or crescent shapes with cutting
edges sharpened and hardened.

 By design of soil working part

Tine type -Type of weeder with a straight, curved, round or square cross section steel
rods with sharpy pointed and hardened soil engaging ends.
  By design of soil working part
Rotary type - Type of weeder with a straight or curved spikes or puddles radially attached
to a common axle, which rotate to uproot and bury weeds.

 By Power source
1. Manually-operated weeders
 Hand-held weeder - Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type of soil
working parts with short (0.15 m to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m) and long (>1
m) handles.
  Push-type weeder - Type of weeder which utilize either blade, tine or rotary soil
working parts for dry and wet field weeding.

2. Animal-Drawn weeders

Type of weeder in which soil working

parts are mounted on a frame or tool
bar and pulled by an animal for dry
field weeding.
3. Power-weeders - Type of rotary weeder driven by its own engine for wet field
weeding.

4. Tractor-mounted weeders

Type of weeder in which soil working parts are

mounted on frame or tool bar and pulled by
either two or four wheel tractor for dry field
weeding.

Field Performance Test of Weeder

 This is carried out to test the field performance of the weeder.
 The test shall be carried out on a dry and/or wet field where the conditions of the
field are to be recorded.
Test Conditions
1. Size of the Area per Trial
Weeding operation shall be done in fields not less than 20 𝑚2for hand-held,
100 𝑚2for push-type, 250 𝑚2for animal-drawn, 500 𝑚2for two-wheel tractor-drawn
and 1000 𝑚2for four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders. The plot shall be rectangular
in shape with sides in the ratio of
2:1 as much as possible.
2. Planting Pattern
The planting patterns for dry and wet fields shall be used. The distance
between rows (dr) for dry and wet fields shall be at least 75 cm (corn) and 20 cm
(rice), respectively.
3. Operational Pattern for Tractor-drawn Weeders
 Field capacity and field efficiency are influenced by field operational pattern
which is closely related to the size and shape of the field, the kind and size of
implement. The non-working time should be eliminated as much as possible using
the recommended field operational pattern.
4. Travelling Speed
 For four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a travelling speed of 5 kph to 6 kph
shall be maintained during the operation.
 For two-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a travelling speed of 3 kph to 4
kph shall be maintained during the operation.
 For animal-drawn weeders, a travelling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph shall be
maintained during the operation.
5. Test trials
 The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials
6. Headland
 Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.

References:
• Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, Beijing
• Chinese Agricultural Machinery Testing Center, Ministry of
Agriculture Beijing
• PAES-112-2000 (Philippine National Standard Published 2000 )
• PAES-156- 2010 (Philippine National Standard Published 2010 ICS
65.060.01)
• https://www.academia.edu/CROP_PROTECTION_MACHINERY
• The APA design of citation is not applicable for our sources because
all came from pdfs and some are books and some are from
government provide standards.
• Some of the photos are from www.Google.com
• www.yourarticlelibrary.coM