ORUAs GROUP Final Thesis Paper
ORUAs GROUP Final Thesis Paper
ORUAs GROUP Final Thesis Paper
An Undergraduate
Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of Business Science
Cluster Rogationist
College
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
Cabello, Pamela C.
Lamagan, Kyla T.
Lupeña, Wiljoyce R.
Orua, Arlene A.
December 2021
i
Abstract
to boost the economy as it opens new opportunities, however, not all are willing to
take the risks corresponding herein because of different factors. Here, the
entrepreneurial inclination of the respondents which are the millennials and which
program.
The adapted research instrument was distributed and collected from one
hundred respondents. And with the use of Fisher’s exact Test type of Chi- Square
Test the row data was treated. Moreover, the study revealed that two of the six
the respondents. Likewise, four out of six socioeconomic factors namely, (1)
access to financial resources, (2) personality traits, (3) social environment, and (4)
program.
ii
Approval Sheet
iii
Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to express their deepest and special thanks to
God for the blessings He has given them in the process of finishing the research.
The same is addressed to the patron Saints, St. Hannibal Maria Di Francia and St.
Anthony of Padua who grant constant inspiration in the researchers’ lives to work
families, the Cabello Family, Lamagan Family, Lupeña Family and Orua Family for
giving their unceasing encouragement and support all throughout the process.
The researchers would also like to extend their deepest gratitude to their
thesis adviser, Mr. Angelo P. Nueva, MBA, thesis professor, Mr. Crisanto B.
Pachejo, MBA, and the other members of the panel, Mr. Lexus P. Montenegro,
MS, and Mr. Jhodelix M. Sarcilla, ECE, Phd., for their patience, motivation,
immense knowledge and guidance from the beginning to the end of the
to their statistician for their enthusiasm in helping the researchers and providing
Last but not the least, to the friends and colleagues of the researcher for
their passion, support and company. Without them all, the completion of this study
The Researchers
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures ix
Conceptual Framework 6
Definition of Terms 7
Synthesis 16
Research Design 18
Research Locale 19
Research Instrument 20
v
Research Procedures 21
Summary 45
Conclusions 46
Recommendations 48
REFERENCES 50
APPENDICES
C Certification of Originality 55
D Research Instrument 56
E Raw Score 61
F Researcher’s Profile 86
vi
LIST OF TABLES
2 Gender 27
3 Educational Attainment 27
5 Mother’s Profession 29
7 Father’s Profession 31
8 Monthly Income 31
vii
18 Median-Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median-
Personality Traits Chi-square Tests 41
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Research Paradigm 6
ix
CHAPTER 1
This chapter covers the background of the study, statement of the problem,
country (or at Least Developed Countries) for which the infant mortality rate is high,
while the GDP per capita is poor, has lowest socioeconomic development and
literacy, have economic vulnerabilities, and have widespread poverty (UN Human
Development Data, 2021). And as the year 2020 approached, the country
currently experiencing fortuitous events which resulted to 60% loss of its initial
income from agriculture, hotels, resorts, and even food and beverage catering
2020). The city’s economy was jeopardized to the point that only eight of the
province’s hotels and resorts are operating, not as a leisure business but as
government tapped quarantine facility for returning migrant workers (Cinco, 2020).
This is also a result of the 50% scale down of workforce in all sectors and industries
1
that was mandated by the National Government, and in effect, the whole operation
of the city was semi-paralyzed and left the other 50% totally paralyzed.
article that entrepreneurship could be the greatest weapon to improve its economy.
are also once the unemployed, they are even wiling to hire individuals based on
challenging, yet not everyone wishes to pursue this career because of fear of
don’t want the stress of entrepreneurship, views starting a business as tough, hard
work, not driven to succeed, and needs the security of a steady pay check which
deprives the potential entrepreneurs to take the risks of entering business ventures
For these reasons, the researchers thought of conducting a study about the
they represent the thirty-five percent population of the city, following the 41% Gen
Zs (PhilAtlas, 2020). Also, researchers suggest that millennials are more inclined
Y., et al., 2021). Their characteristics, eagerness and attitudes to become an agent
2
of change according to Kusumawardhany, P. A., & Dwiarta I.M.B., (2020) makes
respondents who currently resides in Tagaytay City, Cavite. And the data that
were collected served as basis for the development of a pamphlet that is aimed
potentials, and competency, to expand their knowledge, boost their interest, and
a. Age,
b. Gender,
c. Educational Attainment,
e. Mother’s Profession,
g. Father’s Profession,
h. Monthly Income
propensity of Millennial?
3
a. Social environment,
e. Personality traits,
HYPOTHESES
Based on the specific problems stated, the following null hypotheses was tested
Millennials
The outcome of this study will help them become knowledgeable about
what socio-economic factors could help them most in gaining and improving their
4
Existing Entrepreneurs
The result of this study will help them to be more informed of the significant
effect and influence of socio-economic factors in sustaining their own business and
Aspiring Entrepreneurs
The outcome of this study could be beneficial to them in such a way that
the socioeconomic factors presented by this study could help them assess their
Government
Future Researchers
father’s profession, and monthly income. The study also aimed to identify which
5
what are the factors’ corresponding effect on entrepreneurial inclination of the
millennials.
awareness and boost interest for entrepreneurship. Also, the respondents of this
study were the millennials who resides in Tagaytay City, Cavite and are currently
6
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of this study where input, process,
and output were discussed. The input of the research includes the variable of the
study which are the demographic profile, and socioeconomic factors which could
disadvantages.
created based on the findings from conducting this research which is a guidance
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For a better understanding of the important terms used in the study, the
7
Aspiring Entrepreneur refers to an individual who desires to enter a business
involves benefits and drawbacks that could either drive or hinder an individual to
involves the existence of financial program, rules and regulations, and laws or
policies set by the Government to support and protect the entrepreneurs and local
businesses.
entrepreneurship.
circumstances.
Millennial refers to a group of people distinct by generation who was born between
the early 1980s and the early 2000s and will serve as the respondents of this study.
8
Pamphlet is the expected output from this study which is intended to raise and
9
CHAPTER 2
This chapter presents the related literature and studies, both local and
foreign, and explains their relevance to this study. The discernment presented from
the previous works gave the researchers a deeper understanding of the trends and
and boost economic growth that aids economic issues and crisis. The opportunities
offered by this industry are promising, but risks are also associated with it that is
why, not all dares to give it a try. Kumar (2018) explained that entrepreneurship is
one of the solutions when battling unemployment. It opens doors to new ventures,
new business, and new alliances. But even though businesses bring positive
impact in the economy many individuals still do not want to enter business and
family obligations and having no benefit are the most prevailing reason why people
only help to reduce unemployment, but it will also teach people to control their own
destiny by starting their own businesses and not to wait for a job. This is true since
10
ventures are widely described as a deliberate and intentional career choice
according to the study conducted by Kabir, et. al. (2017) which aims to determine
entrepreneurs.
Moreover, the study of Baliyan, S.P., and Baliyan, P.S., (2018) analyzed the
graduates in Botswana. The findings of the study revealed that eight socio-
education level, mothers’ profession, family income level and students career
ambition after completion of degree program and parents career ambition after
towards entrepreneurship.
The result of the study further concluded that socioeconomic factors are
multiple regression analysis. It is also found that the most influential among the
program, the year of study and the program of study. This result was based on the
questionnaire used for data collection through a survey of 149 (n=149) randomly
independent t-test, one way analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis.
11
Using a descriptive statistic, the study concluded that the students would like to
pursue their future career as entrepreneurs but opposite to the students’ career
This is also supported by the study of Belas, J., et al. published year 2017
which was intended to determine and quantify the association of social and
found out that students considers the presence of an entrepreneur in the family,
business, and, interest in business in general as the factors that could possibly
as such since it has the most positive answers from the responses.
