I. SPIRITUAL SELF "Spirit'' to describe the Holy Spirit.

In
Christian
Spirituality - Ethics, Peschke (1994) describes that the
- is a general concept and involve different experience of the sacred is characterized
views. by reverence, faith, fear, trust, love, and
- It motivates the person through acts of admiration which are linked to God.
faith, hope and love.
Adoration
The spiritual aspect of the self - is an important deed to understand the
- is the inner essence, the part of the self fundamental meaning of transcendence
that connects the person to the sacred, the and human life. There are various
supernatural, and the universe. ways of doing worship, it may include:
- Understanding and nurturing the spiritual a. prayer
self is as important as with the other b. reading the bible
aspects of the self. c. attending sacraments or
- It develops through interaction, d. even doing sacrifices.
observation, and imitation.
Spirituality and Religion
• The family, school and church play a very - are not the same thing. But spirituality is
important role in a child's spiritual connected with religion.
development. - may be a source of love, hope, and
affection (Brown & Parrish, 2011)
Spirituality
- begins at an early age but develops Religion
throughout life as people continuously - is an organized system of ideas about the
interact in the environment (Monilla & spiritual sphere or the supernatural along
Ramirez, 2018). with associated ceremonial practices by
- from the Latin word spiritus, meaning breath which people try to interpret and/or
or life force, often used figuratively to man’s influence aspects of the universe
spirit otherwise beyond their control.
- can be understood as the search for the
sacred, a process through which people seek • One's spirituality may be expressed through
to discover, hold on to, and, when necessary, religion and participation in religious rituals
transform whatever they hold sacred in their and ceremonies (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, &
lives (Hill & Pargament, 2003). McBride, 2013).
- It is a collective human experience -
something that links us all. Some people may
say that spiritual experience as sacred or
mystical or just a deep sense of joy and
interrelatedness with the Supreme Being.
- also refer to meaning and purpose in one's
life, a search for wholeness, and a
relationship with a transcendent being (Hage,
Hopson, Siegel, & DeFanti, 2006).

• According to Dr. Christina Puchalski, Director

of the George Washington Institute for
Spirituality and Health, "spirituality is the
aspect of humanity that refers to the way
individuals seek and express meaning and
purpose and the way they experience their
connectedness to the moment, to self, to  Where the circles overlap is the person
others, to nature, and to the significant or experience, which affects the way you,
sacred." Other people come into focus with think, feel and behave.
their spirituality when faces with emotional
trauma, physical ailment or even death. Spirituality vs. Emotional Health
 Emotional and spiritual well-being
SPIRITUALITY IN CHRISTIANITY influence one another:
"Spirituality"
- was initially developed in early
Christianity. Christians use the term

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 Spirituality Emotional health • Personal factors such as
is about finding is about nurturing a personality, cognition, physical health
significant association positive state of mind
with something bigger which can broaden  In the present time, most of us are facing
than yourself, which your attitude to know difficulties and struggles. People try to seek
may effect in positive and integrate a comfort or even security in various ways. In so
emotions, like peace, connection to doing, they experience struggles in achieving
contentment, something larger than happiness and satisfaction.
acceptance, yourself. LIFE STATISFACTION =HAPPINESS
understanding,
gratitude. Happiness
- is generally regarded as the emotional
result of life satisfaction.

Viktor Frankl
- a famous psychiatrist and writer, wrote a
book entitled Man's Search for Meaning
shared his personal experiences in the
Nazi concentration camp.
- explains how a prisoner passes through
three major phases in the concentration
camp, and how each phase transformed
the prisoners from their former lives to a
new one and how they developed various
pathologies.
 Thus, emotions and spirituality are distinct - stay in the Nazi concentration camps
but linked, deeply integrated with one during World Ward II led him to develop
another. the basic tenets of logotherapy. He
embraced both the bright and dark sides
• Individuals are inclined to evaluate their life, of human existence and believed that
reflect and analyze the choices they have human suffering could contribute to
made and most importantly learn lessons human achievement and the search of
from these experiences. Some says that meaning in life.
well-being and life satisfaction are the same
but there is a bit difference between the two. 1. a state of shock
2. apathy.
Well-being - the blunting of the emotions and
- is an inner, personal construct, associated the feeling that one could not care
with self-esteem, and self-understanding. anymore.
It is how good one feels for himself - a protective shell from the
/herself. brutalities in the camp.
3. Psychology of the prisoner after
Life satisfaction liberation.
- is a general attitude towards life. When - During this time, the prisoners
both are present, happiness can be felt. experienced depersonalization or
- can refer to the desire to change one's a state in which everything seemed
- life, satisfaction with the past, satisfaction unreal, as in a dream.
with the future, and views of one's life
(Diener, et al., 1999). Logotherapy
- It is also associated with quality of life. - is the quest of human existence and on
Research has cited many factors that man's search for such meaning
influence how they can be achieved: - one can discover the meaning of life in
• Environmental conditions three different ways:
contribute to individual life a. by doing a deed
satisfaction. b. by experiencing a value
• Socio-economic status, home and c. by suffering.
social environment, interpersonal
relationships, and education also • In doing a deed - way of finding meaning in
influence one's well- life is through achievements or
accomplishments