This is further elaborated in the study of Sahban, M., et al. (2016), which
toward entrepreneurship. SPSS version 22 was used for quantitative analysis. This
Indonesian public and private universities. This data collection technique provided
381 valid responses, which were employed in the statistical analysis to determine
the link between SS and El, as well as the difference in entrepreneurial intent
between male and female student’s entrepreneurship. This study reveals that,
12
there is a positive relationship between social support system and student’s
entrepreneurship.
integrated model based on planned behavior to investigate the direct and indirect
factor analysis was used to look into the latent factors that underpin the
then used to investigate correlations between latent constructs. The result of the
control, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial alertness are
intention. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the personality traits
13
Turkey, 480 students is the sample of this study. The Cronbach alpha values of
the independent variables were calculated. The factor analysis was conducted to
were conducted to find out the effects of independent variables on the dependent
variable. The result of their study reveals that people who have entrepreneurial
intentions can be more successful when they establish their ventures. They can
control, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial alertness affect
entrepreneurial intention. It was found that the personality traits had a positive
Theory suggests that there are four main factors that significantly affect
entrepreneurial inclination. Those factors are social network, lack of funding, risk
and hard work, tolerance and economic and political stability. It was concluded that
also found out that such business launching is hindered by lack of funding where
14
gender, age ranges and education level, and family background that includes
contradiction to the state with state of-the art international literature, which
evidences significance in all these impact factors. Furthermore, this study found
out that those male students have higher entrepreneurial intention. Also, students
whose parents are self-employed and/or immigrants from rural areas to urban
cities versus non-immigrant parents, and students that have exposure to self-
impact.
are analyzed and it is found that there is a high level of intentions among students
On the other hand, on the same study, it has been determined that the
15
business environment to establish business, risk-resistance of business
possibility of career growth and interesting job opportunities due to doing business,
lack of time of the businessperson for the family, and finally, creation of a new
SYNTHESIS
factors that are mostly experienced by the respondents. The other reviewed
and existing entrepreneurs to endeavor or not with their business venture. This
study is similar to the reviewed studies and literatures as it examines the impact of
respondents, and purpose. Also, the researchers did not attempt to determine the
to unreliable findings given the small number of respondents and the number of
16
categories in each demographic profile. Given the circumstances, the responses
Moreover, this study was intended to identify the socioeconomic factors that
17
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive research design is considered suitable when the paper intends to find
more variables. It is also very much crucial to first understand how, when, and
The subjects of this study were the Millennials which represents the thirty-
five percent population of Tagaytay City following the 41% Gen Zs (PhilAtlas,
study. Likewise, according to Pana (2015), millennials are those who was born
between year 1980 to 2000, who are now in between 21 and 41 years old. Also,
researchers suggest that millennials are more inclined than members of previous
18
Kusumawardhany, P. A., & Dwiarta I.M.B., (2020) explained that millennials
such as being able to channel creative ideas by working, being independent, and
create products that are needed and beneficial to the community and the
income to the community and can also create more sources of income.
For this purpose, through survey questionnaires, data was collected from
RESEARCH LOCALE
locale because of drastic consecutive recent and current fortuitous events (Taal
Volcano Eruption and Pandemic) experienced by the city (Domingo & Cellona,
2020). These caused the 60% loss of the city’s initial income from agriculture,
hotels, resorts, and even food and beverage catering services which amounts to
hundreds of millions of pesos as estimated. Other than its economic impact in the
city, these recent and present events also placed significant impact on the lives
and livelihoods of Tagaytayeños. The whole city was jeopardized wherein only
eight of the city’s hotels and resorts has operated, nonetheless not as a leisure
19
INSTRUMENTATION
considered the study of Baliyan, S.P. & Baliyan, P.S., entitled, “Socio-Economic
demographic profile. This served as the first part of the survey questionnaire
factors affecting the participants which includes the age, gender, educational
entrepreneurial inclination, the researcher also took into consideration the study
Students,” as a basis for obtaining the appropriate socio-economic factors for this
study. This fulfilled the second part of the survey questionnaire which composed
of seven categories, which are the social environment, business support from the
Finally, responses were captured using a Four Point Likert scale ranging
20
PROCEDURES
forms were directly distributed with the respondents' consent to their Facebook
Other than that, the researchers also conducted phone call interview for some of
the respondents who were unable to access the google forms due to their
unavailability and hectic schedule. Google forms link was sent to more than one-
hundred respondents as the researchers anticipated the possibility that not all
was completed, the researchers closed the access for the Google form link.
data gathered was tested with the appropriate statistical treatments in order to
The following statistical tools was used in this study for the analysis of the
21
%=f/N*100%
Where:
%= Percentage f= frequency
N= number of classes
The Chi-Square statistic was used to test the reliability of the results
derived from the usage of cross- tabulation as this is commonly used for
22
df = (r-1)
(c-1) Where:
𝐟column𝐟row
𝐟e
𝐧
Where:
fe = Expected Frequency
2
(fo − fe)2
x =∑
fe
Where:
the variables
c. Lastly, the final result was compared using the p-value to the alpha-
23
If the p-value is less than or equal to the alpha-value, then the two
If the p-value is greater than the alpha value, it is concluded that the
On the other hand, upon utilizing the Cross Tabulation and Chi Square
statistics, the outcome confused the researchers as the results did not match
the data gathered. As soon as the problem was encountered, the researchers
sought help from a statistician and found out the reasons why statistical
by the Cross Tabulation and Chi Square Statistics which according to the
made a mistake on using Cross Tabulation and Chi Square Statistic as they
Fisher's Exact test was used to obtain the probability of the combination of
the frequencies that are actually obtained. The usage of Fisher’s Exact Test
contingency table.
n = total frequency
24
The Fisher’s Exact Test results and its corresponding p-value was
If the Fisher’s Exact Test result and its corresponding p-value is less
greater than the alpha value, then it is therefore concluded that we fail
25
CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents the findings, interpretation and analysis of the data
terms of age.
The frequency distribution shows that 53 out of 100 respondents are from
ages 21- 29, while the rest are from ages 30 – 41. Likewise, on the study of
Nguyen, C., (2018), most of the respondents are from age ranges of 18-27 given
in terms of gender.
26
Table 2 Gender of the Respondents
The frequency distribution shows that majority of the respondents (56 out
of 100) are males which is equivalent to 56%, while the remaining portion of 44%
Uddin, Muhammed and Hammami (2016), Baliyan, S.P., and Baliyan, P.S., (2018),
and Nguyen, C., (2018) males also have the highest frequency.
that most of the respondents were able to have some education higher than 6th
27
experiences where half are graduates and the other half did not complete their
respondent were high school graduate, diploma while the lowest percentage are
educational background. This is similar with the study of Baliyan, S.P., and Baliyan,
of the respondents.
attainment of the mothers of the respondents. Of the 100 respondents about 26%
28
of them have a high school diploma. The majority of mothers of respondents with
a high school diploma had the highest rate and frequency, according to the data.
While 3 percent of them have a master’s degree, which is the lowest percentage
and frequency.
However, this finding is different from the study conducted by Baliyan, S.P.,
and Baliyan, P.S., (2018). The study found out that mothers with primary level of
frequency and percentage wherein more than half (51 percent) have undisclosed
or unspecified their mother’s professions, while 15% are professionals and 34%
are entrepreneurs. On the other hand, the study of Baliyan, S.P., and Baliyan, P.S.,
(2018) place dissimilarity wherein 48.3% of the mothers of the respondents are
professionals.
29
1.6 Father’s Educational Attainment Table 6 shows the percentage
variation, similar to the level of education of the mothers. The highest frequency
holders (21%). On the other hand, the lowest frequency was represented by
master’s degree, Doctorate Degree, and those who has no schooling completed,
while 2% was unresponsive or did not disclose the educational attainment of their
fathers.
Given the results, it is shown that the level of education of the Fathers of
the respondents also shows variation, similar to the level of education of the
mothers. Which means that father’s level of education is at some point not too far
away in the level of Mother’s level of education. This means that most of the
respondents’ father had achieved secondary education and had received good
education. This is in similarities with the study of Baliyan, S.P., and Baliyan, P.S.,
30
where the fathers were more competent in terms of the university education than
the mothers; whereas mothers are still behind than the fathers as far as parental
For the profession of the father of the respondents, we can infer from the
table above that most of the respondents had undisclosed or unspecified their
father’s profession and there are more than number of entrepreneurs than the
The result of this study is in contrast with the study of Baliyan, S.P., and
Baliyan, P.S. where it shows that most of the profession of the respondents’ father
are professionals.
31
Total 100 100%
As for the Monthly Income of the families of the respondents, most of their
families are earning more than Php 12,000. On the other hand, the lowest number
equivalent to (4%).
The result of the study is in contrast with the study of Baliyan, S.P., and
Baliyan, P.S. where it shows that most of their respondents has monthly income
Millennial
Crosstabulation
Crosstab
Count Median - Entrepreneurial propensity Total
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Median-Social Disagree 1 0 0 1
environment Agree 1 3 4 8
Strongly 2 15 74 91
Agree
Total 4 18 78 100
32
Table 10 Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Social
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probabili
sided) sided) sided) ty
Pearson 28.923 4 .000 .003
Chi-Square a
Association
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .04.
b. The standardized statistic is 3.679.
Exact Tests and its corresponding p-value was compared to the alpha value for
which Fisher’s Exact Test statistic (13.265) and its corresponding p-value (0.006)
is less than the alpha value (0.05). This means that there is sufficient evidence to
reject the null hypothesis, leading us to the conclusion that there is a Statistically
left further strengthened the conclusion that social environment affects the
pursue a business venture given the positive social environment/ social support/s.
33
Likewise, according to the study of Belas, J., et al. (2017), with the consent
of the respondents, it is found out that the presence of an entrepreneur in the family
is one of the factors that has the most positive answers which falls under the social
environment factor. Also, on the study of Nemar, S., et. al (2016) conducted in
association between social support which is under social environment factor and
Crosstab
Count Median - Entrepreneurial propensity Total
Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Median - Disagree 1 0 0 1
Business Agree 0 2 7 9
support from Strongly 3 16 71 90
Government Agree
Total 4 18 78 100
34
Table 12 Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Business Support
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probabili
sided) sided) sided) ty
Pearson Chi- 24.56 4 .000 .041
Square 1a
Likelihood 7.358 4 .118 .103
Ratio
Fisher's 8.176 .086
Exact Test
Linear-by- 3.039 1 .081 .084 .084 .049
Linear b
Association
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .04.
b. The standardized statistic is 1.743.
Although responses are skewed to the left of the distribution, the Fisher’s
Exact Test statistic (8.176) and its corresponding p-value (0.086) were found to be
greater than the alpha value (0.05). This means that there is no sufficient evidence
the Business support from Government, which means this socio-economic factor
Likewise, this is further supported by the study of Belas, J., et al. (2017)
independent from the business support from government. With the given results,
35
the researchers concluded that existing and aspiring entrepreneurs’ desires and
respondents also accept the fact that entering entrepreneurship still lies on the
hands of an entity.
Crosstab
Count Median - Entrepreneurial propensity Total
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Median - Disagree 1 1 2 4
Quality of Agree 2 8 17 27
business Strongly 1 9 59 69
environment Agree
Total 4 18 78 100
36
Table 14 Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Quality of
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probab
sided) sided) sided) ility
Pearson Chi- 11.079a 4 .026 .031
Square
Likelihood 8.716 4 .069 .058
Ratio
Fisher's Exact 10.690 .019
Test
Linear-by- 9.362b 1 .002 .004 .004 .002
Linear
Association
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .16.
b. The standardized statistic is 3.060.
Fisher’s Exact Test statistic (10.690) and its corresponding p-value (0.019) was
compared with the alpha value of 0.05, and as a result, Fisher’s Exact Test Statistic
and the p-value is less than the alpha value. This means that there is sufficient
evidence to reject the null hypothesis, leading us to the conclusion that there is a
the responses skewed to the left which indicates that a positive quality of business
respondents as well. This is in similarities with the study of Baliyan, S.P., and
37
Baliyan, P.S., were they stated that students in rural area tend to incline in
entrepreneurship than those student in urban areas. This indicates that the
entrepreneurship and that the respondent highly values the significance of quality
It was also agreed by study of Nguyen which revealed that students from
intention than students whose originally from urban cities. The result shows that
student from rural areas tends to have entrepreneurial inclination and that is the
Crosstab
Count Median - Entrepreneurial Total
propensity
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Median - Access Disagree 2 3 2 7
to financial Agree 0 7 9 16
resources Strongly 2 8 67 77
Agree
Total 4 18 78 100
38
Table 16. Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Access to
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probab
sided) sided) sided) ility
Pearson Chi- 26.324a 4 .000 .001
Square
Likelihood 19.734 4 .001 .000
Ratio
Fisher's Exact 20.142 .000
Test
Linear-by- 18.093b 1 .000 .000 .000 .000
Linear
Association
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 5 cells (55.6%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .28.
b. The standardized statistic is 4.254.
The Fisher’s Exact Test statistic (20.142) and its corresponding p-value
(0.000) is less than the alpha (0.05). This means that there is sufficient evidence
to reject the null hypothesis, leading us to the conclusion that there is a Statistically
responses skewed to the left further supported that having a good amount of
Access to financial resources can entice the millennials to venture with any
This is similar to the findings of Belas, J., et al. (2017), who found that the
39
positive responses with respondents' consent under the Access to Financial
Resources factor. Furthermore, this finding differs from the findings of Nemar, S.,
et. al (2016), it is also found out that such business launching is hindered by lack
However, these findings are different from the study conducted by Tan, P.,
(2018) for which the results generated from their study are in clear contradiction in
Personality Traits.
Crosstabulation
Crosstab
Count Median - Entrepreneurial Total
propensity
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Median - Disagree 3 2 10 15
Personality Agree 1 11 16 28
traits Strongly Agree 0 5 52 57
Total 4 18 78 100
40
Table 18 Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Personality Traits
Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp Exact Exact Point
. Sig. Sig. Sig. (1- Probability
(2- (2- sided)
sided) sided)
Pearson Chi- 24.906 4 .000 .000
Square a
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .60.
b. The standardized statistic is 3.599.
Fisher’s Exact Test statistic (19.999) and its corresponding p-value (0.000) was
compared to the alpha (0.05); and it is found out to be less than the alpha value.
This means that there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis, leading
means that the respondents personal characteristics and personality can affect
their interest toward entrepreneurship, it also shows that most of the respondents
41
agreed that entrepreneurs should have certain qualification, connection and skills
in doing entrepreneurship.
stated that personality traits have a positive effect on the entrepreneurial intention.
For which internal locus of control, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and
This is in contradiction with the study of Belas., et. al, were they stated that
their survey leads to the considerations about entrepreneurship as a mean but not
the goal of the graduates’ activity that should be fairly creative and innovative.
Crosstabulation
Count Median - Entrepreneurial Total
propensity
Disagree Agree Strongly
Agree
Median - Strongly 0 0 1 1
Business Disagree
advantages and Disagree 2 11 34 47
disadvantages Agree 1 5 12 18
Strongly 1 2 31 34
Agree
Total 4 18 78 100
42
Table 20 Median- Entrepreneurial Propensity and Median- Business
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Exact Exact Point
Sig. (2- Sig. (2- Sig. (1- Probability
sided) sided) sided)
Pearson Chi- 6.232 6 .398 .336
Square a
Association
N of Valid 100
Cases
a. 7 cells (58.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected
count is .04.
b. The standardized statistic is 1.488.