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• By experiencing something or someone, investment, business and huge account
such as loving a person. No one can become deposits, or even travelling and
fully aware of the essence of another human experiencing fine dining at five stars' hotel,
being unless he or she loves him or her. By fancy restaurants and yacht are desired by
his or her, he or she is enabled to see the many.
essential traits and features of the beloved
person. Love finds its deepest meaning in “I believe that a simple and unassuming manner
one's spiritual being- the inner self. of life is best for everyone, best for the body and
• By suffering. It is through sufferings that man the mind. -Albert Einstein
encounter the central theme of existentialism:
to live is to suffer, to survive is to find meaning Material Self
in the suffering. If there is purpose in life at all,
- Everything that an individual considers to be
there. must be a purpose in suffering and in
his/hers, not only the body and material
dying. Each one must find out for himself or
herself and must accept the responsibility that possessions but also his/her reputations and
his or her answers prescribe. If he or she belief (William James, 1980, p.291)
succeeds, he or she will continue to grow - the objects, places, or even people which
despite all indignities. "He who has a way to have the label "mine" (William James as
live can bear almost any how" according to cited by Manilla 2018).
Nietzsche. - manifestation of one’s identity through
material possessions
 Everyone has his or her own specific vocation - your concept of self as reflected in the things
or mission in life; everyone must carry out you own
concrete assignment that demands fulfillment.
 Within the context of spirituality, being Components of Material Self (William James)
cognizant of one's purpose in life, accepting
limitations and celebrating strengths, enabling 1. Body – innermost aspect
love and concern for others, and engaging in 2. Clothing – garments that protects and
behaviors that embody all these will lead one projects the body
to have well-being and life satisfaction. 3. Family - connected to you by blood and
you share their glory as well as shame
Spirituality is also associated with animism. 4. Home - many aspects of your life have
been developed where you feel most
Animism comfortable, and it is greatly linked to your
- is the belief that creatures, objects, and identity
places possess certain spirits. 5. Possessions - gadgets, cars, collections,
- belief that things and places are alive and
etc.
grounded by a supernatural order.
Body
• In the Philippines, indigenous peoples are
known to practice animism. For example, they - One of the tasks of adolescents is to
believe that the spirits of the sun, sky, and accept and appreciate the physical
moon are their gods and that different deities characteristics of their body. However, few
exist to protect them and guide them toward a adolescents are able to do this
fruitful life. successfully.
• Others believe that spirits inhabit animals and - Adolescents tend to worry about their
nature such as trees, rocks, mountains, and bodies and physical appearance.
bodies of water, and that respect must be Generally, girls are more concerned about
given to them through acts of worship. the appearance of their body than boys.
• Being linked with folk belief, animism - Perceptions about what makes a body
cultivates among people a consciousness of
beautiful are usually influenced by the
the environment that they are in, thus making
them more mindful of how they act according media as shown in TV and internet.
to the different things they come in contact Clothes
with (Molina & Ramirez, 2018).
- It represents the self. The style and brand
II. MATERIAL SELF of clothes become significant symbols,
• The goal of every person may differ from particularly among adolescents.
one another but admit it or not, to have a - The clothes they tend to wear are greatly
car,Chouse/s, jewelries, branded items, influenced by their peer groups because

3
 adolescents are anxious to conform to • The important point is that these
what their peer groups find fashionable components of material self, become a
and attractive. significant reference of one’s sense of self
- Others include: and identity.
 House
 Car What are the negative effects of the desire for
 Pets etc. material possessions on one’s sense of self
and identity?
Material
• The strong desire for material possessions
- It includes people an individual has could lead to psychological dysfunction or
relationships with such as one’s impairment in functioning such as
immediate and extended family members, Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) –
friends with whom one feels obsession with shopping and buying
psychologically connected. behaviors that can adverse consequences
(e.g., debts)
What is the role of material possessions on
the sense of self and identity? Materialism
• Regardless of how much or how little - giving more importance to material
material possessions people have, they possessions than intangible values
remain valuable because they possessions
are symbolic of one’s social status. Materialistic person
• The more expensive they are, the more - one who is excessively concerned with
other people are impressed. acquisition of material possessions
• Russell Belk (1988) in his work Are We
What We Own?, suggests that material • Developmental evidence suggests that
possessions act as an objective identification with material things begins
manifestation of the self. quite early in life but remain high
• Material possessions can be a reflection of throughout life as people seek for happiness
hard work and success. (Blek, 1988).
• Normally, people tend to measure success • Psychologist identify other social and
through the amount of their material cultural factors that seem to be strongly
possessions. implicated in etiology of materialism.
• Owning material possessions become a • People are tend to exposed to images in
driving force in urging an individual to seek TV, internet, and magazines that brag about
high level of achievement to be able to the importance of material possessions.
acquire more possessions. • Lack or loss of these material possessions
could lead to anxiety, insecurity, and
CONYO – Philippine language that defined as
depression in people who are overly
social class
materialistic.
• Defining the self by material possessions • Thus, when a person is about to make a
can also contribute to feeling of well- purchase, he or she should ask him/herself
being, including sense of personal growth a very important question: Do I really need
and purpose or meaningful life. this?
• However, lack or loss of material
Consumer culture
possessions can be disruptive to one’s
mental health, like people losing their - social system in which consumption is
houses and other possessions because of dominated by the consumption of
disasters and calamities. commercial products (Arnould, 2010).
• People tend to judge others through their - The consumption of market-made
material possessions. commodities and desire-inducing
• Thus, the greater the material marketing symbols is central to consumer
possessions, the more likely one will be culture (Arnould & Craig, 2005).
accepted and regarded well by other
people.