Although responses are skewed to the left of the distribution, the Fisher’s
Exact Test statistic (7.215) and its corresponding p-value (0.200) is greater than
the alpha (0.05). This means that there is no sufficient evidence to reject the null
which means this socio-economic factor does not affect the Entrepreneurial
Propensity in a significant manner. True to which, Belas, J., et al. (2017) has also
43
found out that business advantages and disadvantages place no significant impact
Competency Program
competency program:
Entrepreneurial Inclination
44
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY
were the millennials (ages 21-41) who at present resides in Tagaytay City and
the studies of Baliyan S.P. & Baliyan P. S. (2018), and Belas J. et al. (2017).
The data were analyzed using frequency and percentage for demographic
the respondents.
The study revealed that among the millennials are from the age bracket
of 21-29, majority are males, most of the respondents were able to have some
45
education higher than 6th grade, parent’s educational attainment and
earns more than 12,000 a month. Moreover, four (4) out of (six) socioeconomic
inclination. The researchers sorted out the socioeconomic factors with highest
impact on the dependent variable based on the result of Fisher’s exact Test.
Firstly, access to financial resources has 20.142 Fisher’s exact Test statistic
first, personality traits have 19.999, social environment has 13.265 and lastly,
inclination of the respondents. This also shows that the socioeconomic factors
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn.
53 out of 100 respondents are from ages 21 - 29, while the rest are from ages 30
- 41, also majority of the respondent are males. In terms of Educational Attainment
of the respondent, the result revealed that most of the respondents were able to
have some education higher than 6th grade, some have reached High School
graduates and the other half did not complete their degree and the rest had
46
It was also concluded that both mother and father of the respondent were
able to obtain higher education (high school graduates & college graduates), some
while the rest of the smaller percentage are coming from those below 6 th grade.
These results revealed that mothers and fathers has received higher level of
numbers in professional jobs as compared to the fathers, they were both engaged
families.
survey, the statistic of the study showed that these two factors cannot influence
access to financial resources followed by the personality traits were the top two
47
environment.
business venture financially. Other than that, their confidence to enter business
were boosted by their social environment or social support or social network, and
their personality trait which enhances their capability to do business. Also, the
RECOMMENDATIONS
were formulated.
and coaching and mentoring, to help them take their ideas to the next level and
businesses. They may also conduct a variety of activities on a regular basis, such
discussed in this research, as this will help them appraise their own potential and
48
competency, as well as increase their interest in entrepreneurship.
millennials and aspiring entrepreneurs for at least one year. In addition, the
further increase the number of respondents especially when the same survey
questionnaires are to be used and tested. Doing so would help the future
researchers to expand the results and findings of this study in a wider range.
49
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efficacy_a_comparative_entrepreneurship_study
52
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study
53
APPENDIX B
English Editing Certification Form
54
APPENDIX C
Certificate of Originality
55
APPENDIX D
Research Instrument
Please fill-out this form correctly. This survey questionnaire is intended for the
respondents ages 21 to 41 and is planning to incline with/ currently involved in
entrepreneurship. All information obtain in this form is for research purposes only and will
be processed according to the Data Privacy Act.
Name (Optional):
General Instructions: With full honesty, please provide your demographic information by
putting a check on the boxes provided on the form below.
21-23
24-26
27-29
30-32
Age 33-35
36-38
39-41
Male
Gender
Female
No schooling completed
Educational
Nursery school to 6th grade
Attainment
Some High School, no diploma
56
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree
Doctorate Degree
No schooling completed
Mother’s
Educational Nursery school to 6th grade
Attainment
Some High School, no diploma
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree
Doctorate Degree
Mother’s Entrepreneur
Profession
Professional
Other
No schooling completed
Father’s
Educational Nursery school to 6th grade
Attainment
Some High School, no diploma
Bachelor’s Degree
Master’s Degree
Doctorate Degree
Entrepreneur
57
Father’s Professional
Profession
Other
₱8,000-12,000
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Social environment agree disagree
(3) (2)
(4) (1)
I admire my family/ relatives who do
business.
The society in general must appreciate
businesspersons.
Entrepreneurs must be regarded as
important members of society.
The media must accurately report on the
status and activities of entrepreneurs.
Strongly
Strongly Agree Disagree
Business support from Government Disagree
Agree (4) (3) (2)
(1)
The government must encourage and
promote entrepreneurship by utilizing its
resources.
The government must create favorable
conditions for establishing a business.
The Government must support
businesses financially.
There must be an excellent legal
framework for conducting business.
58
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Quality of business environment agree disagree
(3) (2)
(4) (1)
The business environment in my city
must be good for establishing
businesses.
The business environment in my city
must be relatively risk-tolerant, to make
it possible to establish a business.
In the last five years, I believe that the
business environment in my city has
improved.
I believe that the number of
administrative works done by
businesspeople my city has decreased
in the last five years.
Strongly
Strongly Agree Disagree
Access to the financial resources Disagree
agree (4) (3) (2)
(1)
There must be no significant financial
risk in the business environment.
Businesses must have easy access to
bank loans.
Commercial banks in my city must
provide appropriate lending conditions.
Commercial bank interest rates must
encourage businesses to operate.
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Personality traits agree disagree
(3) (2)
(4) (1)
I believe that being a businessperson
does not require any special innate
abilities.
I believe that a businessperson must
possess specialization, persistence,
responsibility, and risk-resistance as his
most important characteristics.
I suppose that it is easier to do business
if close relatives are in business.
59
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Business advantages and agree disagree
(3) (2)
disadvantages (4) (1)
I believe that doing business enables an
individual to have career growth and
interesting job opportunities.
I suppose that a businessperson is
wealthier and has a higher social status.
I believe that doing business does not
provide stable source of income.
I believe that doing business does not
permit a businessperson to have time to
be with his/her family.
Strongly
Strongly Agree Disagree
Entrepreneurial propensity Disagree
Agree (4) (3) (2)
(1)
I must be very interested in business to
start one.
I must plan to start a business whatever
my employment status may be.
In case nothing unexpected happens, I
must start my business at the latest year.
At present, I should have business
activities.
60
APPENDIX E
Raw Score
No. Age Gender Educational Attainment Mothers level of Education Mother’s Fathers level of Education
Profession
1 21-23 Female College/University Other
2 21-23 Female College/University Other
3 21-23 Female Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Some High School, no diploma
4 21-23 Female Some College credit, no degree Nursery School to 6th grade Other Some High School, no diploma
5 21-23 Female Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
Nursery School to 6th grade, High
6 21-23 Female School Graduate, diploma, Some Bachelor's Degree Other Bachelor's Degree
College credit, no degree
7 21-23 Female Bachelor's Degree Nursery School to 6th grade Entrepreneur Some High School, no diploma
8 21-23 Female Some High School, no diploma No Schooling Completed Other High School Graduate, diploma
9 21-23 Female Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
10 21-23 Female High School Graduate, diploma No Schooling Completed Other Nursery School to 6th grade
11 21-23 Female Bachelor's Degree Some College credit, no degree Other Some College credit, no degree
12 21-23 Male Bachelor's Degree Some College credit, no degree Other High School Graduate, diploma
13 33-35 Female Nursery School to 6th grade No Schooling Completed Other Some High School, no diploma
14 24-26 Female Bachelor's Degree Some College credit, no degree Other High School Graduate, diploma
15 24-26 Male High School Graduate, diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
16 36-38 Male High School Graduate, diploma Some High School, no diploma Other No Schooling Completed
17 36-38 Male Nursery School to 6th grade Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
18 30-32 Male Some High School, no diploma Some College credit, no degree Other Some High School, no diploma
19 21-23 Female Some High School, no diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
20 21-23 Male Bachelor's Degree No Schooling Completed Other High School Graduate, diploma
21 21-23 Male Some High School, no diploma Some High School, no diploma Other Some High School, no diploma
22 27-29 Female Some College credit, no degree Nursery School to 6th grade Other Some College credit, no degree
23 39-41 Male Nursery School to 6th grade No Schooling Completed Other Some High School, no diploma
24 33-35 Male Some High School, no diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Some High School, no diploma
25 39-41 Female High School Graduate, diploma Some High School, no diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
26 36-38 Female Some College credit, no degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
27 39-41 Female No Schooling Completed Nursery School to 6th grade Other No Schooling Completed
28 21-23 Female High School Graduate, diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
29 24-26 Male High School Graduate, diploma Bachelor's Degree Other High School Graduate, diploma
30 30-32 Female High School Graduate, diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
31 21-23 Female Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Some High School, no diploma
32 36-38 Male Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
33 27-29 Male Bachelor's Degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur Some College credit, no degree
34 33-35 Male High School Graduate, diploma Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Some College credit, no degree
35 30-32 Male High School Graduate, diploma Some High School, no diploma Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
61
36 36-38 Female Bachelor's Degree No Schooling Completed Other Nursery School to 6th grade
37 30-32 Male High School Graduate, diploma Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Nursery School to 6th grade
38 21-23 Female Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Other Some High School, no diploma
62
No. Father’s Monthly Income Social environment-S1 Social environment - Social environment-S3 Social environment-S4
Profession S2
1 Other 4000-8,000 4 3 4 3
2 Other 4000-8,000 4 3 4 4
3 Other Less than 4000 4 4 4 4
4 Other More than 12,000 4 4 3 4
5 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 3 3 4 4
6 Other More than 12,000 3 4 4 4
7 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 4 4 4 3
8 Other Less than 4000 3 2 3 4
9 Other Less than 4000 3 3 4 3
10 Other 4000-8,000 3 4 4 3
11 Other More than 12,000 4 3 3 3
12 Other 4000-8,000 4 4 4 4
13 Other 4000-8,000 4 4 4 2
14 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
15 Other 8,000-12,000 2 4 4 1
16 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 3
17 Other 8,000-12,000 4 4 4 4
18 Other Less than 4000 2 2 2 2
19 Entrepreneur 8,000-12,000 4 4 4 4
20 Other 4000-8,000 2 3 3 4
21 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
22 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 4 4 4 2
23 Other 8,000-12,000 4 4 4 1
24 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
25 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 4 4 4 1
26 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
27 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
28 Other 4000-8,000 4 4 4 4
29 Other 4000-8,000 4 3 3 4
30 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
31 Entrepreneur Less than 4000 4 4 4 4
32 Entrepreneur More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
33 Entrepreneur Less than 4000 4 4 4 4
34 Professional More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
35 Professional More than 12,000 4 4 4 3
36 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
37 Other More than 12,000 4 4 4 4
38 Other 4000-8,000 3 4 4 4
63
Median Social Business support from Business support from Business support from Business support from Median Business
No. environment Government-S1 Government-S2 Government-S3 Government-S4 support from
Government
1 4 4 3 4 4 4
2 4 4 4 3 4 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 3 3 3
5 4 3 3 3 3 3
6 4 4 4 4 4 4
7 4 4 4 4 3 4
8 3 4 3 2 4 4
9 3 3 4 3 3 3
10 4 4 3 4 3 4
11 3 3 3 3 3 3
12 4 4 4 4 4 4
13 4 2 4 1 4 3
14 4 4 4 4 4 4
15 3 4 4 4 4 4
16 4 4 4 4 4 4
17 4 3 4 3 4 4
18 2 2 2 2 2 2
19 4 4 4 3 3 4
20 3 3 3 2 3 3
21 4 3 4 2 4 4
22 4 4 4 4 4 4
23 4 4 4 3 4 4
24 4 4 4 4 4 4
25 4 4 4 4 4 4
26 4 4 4 4 4 4
27 4 4 4 4 4 4
28 4 4 4 4 4 4
29 4 3 4 3 3 3
30 4 4 4 4 4 4
31 4 4 4 4 4 4
32 4 4 4 4 4 4
33 4 4 4 4 4 4
34 4 4 4 4 4 4
35 4 4 4 4 3 4
36 4 4 4 3 4 4
37 4 4 4 4 4 4
38 4 4 4 4 4 4
64
No. Quality of business Quality of business Quality of business Quality o fbusiness Median Quality of Access to the financial
environment-S1 environment-S2 environment-S3 environment-S4 business environment resources-S1
1 4 4 4 4 4 3.0
2 4 4 3 4 4 4.0
3 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
4 3 3 3 4 3 4.0
5 4 4 4 3 4 2.0
6 4 3 2 3 3 2.0
7 3 4 4 3 4 3.0
8 3 3 4 2 3 4.0
9 4 4 3 4 4 2.0
10 3 3 3 3 3 4.0
11 4 3 3 4 4 2.0
12 3 3 4 3 3 2.0
13 4 4 2 2 3 2.0
14 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
15 4 4 2 3 4 4.0
16 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
17 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
18 2 2 2 2 2 2.0
19 3 4 4 2 4 2.0
20 3 3 3 2 3 2.0
21 4 4 1 2 3 4.0
22 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
23 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
24 4 4 3 1 4 2.0
25 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
26 4 4 4 1 4 3.0
27 4 4 4 1 4 2.0
28 4 4 3 1 4 1.0
29 3 3 2 3 3 3.0
30 4 4 3 2 4 3.0
31 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
32 4 4 3 1 4 4.0
33 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
34 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
35 4 4 3 4 4 4.0
36 4 4 4 3 4 4.0
37 4 4 3 2 4 4.0
38 3 3 4 3 3 3.0
65
No. Access to the financial Access to the financial Access to the financial Median Access to Personality traits-S1 Personality traits-S2
resources-S2 resources-S3 resources-S4 financial resources
1 3 4 4 4 3 4
2 4 4 4 4 3 4
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 2 3 4 4 3 2
5 3 3 3 3 4 4
6 4 4 4 4 2 3
7 3 3 3 3 3 3
8 3 4 4 4 3 4
9 3 3 3 3 3 3
10 4 4 4 4 3 4
11 2 3 3 2 2 3
12 3 4 3 3 3 4
13 4 4 4 4 2 4
14 4 4 4 4 1 4
15 4 4 4 4 3 4
16 4 4 4 4 1 4
17 4 4 4 4 2 4
18 2 2 2 2 2 2
19 4 4 4 4 3 4
20 2 3 3 2 3 3
21 4 4 4 4 4 4
22 4 4 4 4 4 4
23 4 4 4 4 4 4
24 4 4 4 4 2 4
25 4 4 4 4 4 4
26 4 4 4 4 3 4
27 4 4 4 4 3 4
28 2 4 4 3 3 3
29 3 3 3 3 2 4
30 4 4 4 4 3 4
31 4 4 4 4 4 4
32 4 4 4 4 3 4
33 4 4 4 4 4 4
34 4 4 4 4 4 4
35 4 4 4 4 4 4