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Consumerist society POLITICAL ANIMAL
- people spend a great deal of time, money, - Aristotle’s belief; a social creature with the
and energy to “consume” commercial power of speech and moral reasoning
products, goods, and services. - It is evident that the state is a creation of
nature, and that man is by nature
Consumerism
Politics
- consumption of material goods and
services in excess of one’s basic needs. It - refers to the actions or activities
is closely tied to materialism. concerned with achieving and using power
- it encourages humans to shop for services in a nation or a society.
and products that they do not actually - equated with power. In some instances,
need or afford. even in our own homes – politics is
- The country of wants and needs has a evident.
tendency to be endless, and consequently - Looking around, even our community
should motive poor results including shares a considerable impact like the
dissatisfaction, unhappiness, and following illustrations:
depression. a. when people can freely express
themselves;
b. when our government manages to protect
III. POLITICAL AND DIGITAL SELF us;
c. when we express ourselves in varied
 This phenomenon is what surmise the means to our co-workers, classmates or
power and influence (political) in which we friends;
channel options. The expressions of d. even the amount of money we have (earn)
needs and various ideas thru countless is a political statement that shapes
means - one of which is the digital oneself.
platform venue. - Kendall (1998), “Social institution through
POLITICAL SELF which power is acquired and exercised by
people and groups.
- Macayan, Pinugu and Castillo (2019) - Aristotle’s work, describes the role that
pointed out that as members of the politics and political community must play
society, people are naturally obligated to in bringing about the virtuous life in
participate in a political system as social citizentry.
citizens.
Social interaction
- As citizens, people become aware of their
duties and responsibilities that should - may significantly influence person’s
empower them to participate in state and understanding of politics, and perhaps a
political affairs. person’s political actions in the future
- organizes self-relevant information about - people learn the status, duties, rights, and
constitution, government and governance. power necessary to interact
- helps in defining the structure and - individuals internalize the political
functions of the government, in telling and attitudes, values, and views of others,
understanding the relationship between and incorporate them into their self
the state and the citizens, and in
describing their rights, freedom, and • One important component of political self is
obligations as citizen identity.
- exemplifies the ideals and aspirations of
the people, embodies the rules and Identity
principles of the State, and determines the
- person’s understanding of who and what
status and power of the people.
he or she is.
- influenced and modified by the opinions,
comments, and suggestions of others Citizenship
- part defined b reference to other members
- denotes the membership of a citizen in a
in the political group where one belongs
- defined by citizenship political society

5
 - As a citizen, a person enjoys full civil and Personalism
political rights, including protection inside
- refers when one validates other people's
and outside the territory of the state.
sense of dignity as a human being.
- becomes a salient basis for political self.
Familialism
• In her book, Democracy and Citizenship,
Ma. Serena Diokno (1997), mentions that - are those traditions and activities in the
citizenship is the most basic identification community that revolves around the
with the nation and such, is oriented towards interest of the family.
the state and its expressions in law and Particularism
policy.
• Stevens, Anglon, and Jussim (2015) cite - when one insinuates Filipino knack for
that in some people, politics is a central patronizing someone who is familiar or
component of their identity. one who they relate to
• People use their political values and belief
systems to define themselves as unique
individuals of society. Macayan, Pinugu and Castillo (2019) explained
politics as embedded by man in four key points:
What are the rights and privileges of being a
citizen of a nation? 1. Politics is concerned with power.
2. Politics functions based on particular social,
• Politics – important part of human economic, and cultural context.
development because it promotes ideologies 3. Political is also personal: one's personal
about democracy, citizenship, human rights, choices reflect his/ her personal politics -
freedom, family, health, and other social issue both are indistinguishable.
• Politics exist in all human societies. It 4. Politics pervades the structure of the society,
serves as the mechanism by which individuals thus it influences its people through their
develop power and understand proper beliefs, ethics, and behavior.
functioning of a democratic society as a
citizen. Political Self
• The hierarchical structure of the family - is not only shaped by one's political
influences the political self through the affiliation or beliefs.
obligations and expectations associated with - Everyone is naturally inclined to have
one's role as a member of the family and the choices and reactions to political
power and status related with one's position in scenarios.
the family. - is anchored in the inclination to participate,
• An important prelude to the study of political remain engaged and become
self is understanding the concept of politics accountable.
How Am I as a Filipino? Active Citizenship
• Take a picture of the following Filipino traits - refers to the structured forms of
and values in your imagination: amor propio, engagements with political processes and
utang-na-loob, hospitableness, pagka- maka everyday forms of participation in society.
Diyos, being respectful to elders and parents, - process of sharing decisions which affects
being obedient, the use of 'po' and 'opo' and one's life and the community in which one
many others. Are we considered good citizens lives.
of our country when we manifest these - It gives foundation to democracy to which
qualities? participation is its fundamental right of
Gutierrez-Ang (2018) - 3 Filipino values distinct one's citizenship.
categories: - The value of active citizenship is anchored
on one's cognitive and behavioral
1. Personalism engagement to participate in formal and
2. Familialism informal political activities
3. Particularism
Morality
- underlies political values and beliefs

6
 - Philippine Constitution, recognizes the  And consequently, our youth today are
duty and responsibility of parents to identified being the generation of "digital
educate and train their children to become natives".
good, useful, and worthy citizens of the  Most homes are now internet connected,
country and to prepare them for future offices and business establishments even
responsibilities. schools are electronically and
technologically wired.
Origins of Political Self
• Living in the digital era is contributory to the
1. Family shaping of one's sense of self and identity.
2. School Undeniably, beliefs, value orientation and
3. Church behavior of individuals especially of those
4. Peers individuals whose constant exposure is
5. Mass media heavily influenced by technology.
• Enough to say, that because digital
Family
technology is here to stay, the need to
- consists of members who differ in status, understand, teach and manage the dynamic
obligations, influence or power changes it impacts a developing person
- Father is the most influential member that relevant and necessary.
acts as a leader and establishes rules to
The Global Digital Snapshot
maintain order which entails power and
authority - With the rise of technology, ways of
- most contribution to the child’s socializing have significantly changed. A
development of political self report from World's Internet, Mobile and
Social Media Users (January 2017)
Schools
reported the following significant figures.
- Philippine Constitution recognizes the
vital role of schools to value patriotism and
nationalism and encouraging their
involvement in public and civil affairs.
- responsible in formal education and - Further, it is noteworthy to examine the
training of children following growth in the use of the internet
- To teach moral, spiritual, and political and social media from the same report.
values that will help the students to
become patriotic and morally upright
citizens
Church
- through their religious teachings, values Digital Identity
and traditions
• Macayan, Pinugu and Castillo (2019)
Peers mentioned that people generally have "role
identities". These are the characters and
- members are equal. Interaction roles an individual creates as a member of a
encompasses the equal distribution of particular social group.
power, right, and privileges
• Following this definition, the 'self' is
Mass media composed of identities ranked by importance.
• The greater the commitment of an individual
- could be a key of source of information on to a particular identity, the greater the
politics importance of this identity.
• Hence, the importance of one's role identity
influences the behavioral choices an
DIGITAL SELF individual makes in each situation.
 Our thinking is fast becoming attuned to
the various gadgets and technological
innovations, including the use of internet.

7
Digital Identity The Self in the Digital World
- refers to the identity a person claims in the  Use of internet primarily serves three major
cyberspace. purposes (Macayan, Pinugu and Castillo,
- allows a person to be part of the virtual 2019):
community that goes beyond physical and (1) social interaction
geographical boundaries. (2) information acquisition and generation
- one can leave online footprints (account (3) entertainment.
name, friends, likes, comments, and shares) • It is not surprising that majority of people
in cyberspace. today are exposed to gadgets, mobile
applications, and the internet.
Online Disembodiment
Nine Manifested Technological and Online
- is when in the use of social media, people
Behaviors
may act differently since interaction in
social media do not happen face-to-face  These themes listed describes the
and there is no physical presence proliferation of technology in the world and
required. how they are used for specific purposes:
- This is the more or less likely the display  Digital Access. Full electronic participation
of their real "selves" to others, most in society.
oftentimes even to strangers.  Digital Commerce. Electronic buying and
selling of goods.
Online Disinhibition Effect
 Digital Communication. Electronic
- refers when people adopt fake identities, exchange of information.
they are likely to engage in behaviors that  Digital Literacy. Process of teaching and
they would not do in real life interactions. learning using technology.
- This effect as an online behavior are  Digital Etiquette. Electronic standards of
categorized further into two: conduct and procedure.
(a) benign disinhibition  Digital Law. Electronic responsibility for
(b) toxic disinhibition. actions and deeds (ethics).
 Digital Rights and Responsibilities.
Benign disinhibition
Freedoms extended to everyone in the digital
- lf one tends to self-disclose more on the world.
internet than on real life  Digital Health and Wellness. Physical and
psychological well-being of using media.
Toxic inhibition  Digital Security. Electronic precautions to
- online users who use rude language, bully guarantee safety.
or threatens others and go to websites with The Data Privacy Act
contents of violence, crime and pornography
- To protect the people from the invasion of
The Importance of Digital Technology privacy, Republic Act 10173, otherwise
 Technology has changed the social features known as the Privacy Act of 2012 was
of people's lives; altered the ways how passed in the Philippines.
people view social dimension of Impacts of Online interactions on the Self
relationships.
 It improved not only the common areas in • Philippines had the fastest growing internet
people's daily lives, but also areas of population in Southeast Asia.
education, health, and production industries. • Iqbal, Khan, & Malik (2017) suggest that
 It enabled volumes of information to be mobile phones are ever more becoming a
compressed in compact storage devises, to valuable part of the daily life of today’s youth.
easily contained and delivered, minimizing • Hechanova & Ortega-Go find the use of
the transmission of data. internet has both positive and negative
 Digital technology brought about innovations outcomes.
and contributed to a change in the work POSITIVE: Improve one’s relationships
patterns. through easier ways of communicating.

8
 Social networking – can be an important challenges, and keeps your neural
facility for debates on social issues in the pathways active.
country
NEGATIVE: Identity theft, false information, "Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will
and fake news are able to circulate. never cease to grow"
- Anthony J.L D'Angelo
• Most users of social networking sites prefer to
• As a result of learning, learners come to see
be anonymous may and sometimes use false concepts, ideas, and/or the world differently.
names. Learning
• Privacy and confidentiality should be major
concern, esp. for adolescents who may not be How the Brain Works During Learning?
entirely aware of the consequences of sharing • Learning changes the physical structure of
private information online. the brain. These structural changes alter the
• Thus, adolescents are particularly functional organization of the brain; in other
susceptible to cyberbullying, gossips, and words, learning organizes and reorganizes
stalking. the brain.
• Different parts of the brain may be ready to
learn at different times.
• Each and every time we learn something
new our brain forms new connections and
neurons and makes existing neural pathways
stronger or weaker.