36 4 4 4 4 2 4
37 4 4 4 4 4 4
38 4 4 4 4 4 4
66
No. Personality traits-S3 Personality traits-S4 Median Personality traits Business advantages and Business advantages and Business advantages and
disadvantages-S1 disadvantages-S2 disadvantages-S3
1 3.0 3 3 4 4 3.0
2 4.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
3 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
4 3.0 3 3 4 4 4.0
5 2.0 2 3 4 2 1.0
6 1.0 3 2 4 3 3.0
7 3.0 3 3 3 3 3.0
8 4.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
9 3.0 3 3 3 3 3.0
10 3.0 4 4 4 2 2.0
11 3.0 3 3 3 2 2.0
12 3.0 2 3 4 4 2.0
13 1.0 1 2 4 3 1.0
14 2.0 3 2 4 4 3.0
15 1.0 1 2 4 4 4.0
16 1.0 2 2 4 4 4.0
17 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
18 2.0 2 2 2 2 2.0
19 3.0 2 3 4 3 1.0
20 3.0 4 3 3 2 3.0
21 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
22 1.0 2 3 4 4 4.0
23 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
24 1.0 4 3 4 4 1.0
25 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
26 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
27 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
28 2.0 2 2 4 2 2.0
29 2.0 2 2 3 2 2.0
30 1.0 1 2 4 4 1.0
31 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
32 2.0 2 2 4 4 1.0
33 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
34 4.0 4 4 4 1 1.0
35 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
36 1.0 4 3 4 4 4.0
37 2.0 4 4 4 4 2.0
38 4.0 4 4 4 3 3.0
67
Business advantages and Median Business Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial
No. disadvantages-S4 advantages and propensity-S1 propensity-S2 propensity-S3 propensity-S4
disadvantages
1 3.0 4 4 4 3 3
2 2.0 2 4 4 4 4
3 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
4 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
5 1.0 2 4 4 3 3
6 2.0 3 4 3 2 2
7 3.0 3 3 3 3 3
8 4.0 4 4 4 2 4
9 3.0 3 4 4 4 4
10 1.0 2 4 3 3 4
11 2.0 2 3 3 3 3
12 2.0 3 4 3 3 3
13 1.0 2 4 2 4 4
14 4.0 4 2 2 2 2
15 1.0 4 4 2 1 4
16 1.0 4 4 4 4 4
17 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
18 2.0 2 2 2 2 2
19 1.0 2 3 3 3 4
20 2.0 3 3 4 2 4
21 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
22 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
23 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
24 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
25 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
26 1.0 2 4 4 2 4
27 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
28 2.0 2 4 4 4 4
29 1.0 2 4 3 3 4
30 1.0 2 3 4 4 4
31 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
32 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
33 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
34 1.0 1 4 4 4 4
35 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
36 3.0 4 4 4 4 4
37 1.0 3 4 4 4 4
38 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
68
Median
No. Entrepreneurial
propensity
1 4
2 4
3 4
4 4
5 4
6 2
7 3
8 4
9 4
10 4
11 3
12 3
13 4
14 2
15 3
16 4
17 4
18 2
19 3
20 4
21 4
22 4
23 4
24 4
25 4
26 4
27 4
28 4
29 4
30 4
31 4
32 4
33 4
34 4
35 4
36 4
37 4
38 4
69
No. Age Gender Educational Attainment Mothers level of Education Mother’s Fathers level of Education
Profession
39 36-38 Female Trade/Technical/Vocational Training Trade/Technical/Vocational Training Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
40 33-35 Female High School Graduate, diploma Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Other Nursery School to 6th grade
41 36-38 Female Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
42 33-35 Male High School Graduate, diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Bachelor's Degree
43 21-23 Male Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
44 36-38 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Other Nursery School to 6th grade
45 39-41 Male Nursery School to 6th grade Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
46 30-32 Male Some College credit, no degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur Trade/Technical/Vocational Training
47 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
48 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
49 30-32 Female Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
50 39-41 Female High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
51 30-32 Male High School Graduate, diploma Some High School, no diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
52 33-35 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Other Nursery School to 6th grade
53 39-41 Male Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
54 33-35 Female Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Other Trade/Technical/Vocational Training
55 33-35 Female Trade/Technical/Vocational Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Other High School Graduate, diploma
Training
56 33-35 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Other Bachelor's Degree
Training
57 33-35 Male Bachelor's Degree Nursery School to 6th grade Other No Schooling Completed
58 30-32 Male Some High School, no diploma Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Other High School Graduate, diploma
59 27-29 Male Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Other Nursery School to 6th grade
60 30-32 Male Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur Nursery School to 6th grade
61 33-35 Female High School Graduate, diploma Bachelor's Degree Professional Nursery School to 6th grade
62 39-41 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
63 33-35 Female High School Graduate, diploma Some High School, no diploma Other Some College credit, no degree
64 36-38 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
65 24-26 Female Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
66 36-38 Male Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
67 27-29 Male Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
68 36-38 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
69 36-38 Female Some College credit, no degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
70 36-38 Male Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
71 36-38 Male Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
72 30-32 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
Training
73 30-32 Female High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
74 27-29 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Other Some College credit, no degree
70
No. Father’s Monthly Income Social environment-S1 Social environment - Social environment-S3 Social environment-S4
Profession S2
71
Median Social Business support from Business support from Business support from Business support from Median Business support from
No. environment Government-S1 Government-S2 Government-S3 Government-S4 Government
39 4 4 4 4 4 4
40 4 4 4 4 4 4
41 4 3 4 4 4 4
42 4 4 4 4 4 4
43 3 4 3 2 4 4
44 4 4 4 4 4 4
45 4 4 4 1 4 4
46 4 4 4 4 4 4
47 4 4 4 3 4 4
48 4 4 4 3 4 4
49 4 4 4 1 4 4
50 4 4 4 4 4 4
51 4 4 4 1 4 4
52 4 4 4 3 4 4
53 4 4 4 4 4 4
54 4 4 4 1 4 4
55 4 4 4 1 4 4
56 4 4 4 2 4 4
57 4 4 4 4 4 4
58 4 4 4 3 3 4
59 4 4 4 4 3 4
60 4 4 3 2 4 4
61 4 4 4 4 4 4
62 4 4 4 4 4 4
63 4 4 4 4 4 4
64 4 4 4 4 3 4
65 4 4 4 2 4 4
66 4 4 4 4 4 4
67 4 4 4 2 4 4
68 4 4 4 4 4 4
69 4 4 4 4 4 4
70 4 4 4 4 4 4
71 4 4 4 4 4 4
72 4 4 4 4 4 4
73 4 4 4 4 4 4
74 4 4 4 4 4 4
72
No. Quality of business Quality of business Quality of business Quality o fbusiness Median Quality of Access to the financial
environment-S1 environment-S2 environment-S3 environment-S4 business environment resources-S1
39 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
40 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
41 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
42 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
43 3 3 3 2 3 2.0
44 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
45 4 3 2 1 2 4.0
46 3 3 3 3 3 4.0
47 4 4 4 3 4 3.0
48 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
49 3 1 3 3 3 2.0
50 4 4 3 2 4 4.0
51 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
52 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
53 4 4 4 4 4 3.0
54 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
55 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
56 4 4 4 1 4 4.0
57 4 4 4 2 4 4.0
58 4 3 3 1 3 4.0
59 4 4 3 4 4 4.0
60 4 3 4 3 4 4.0
61 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
62 4 4 4 3 4 4.0
63 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
64 3 3 3 3 3 2.0
65 2 2 4 4 3 2.0
66 3 3 3 3 3 2.0