Neuroplasticity
- ability of the brain to adapt to changes in
an individual's environment by forming
new neural connections over time.
- sometimes referred to as "brain
plasticity."
- is at work throughout life and explains how
the human brain is able to adapt, master
new skills, store memories and information
and even recover after a traumatic brain
LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT injury
- improves memory, the brain are constantly
Learning becoming stronger or weaker, depending
- is a lifetime process which makes human on what is being used.
beings superior to animals.
- People survive by acquiring vast numbers of
• Aspects of our brains are "plastic," meaning
new behaviors and countless pieces of new
they are adaptive and can be altered in
information.
response to environmental and/or structural
- Learning continuous throughout life.
changes.
humans.
• Changes associated with learning occur
- as the relatively permanent change in
mostly at the level of connections between
behavior brought about as a result of
neurons.
experience or practice.
- "a process that leads to change, which • New connections form and the internal
occurs as a result of experience and structure of the existing synapses change.
increases the potential for improved • Younger people change easily; their brains
performance and future learning" (Ambrose are very plastic. As we age change doesn't
et al, 2010, p.3). come as easily; the brain loses some of its
- is not something done to students, but plasticity and we become more fixed in how
rather something students themselves do. It we think, learn, and perceive.
is the direct result of how students interpret
and respond to their experiences. Part of the Brain that is Responsible for
- keeps your mind engaged and body active. Learning
It helps you get new and knowledge-based
perspectives on the world around you. Brain
- It helps you gain new experiences, trains - is an amazing three-pound organ that
your brain to handle a wide range of controls all functions of the body,

9
 interprets information from the outside example, imagine that you were placed in a
world. chemistry class without having been taught
Cerebrum the periodic table. You'd likely not learn a
- is most important in learning since this is thing. The same is true for a student who is
where higher-ordered functions like being asked to solve algebraic equations but
memory and reasoning occur. does not know his multiplication tables a
- the most highly developed part of the scenario that is all too common.
human brain and is responsible for
thinking, perceiving, producing, and Four Stages of Learning
understanding language. Abraham Maslow's 4 stages of learning
• Most information processing occurs in the - gives us a valuable conceptual framework
cerebral cortex. to understand how we learn anything.
Cerebral cortex - It is important to keep these stages in
- large, outer part of the brain, controls mind when developing learning because
reading, thinking, learning, speech, different learners will be at different
emotions and planned muscle movements stages.
like walking. 1. Unconscious Incompetence
- also controls vision, hearing and other - In this stage, the learner does not have a
senses. skill or knowledge set yet. They do not
- is divided into four lobes that each have a see any reason to learn it because they
specific function. These lobes include the do not consider it a need. You do not
frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal know what you don't know.
lobes, and occipital lobes. - For example, as a noticeably young child
Hippocampus you do not yet realize the usefulness of
- is a complex brain structure embedded riding a bike.
deep into temporal lobe 2. Conscious Incompetence
- has a major role in learning and memory. - Learner is aware of the skill that they lack
Amygdala and can understand that there is a deficit.
- helps to store memories of events and The learner wants to learn because they
emotions so that an individual may be able are aware of their lack of knowledge and
to recognize similar events in the future. it makes them uneasy.

Factors that Affect the Learning Process 3. Conscious Competence

1. Motivation - Of all of the factors that can - takes place when a learner has acquired
affect how people learn, motivation might be a skill but has not yet mastered it to the
the most important. Someone who is point where it comes naturally.
motivated to learn a particular task or bit of 4. Unconscious Competence
information generally succeeds, even if she - You know it so well you do not even
has to work long and hard to do so. realize you are doing it. The skill is so
2. Intellectual Ability- Intellectual ability also embedded that the learner does not even
affects learning. For example, some people need to process what they are doing.
have an easier time remembering information
than others. Some students can readily
understand abstract concepts, while others
need concrete examples. Everyone has
different intellectual strengths and
weaknesses.
3. Attention Spans - Attention spans vary
among both children and adults. Some
people simply prefer to be on the go and
have difficulty attending to a lecture or task
for any length of time. Since the most popular
method of teaching requires students to
listen and read, often while sitting still,
students who have a short attention span Metacognition as the Key to Self-Directed
might have difficulty learning. Learning
4. Prior Knowledge - A student could have the Metacognition
highest IQ in the room, but if he hasn't been
- is the ability to examine how you process
exposed to basic information that relates to thoughts and feelings.
the lesson, he will have difficulty learning. For

10
 - It was introduced as a concept in by John knowledge acquisition are especially
Flavell (1979), who is typically seen as a important (Kitsantas, 2002).
founding scholar of the field. • Many of our students, however, are
- This ability encourages students to underprepared for the metacognitive
understand how they learn best. It also demands of college (Cohen, 2012). This can
helps them to develop self-awareness skills be true of even our highability students
that become important as they get older. (Balduf, 2009), who may never have been
- People who have developed metacognition sufficiently challenged to prompt the
are able to assess their thought processes development of metacognitive strategies.
and reframe the way they think to adapt to • Even worse, students who continue to use
new situations. poor learning strategies often do so because
- Psychologist John Flavell identifies two they don't have the metacognitive skill to
components of metacognition: realize their mistakes (Kruger & Dunning,
a. Metacognitive knowledge- includes 1999); thus, "not only do they reach
knowledge of one's own cognitive abilities, erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate
knowledge of cognitive tasks, and choices, but their incompetence robs them of
knowledge of the strategies to complete the ability to realize it" (p. 1121).
the cognitive tasks.
b. Metacognitive regulation refers to how Ways to Be a Better Student
an individual monitors and controls his or  Attitude towards what you are doing affects
her cognitive processes. your performance as well. Every student can
Some everyday examples of metacognition do better or even the best, if only they practice
include: a helpful and healthy routine that would lead
• Awareness that you have difficulty them towards success.
remembering people's names in social 1. Love what you're doing. When you choose
situations reminding yourself that you a course in college, be sure that you really
should try to remember the name of a want it, so you'll not regret it in the end.
person you just met 2. Be positive. Always be optimistic at school,
• realizing that you know an answer to a you may encounter circumstances that would
question but simply can't recall it at the test your patience and capabilities. When you
moment encounter problems, be courageous to face
• realizing that you should review an article and solve them.
you read last week because you have 3. Have self-esteem. Do not be shy to stand up
forgotten many of the key points and speak in front of a large class. Be
• realizing that there is something wrong confident with yourself, do not hesitate to
with your solution to a problem share your ideas and strive to be the best
version of yourself.
Self-directed learning 4. Pick good friends in school. Choose your
- describes a process in which individuals friends at school, be with a group who can
take the initiative, with or without the help of help you be more responsible in your studies.
others, in diagnosing their learning needs, Making friends with the right people is
formulating learning goals, identifying another way to enjoy your study.
human and material resources for learning, 5. Do advance reading. If you are having a
choosing and implementing appropriate hard time with a particular subject, do some
learning. reading. Also, read the topic that you think
- Ambrose, Bridges, DiPietro, Lovett, and will be discussed in the following days, so
Norman (2010) suggestthat "to become whenever it is discussed, you're already well-
self-directed learners, students must learn versed about it.
to assess the demands of the task, evaluate 6. Be punctual and always show up. Your
their own knowledge and skills, plan their teachers will appreciate it when you arrive
approach, monitor their progress, and adjust early. It shows you are interested to learn
their strategies as needed" (p. 191), and from them, and that would also make them
decades of research has identified these be interested to teach you.
behaviors as predictors of academic 7. Visit a library and read. Reading is the best
success at all grade levels (e.g., Pintrich way to educate yourself, and do not just
&CDeGroot, 1990; Young & Fry, 2012). read, try to digest the things you are reading.
Spend your vacant time at the library to study
• With increased learning demands at the and make a research.
college level, learning strategies that go 8. Make a To-Do-List Be organized, that is one
beyond memorization and passive way to achieve success. List down the

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 activities that you need to do at home or - process by which we achieve these goals.
even the other days to come. Your to-do list - The importance of the goal-setting
will serve as your reminder and help you process should not go unappreciated,
keep track of your progress. according to Locke (2019) "Every
9. Have self-discipline. Submitting your person's life depends on the process of
requirements on time is another form of self- choosing goals to pursue; if you remain
discipline. Being late is not a good attitude of passive you are not going to thrive as a
a student. So get rid of all the distractions, human being."
and do as much as you can to submit your
requirements before deadlines. GOALS
10. Take good care of your health. Health is - object toward which the behavior is
wealth, and it's true. So prioritize your health, directed, usually within a specified period.
because if you are healthy, you can study - Within the context of industrial and
well. Going to school requires a lot of organizational psychology, goal is defined
energy. Hence, be physically, emotionally, simply as what the individual is
and mentally fit. consciously trying to do.
11. Never procrastinate. Everything that we - For Edwin Locke and Gary Latham
rush fails most of the time. Hence, give (2006), goals direct attention, effort, and
enough time for your assignments and actions.
projects. Study a week before your major - motivate people to develop strategies that
- examinations, so you could have the chance will enable them to perform better.
to get a higher score.
• Accomplishing the goal can lead to
satisfaction ang higher motivation, or
Setting Goals For Success frustration and lower motivation if the goal is
"If you want to be happy, set a goal that not accomplished.
commands your thoughts, liberates your energy
and inspires your hopes." -Andrew Carnegie 2 categories:
1. short-term goals are those that can be
Goals achieved in a day, week, or a year
- are the first step towards planning for the 2. long-term goals are usually achieved
future and play a fundamental role in the over a year or more
development of skills in various facets of
life, from work to relationships and
everything in between.
- are the target at which we aim our
proverbial arrow.
- defined by Latham & Locke (2002, p. 705)
are "the object or aim of an action, for
example, to attain a specific standard of
proficiency, usually within a specified time
limit"
- the level of competence that we wish to
achieve and create a useful lens through
which we assess our current performance.