67 4 4 4 4 4 1.0
68 4 3 3 3 3 2.0
69 4 3 4 4 4 3.0
70 4 2 2 3 2 3.0
71 4 4 4 4 4 44289.0
72 4 2 4 4 4 2.0
73 4 4 4 4 4 3.0
74 4 3 3 3 3 2.0
73
No. Access to the financial Access to the financial Access to the financial Median Access to Personality traits-S1 Personality traits-S2
resources-S2 resources-S3 resources-S4 financial resources
39 4 4 4 4 4 4
40 4 4 4 4 4 4
41 4 4 4 4 1 4
42 4 4 4 4 4 4
43 2 3 3 2 2 3
44 4 4 4 4 4 4
45 4 4 4 4 4 4
46 4 4 4 4 4 3
47 4 4 4 4 4 4
48 4 4 4 4 4 4
49 4 4 4 4 4 4
50 4 4 4 4 4 4
51 4 4 4 4 2 4
52 4 4 4 4 2 4
53 4 4 4 4 3 4
54 4 4 4 4 4 4
55 4 4 4 4 4 4
56 4 4 4 4 4 4
57 4 4 4 4 4 4
58 4 4 4 4 2 3
59 3 4 4 4 4 3
60 4 2 3 4 4 4
61 4 4 4 4 4 4
62 4 4 4 4 4 4
63 4 4 4 4 4 4
64 3 3 3 3 3 4
65 4 4 4 4 4 4
66 3 3 2 2 3 4
67 4 4 4 4 4 4
68 3 3 3 3 3 4
69 4 4 4 4 4 4
70 3 3 3 3 4 4
71 4 4 4 4 4 4
72 2 3 3 2 3 3
73 3 4 4 4 3 4
74 4 4 4 4 4 4
74
No. Personality traits-S3 Personality traits-S4 Median Personality Business advantages Business advantages Business advantages and
traits and disadvantages-S1 and disadvantages-S2 disadvantages-S3
39 4.0 4 4 4 4 2.0
40 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
41 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
42 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
43 3.0 3 3 3 2 3.0
44 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
45 1.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
46 2.0 1 2 4 3 3.0
47 3.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
48 2.0 3 4 4 4 1.0
49 3.0 2 4 4 2 2.0
50 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
51 2.0 4 3 4 4 2.0
52 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
53 4.0 3 4 4 3 4.0
54 4.0 4 4 4 4 2.0
55 4.0 1 4 4 4 1.0
56 4.0 1 4 4 4 1.0
57 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
58 2.0 1 2 4 4 1.0
59 4.0 4 4 4 3 4.0
60 2.0 2 3 4 4 2.0
61 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
62 4.0 3 4 4 4 4.0
63 1.0 1 2 2 2 2.0
64 3.0 3 3 3 2 2.0
65 1.0 2 3 4 2 2.0
66 3.0 3 3 3 3 2.0
67 1.0 1 2 4 4 1.0
68 3.0 3 3 4 3 3.0
69 44289.0 4 4 4 3 1.0
70 4.0 4 4 3 2 1.0
71 4.0 4 4 4 2 1.0
72 3.0 3 3 3 4 2.0
73 3.0 3 3 3 2 2.0
74 2.0 3 4 4 2 1.0
75
Business advantages and Median Business Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial
No. disadvantages-S4 advantages and propensity-S1 propensity-S2 propensity-S3 propensity-S4
disadvantages
39 2.0 3 4 4 2 4
40 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
41 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
42 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
43 2.0 2 2 3 2 3
44 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
45 3.0 4 4 4 4 4
46 2.0 3 4 3 3 2
47 2.0 2 4 3 4 3
48 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
49 2.0 2 4 4 4 2
50 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
51 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
52 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
53 2.0 4 3 4 3 4
54 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
55 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
56 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
57 3.0 4 4 4 4 4
58 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
59 4.0 4 4 3 4 4
60 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
61 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
62 2.0 4 3 4 3 3
63 2.0 2 4 4 2 4
64 2.0 2 3 3 3 2
65 2.0 2 4 3 3 2
66 2.0 2 3 3 3 3
67 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
68 2.0 3 3 3 3 3
69 1.0 2 3 3 3 3
70 1.0 2 3 3 3 3
71 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
72 2.0 2 3 3 3 3
73 2.0 2 4 4 4 4
74 4.0 3 4 4 3 3
76
Median
No. Entrepreneurial
propensity
39 4
40 4
41 4
42 4
43 2
44 4
45 4
46 3
47 4
48 4
49 4
50 4
51 4
52 4
53 4
54 4
55 4
56 4
57 4
58 4
59 4
60 4
61 4
62 3
63 4
64 3
65 3
66 3
67 4
68 3
69 3
70 3
71 4
72 3
73 4
74 4
77
No. Age Gender Educational Attainment Mothers level of Education Mother’s Fathers level of Education
Profession
75 30-32 Male Some College credit, no degree High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
76 24-26 Female Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
77 33-35 Female Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
78 27-29 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
Training
79 24-26 Female Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
80 27-29 Male Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
81 24-26 Female Some College credit, no degree Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
82 27-29 Female Bachelor's Degree Some College credit, no degree Professional Some College credit, no degree
83 27-29 Female Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree Professional Doctorate Degree
84 27-29 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Bachelor's Degree Professional Trade/Technical/Vocational Training
Training
85 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur Bachelor's Degree
86 27-29 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Some College credit, no degree Other Some College credit, no degree
Training
87 24-26 Male Bachelor's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Other Some College credit, no degree
88 27-29 Male High School Graduate, diploma High School Graduate, diploma Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
89 24-26 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Some College credit, no degree
Training
90 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur Some College credit, no degree
91 27-29 Male High School Graduate, diploma Master's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
92 30-32 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Bachelor's Degree Professional Bachelor's Degree
Training
93 27-29 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Entrepreneur Some College credit, no degree
Training
94 24-26 Female High School Graduate, diploma Nursery School to 6th grade Other Nursery School to 6th grade
95 27-29 Female Master's Degree High School Graduate, diploma Other High School Graduate, diploma
96 21-23 Female Some College credit, no degree Nursery School to 6th grade Other High School Graduate, diploma
97 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Some High School, no diploma Other Some High School, no diploma
98 21-23 Male Some College credit, no degree Trade/Technical/Vocational Trainin Entrepreneur Trade/Technical/Vocational Training
99 24-26 Male Trade/Technical/Vocational Some College credit, no degree Entrepreneur High School Graduate, diploma
Training
100 24-26 Male Some College credit, no degree Bachelor's Degree Entrepreneur Master's Degree
78
No. Father’s Profession Monthly Income Social environment-S1 Social environment - Social environment-S3 Social environment-S4
S2
79
Median Social Business support from Business support from Business support from Business support from Median Business
No. environment Government-S1 Government-S2 Government-S3 Government-S4 support from
Government
4 4 4 4 4 4
75
76 4 4 4 2 4 4
77 4 4 4 4 4 4
78 4 4 4 4 4 4
79 4 3 3 3 3 3
80 4 4 4 4 4 4
81 4 4 4 4 4 4
82 4 4 4 4 4 4
83 4 4 4 1 4 4
84 4 4 4 4 4 4
85 4 4 4 4 4 4
86 4 4 4 4 4 4
87 4 4 4 4 4 4
88 4 4 4 4 4 4
89 4 4 4 4 4 4
90 3 3 3 3 3 3
91 4 3 4 3 4 4
92 4 4 4 4 4 4
93 4 3 4 3 4 4
94 4 4 4 3 4 4
95 4 4 4 4 4 4
96 4 4 3 3 4 4
97 4 4 4 4 4 4
98 3 4 4 4 4 4
99 4 4 4 2 4 4
100 4 4 4 1 4 4
80
No. Quality of business Quality of business Quality of business Quality o fbusiness Median Quality of Access to the financial
environment-S1 environment-S2 environment-S3 environment-S4 business environment resources-S1
75 4 2 3 3 3 4.0
76 4 3 2 4 4 1.0
77 4 3 3 3 3 2.0
78 4 3 4 4 4 1.0
79 3 2 2 3 2 2.0
80 4 4 4 3 4 3.0
81 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
82 4 4 4 4 4 3.0
83 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
84 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
85 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
86 4 4 4 4 4 3.0
87 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
88 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
89 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
90 3 3 3 3 3 3.0
91 4 2 4 4 4 2.0
92 4 3 3 3 3 3.0
93 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
94 4 2 4 4 4 2.0
95 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
96 3 2 3 3 3 2.0
97 4 4 4 4 4 4.0
98 3 3 3 3 3 4.0
99 3 2 3 3 3 2.0
100 4 1 3 3 3 1.0
81
No. Access to the financial Access to the financial Access to the financial Median Access to Personality traits-S1 Personality traits-S2