• Understanding the importance of goals and

the techniques involved in setting achievable
goals paves the way for success.
• In the words of Pablo Picasso:
Our goals can only be reached through a vehicle
of a plan, in which we must fervently FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GOALS
believe, and upon which we must vigorously act (Go-Monilla ,M.J.and Ramirez,,N.C.,2018)
There is no other route to success.
GOAL-SETTING
Goal setting • For goal setting to be most successful, goals
- is a powerful motivator, the value of which should be SMART-specific, measurable,
has been recognized in an abundance of attainable, relevant, and time-bound.
clinical and real-world settings for over 35
years. SMART

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 - embodies the fundamental practices • There is now a growing interest among
necessary for achieving increased scholars in studying the future-oriented
motivation (Rubin, 2002). aspect of the concept of the self. Studying
• Individuals perform at higher levels when this primarily deals with the motivational and
asked to meet a goal that is concrete, socio cognitive aspects of an individual's
achievable and realistic, and important to conceptualization of who he or she is and
them. Goals also work best when there is a who he or she can become in the future.
time frame for their completion (Aamodt, • This time-oriented conceptualization of the
2013). self-importantly explains how individuals
• Locke and Latham (Lunenburg, 2011) construe their sense of self by using temporal
suggest that the most effective performance perspectives in self interpretations, and the
results are attained when goals are specific process that individuals use in
and challenging, when there is feedback on conceptualizing what one can possibly or
the results, when they are used to evaluate potentially become.
performance, and when they create • Soren Kierkegaard once said, "life can only
commitment and acceptance. be understood backwards, but it must be
lived forwards."
The Rules of Goal Setting • Understanding the past and taking control of
 Set goals that motivate you. When you set the present can lead to an optimistic future.
your goals, it is important that they are
personally important to you. TAKING CHARGE OF ONE'S HEALTH
 Set SMART goals. Your goals must be clear
and well defined so that you can measure the Man needs difficulties; they are necessary for
degree of your success. Be sure that your health. - Carl lung
goals are attainable and personally relevant to Stress
you. Your goals must also have a time frame. - is inevitable in our lives.
 Write your goals. Make a chart and write a - events could either help us to adjust to
list of all the goals you want to achieve. varied circumstances or can cause harm
Prioritize the items on the list, discard those depending on how we react on it.
unimportant, and make space for all the - As we either "fight or flight" on those
important and urgent activities you want to do aforementioned condition we sometimes
such as studying your lessons. unconsciously use strategies called as
 Develop an action plan for your future. defense mechanisms. Seemingly shield or
Write the step to attain your life goals. armor to protect ourselves from any kind
 Start working toward your life goals. of threat or harm.
- As the law states on how we can maintain
high mental health, experts in the fields
suggest positive ways on how we can
manage stress.
Stressors
- refers to events that are perceived as
challenging, damaging or threatening to
one's physical or psychological well-being.
Stress response (Nolen-Hoeksema,
Fredrickson, Loftus, Wagenaar,2009)
- experienced by all people but in different
degrees, from mild to severe, depending
on how people interpret the situation.

Eustress - occurs when people experience

TOWARDS AN OPTIMISTIC FUTURE positive events but requires them to adjust.
(Macayan,J.V., et. al., 2019) Distress - occurs when people experience
• Understanding the self is not just about negative events and make great deal of demands
knowing and recognizing oneself as a on them.
product of different life factors.
• The self, and its potentials and limits can be STRESSORS AND RESPONSES
more thoroughly understood by using a time- • From the book of Cicarelli and White in
oriented lens which focuses on how the elf 2012, as cited by Ramirez and
evolves from being the self of the past, of the Monilla(2018), according to Thomas
present, and the possible self in the future. Holmes and Richard Rahe - any life event

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 that requires people to change, adapt or sssssRegression. A person reverts to an earlier
adjust would likely to result in stress. psychosexual stage and beqins to behave like a
• Another factor that causes stress is child
frustration, especially when our dreams,
plans or goals in life are thwarted which Repression. Pushing unacceptable impulses or
keeps us unsatisfied. urges into the unconscious.
• Conflict is another factor of stress. Conflict
happens when a person needs to choose THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE
between two or many options. FACTORS OF STRESS

4 types of conflict: Hans Selye (1907-1982)

1. Approach-approach conflict when a - discovered Stress in 1935 as a syndrome
person needs to choose between two occurring in laboratory rats.
options that are both attractive - His discovery arose out of widespread
2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when interest in the stability of bodily systems in
a person needs to choose between options 1930s physiology; however, his findings
that he or she finds unpleasant. were rejected by physiologists until 1970s.
3. Approach-avoidance conflict occurs when - This analysis is framed in terms of
a person needs to choose between options Latour’s actor-network theories, and
that have both positive and negative traces the translation from the animal
consequences laboratory into the narratives of modern
4. Multiple conflict occurs when there are life experience.
more than two options - In the modern world, Stress has become a
universal explanation for human behavior
• To deal with frustrations, conflicts and stress, in industrial society.
people sometimes use unconscious strategies
called defense mechanisms to cope with the
pain and deal with anxiety.

Beatnik Reaction. Done when the person

exhibits behaviors that stand apart from the
norms of the society and avoids most
responsibilities of a good citizen

Displacement. Aggressive reactions of a person

such as destroying things or harming another
person
Stress Curve and Phases shows that during the
Denial. When a person refuses to accept a 1. Alarm Stage, our body sends signals that
painful reality or truth something isn't right.
2. Resistance Stage where our physical,
Identification of a person. Imitating the psychological and emotional state find
characteristics he or she admires to deal with his ways to fight back those signals to have a
or her insecurities renewed strength and go back to our
homeostasis
Intellectualization. Avoiding negative emotions 3. Stage of Exhaustion - which if not
by focusing on the intellectual aspects of one's life manage wisely will either lead to an ill
condition, mental illness or even death.
Projection or shortcomings. Attributing one's
weaknesses to someone else
Model Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
- was proposed by Lazarus and Folkman’s
Rationalization. Making up plausible
in 1984 and it explained the mental
explanations or excuses to cover up negative
processes which influence the stressors.
feelings such as guilt
What is Cognitive Appraisal?
Acting opposite. Reaction formation to what the
- occurs when a person considers two
person truly feels
major factors that contribute in his
response to stress, which are as follows:
1. The threatening tendency of the stress to
the individual