resources-S2 resources-S3 resources-S4 financial resources
75 4 4 4 4 4 4
76 4 4 4 4 4 4
77 3 3 3 3 3 4
78 3 3 3 3 3 4
79 4 4 4 4 4 4
80 4 4 4 4 4 4
81 4 4 4 4 4 4
82 4 4 4 4 4 4
83 4 4 4 4 4 4
84 4 4 4 4 4 4
85 4 4 4 4 4 3
86 4 4 4 4 4 4
87 4 4 4 4 4 4
88 4 4 4 4 4 4
89 4 4 4 4 4 4
90 3 3 3 3 3 3
91 3 3 3 3 3 4
92 3 3 3 3 3 3
93 4 3 3 4 3 3
94 4 4 4 4 4 4
95 4 4 4 4 4 4
96 3 3 3 3 4 3
97 4 4 4 4 4 4
98 4 4 4 4 3 3
99 2 4 3 2 4 4
100 3 3 3 3 4 2
82
No. Personality traits-S3 Personality traits-S4 Median Personality Business advantages Business advantages Business advantages and
traits and disadvantages-S1 and disadvantages-S2 disadvantages-S3
75 4.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
76 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
77 4.0 4 4 4 4 1.0
78 3.0 3 3 3 3 1.0
79 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
80 4.0 4 4 4 4 2.0
81 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
82 4.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
83 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
84 4.0 4 4 4 2 1.0
85 3.0 2 3 4 4 4.0
86 4.0 4 4 4 3 1.0
87 4.0 4 4 4 3 1.0
88 4.0 4 4 4 4 2.0
89 4.0 4 4 4 3 2.0
90 3.0 3 3 3 3 2.0
91 4.0 3 4 4 4 3.0
92 3.0 3 3 3 3 2.0
93 2.0 2 2 2 2 2.0
94 2.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
95 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
96 2.0 3 3 4 3 2.0
97 4.0 4 4 4 4 4.0
98 2.0 3 3 3 2 3.0
99 2.0 3 4 4 2 3.0
100 2.0 4 3 4 4 1.0
83
Business advantages and Median Business Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial
No. disadvantages-S4 advantages and propensity-S1 propensity-S2 propensity-S3 propensity-S4
disadvantages
2.0 2 4 4 4 4
75
76 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
77 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
78 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
79 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
80 2.0 3 4 3 3 3
81 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
82 2.0 2 4 4 4 4
83 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
84 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
85 4.0 4 4 4 3 2
86 1.0 2 4 4 4 4
87 1.0 2 3 3 3 3
88 2.0 3 4 4 4 4
89 2.0 2 4 4 4 4
90 2.0 2 3 3 3 3
91 3.0 4 4 4 4 4
92 2.0 2 3 3 3 3
93 3.0 2 4 4 4 4
94 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
95 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
96 2.0 2 4 4 4 3
97 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
98 3.0 3 4 4 3 3
99 4.0 4 4 4 3 3
100 4.0 4 4 4 4 4
84
Median
No. Entrepreneurial
propensity
4
75
76 4
77 4
78 4
79 4
80 3
81 4
82 4
83 4
84 4
85 4
86 4
87 3
88 4
89 4
90 3
91 4
92 3
93 4
94 4
95 4
96 4
97 4
98 4
99 4
100 4
85
APPENDIX F
Researchers Profile
Pamela C. Cabello
Brgy. Tamayo, Calaca, Batangas
(63) 9499136332
cabellopamela25@gmail.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To acquire the skills needed in my chosen field of study and to allow me to
enhance and develop my professional skills as well as to contribute for the
development of the company where I will be working with.
SKILLS
Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Office, MS PowerPoint, Excel).
Ability to work under pressure.
Able to communicate effectively through written and oral form
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Rogationist College
Km. 52 Aguinaldo Highway, Brgy. Lalaan II, Silang, Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
2018- Present
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age : 21
Sex : Female
Date of Birth : February 29, 2000
Place of Birth : Tamayo, Calaca, Batangas
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Christian
Citizenship : Filipino
86
ORGANIZATIONS/ AFFILIATIONS
RCJPIA CAJPIA NFJPIA
Member Member Member
2018-Present 2018- Present 2018- Present
WORK EXPERIENCE
Accounts Payable Associate
Alas Oplas &Co. CPAs
Unit D F. Jack Building, 156 Emilio Aguinaldo Highway,
San Agustin II, Dasmarinas City,
Cavite 4114
2021- Present
Accounting Staff
Creotec Philippines, Inc.
Creotec Immersion Center, EMSG Engineering Facility
117-A Technology Avenue, Laguna Technopark, Biñan, Laguna
2018
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Mr. Mark Joseph Lorenzo Mrs. Glenda Callanta
I hereby certify that the information above is accurate and reliable to test
my knowledge.
PAMELA C. CABELLO
Researcher
Kyla T. Lamagan
Bagong Silang, Brgy. Sungay West, Tagaytay City
(63) 9957893959
kylalamagann@gmail.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To land a job that is suitable to my ability and to my knowledge and to be
part of an organization or company that will enhance my skills and my working
ability.
SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Proficient in Microsoft Office Applications
Computer literate
Excellent team player who thrives in teamwork situations
Developed strong analytical skills, including financial analysis
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Rogationist College
Km. 52 Aguinaldo Highway, Brgy. Lalaan II, Silang, Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
2018- Present
ORGANIZATIONS/ AFFILIATIONS
NFJPIA Member 2018- Present
CAJPIA Member 2018- Present
RCJPIA Member 2018- Present
Bukas- Palad Tagaytay Scholar 2005- Present
NCIII-Bookkeeping Holder
2017
Academic Awardee
Tagaytay City Science National High School (JHS)
2016
Third Honor
Sungay Elementary School
2012
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Angelo P. Nueva Johnrick R. Gatdula, CPA
Business Science Cluster Program Chair Rogationist College- College
Dept.
Rogationist College- College Dept. Faculty Member
09569857302 09499975466
I hereby certify that the information above is accurate and reliable to test
my knowledge.
KYLA T. LAMAGAN
Applicant
Wiljoyce R. Lupeña
Brgy. Mayasang, Lemery, Batangas
(63) 9311761197 / (63) 9756133732
wiljoycelupena@gmail.com
CAREER OBJECTIVE
Looking for the position in your organization that would allow me to use my
potentials and develop my professional skills and knowledge specially in the field
of accounting.
SKILLS
Dedicated and hard-working individual.
Able to communicate effectively through written and oral forms.
Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Office, MS PowerPoint, Excel).
Ability to work under pressure.
Has a dependable experience in the Audit of Disbursements.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Rogationist College
Km. 52 Aguinaldo Highway, Brgy. Lalaan II, Silang, Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
2018- Present
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age : 21 years old
Date of Birth : December 17, 1999
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
ORGANIZATIONS/ AFFILIATIONS
NFJPIA Member 2018- Present
RCJPIA Member 2018- Present
CAJPIA Member 2018- Present
WORK EXPERIENCE
Accounts Payable Associate
Alas Oplas &Co. CPAs
Unit D F. Jack Building, 156 Emilio Aguinaldo Highway,
San Agustin II, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114
2021- Present
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Mr. Mark Joseph Lorenzo Mr. Mark Adrian Ramos
MDA Class Adviser MDA Faculty Member
(+63) 946-553-4129 (+63) 915-449-8130
WILJOYCE R. LUPEÑA
Researcher
Arlene P. Orua
Purok 12 Brgy. Calabuso Tagaytay City, Cavite
CAREER OBJECTIVE
To find work with a reputable organization where I can bring my skills and
business studies experience to the best use possible.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary Rogationist College
Km. 52 Aguinaldo Highway, Brgy. Lalaan II, Silang, Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
2018- Present
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age : 22 years old
Civil Status : Single
Date of Birth : February 13, 1999
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
ORGANIZATIONS/ AFFILIATIONS
RCJPIA CAJPIA NFJPIA
Member Member Member
2018-Present 2018- Present 2018- Present
WORK EXPERIENCE
Accounts Payable Associate
Alas Oplas &Co. CPAs
Unit D F. Jack Building, 156 Emilio Aguinaldo Highway,
San Agustin II, Dasmarinas City,
Cavite 4114
2021- Present
Accounting Staff
MABS Management
Consultancy Services
Km. 50 Aguinaldo Highway
Lalaan II, Silang, Cavite
2021
With Honor
Punta Integrated School (JHS)
S.Y. 2012-2013 to S.Y. 2015-2016
CHARACTER REFERENCES
I hereby certify that the information above is accurate and reliable to test
my knowledge.
ARLENE P. ORUA
Researcher