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 2. The assessment of resources required to 7. Practice Art
minimize, tolerate or eradicate the stressor 8. Read books
and the stress it produces 9. Think positive

2 types or stages of Appraisal RESILIENCE

1. Primary appraisal, an individual tends to - is not something we are born with, but it is
ask questions like, "What does this stressor something that everyone can learn to
and/or situation mean? "how can it influence develop.
me?"
The typical answers are  According to the American Psychological
1. This is not important Association, among those most contributing
2. This is good factors to resilience is having caring and
3. This is stressful supportive relationships that create love and
2. Secondary appraisal compares to other trust.
stages actually happens simultaneously with  Including the capacity to make and carry out
the primary appraisal. Becomes the cause realistic plans; having a positive view of
of a primary appraisal. Secondary yourself; being confident in your strengths and
appraisals involve feelings related to dealing abilities, enhance one's communication and
with the stressor or the stress it produces. problem-solving skills and manage your
strong impulses and feelings.
Statements that show positive secondary
appraisal. How can we build resilience?
• I can do it if I do my best 1. Make connections
• I will try whether my chances of success 2. Avoid seeing crises as insurmountable
are high or not problems
• If this way fails, I can always try another 3. Accept that change is part of living
method 4. Move toward your goal
5. Take decisive actions
Statements that show negative secondary 6. Look for opportunities for self-discovery
appraisal 7. Nurture a positive view of yourself
• I can't do it I know I will fail 8. Keep things in perspective
• I will not do it because no one believes I 9. Maintain a hopeful outlook
can 10.Take care of yourself
• I won't try it because my chances are low
Coping with stress
 Although primary and secondary appraisals - is the process by which a person
are often a result of an encounter with a consciously attempts to master, minimize,
stressor, stress doesn't always happen with or tolerate stressors and problems in life.
cognitive appraisal.
 According to John Hopkins Bayview Coping Mechanisms
Medical Center (2020), we can call ourselves - Psychologists Richard Lazarus and
COPERS- copers are not passive and helpless, Susan Folkman scientifically defined
they look for ways to take control of their coping as the sum of cognitive and
lives. behavioral efforts, which are constantly
changing, that aim to handle particular
To be a coper means to have skills in: demands, whether internal or external,
- Stress management that are viewed as taxing or demanding.
- Time management - is an activity we do to seek and apply
- Problem-solving solutions to stressful situations or
- Decision-making problems that emerge because of our
- Life-style management stressors.
- term "coping" is more associated with
Develop a Battery of Coping Skills: 9 Ways to "reactive coping", because in general, we
Manage Stress see coping as a response to a stressor.
1. Spend time in nature - also what we call "proactive coping",
2. Spend time with friends wherein the coping response is aimed at
3. Say your prayers preventing a possible encounter with a
4. Practice yoga future stressor.
5. Do your exercises
6. Manage time

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Types of Coping Strategies • Keep a diary or journal where you can write
1. Problem-Focused Coping Strategies down and process your thoughts and
- around the source of your stress, so the feelings.
first step is to identify the problem. • Develop good habits, eat the right kind of
- Confrontative coping: Face it! food, drink lots of water, sleep at least 8
- Seeking social support for instrumental hours
reasons • a day, exercise regularly and relax.
- Plan full-problem solving
2. Emotion-focused coping strategies Additional best fit practices according to Dr.
- aim to reduce and manage the intensity of Adelaida C. Gines, a Registered Guidance
the negative and distressing emotions that Counselor, Registered Psychologist and currently
a stressful situation has caused rather the Philippine Guidance and Counselors
than solving the problematic situation Association (PGCA) National president.
itself.  Music and dance therapy (Listening to
- listening to music, massage, meditation, music and dancing therapy)
getting physical exercise, going out with a  LAMBILOS therapy (Lambing, HapLOS,
friend, writing in a journal or diary, taking a Biro)
hot bath, expressing your emotions  Eight H's therapy
creatively  HUGS on the air
 HALIK on the air
THE NEED FOR SELF-CARE AND  Hi! Hello greetings
COMPASSION HALAKHAK
• People who are high in self-compassion  HAPPY lang expression
treat themselves with kindness, care and HAPLOS
understanding when they experience  Giving HOPE
stressful events or situations. HUMOR
• This entails self-kindness when confronted  F's therapy
with life difficulties rather than being angry  Sharing of food
 Financial support
Self-compassion  Family and friend support
- has shown to reduce anxiety, stress,  Strong faith to the Lord
exhaustion and depression (Neff, 22012).  Language of Encouragement (process of
focusing on person's strengths to build
STRESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (SMP} self-sconfidence)
Stress Management Program  Art therapy
- could be of help to students, family
members, or people at work, especially for
the executives
- this is designed precisely to help the
executive discern, diagnose, and
understand his different sources of stress,
to develop his skills, and to enlarge his
perspectives towards the management of
his own lifestyle.
- was born out of the scientific findings and
empirical data on human personality
development gathered from numerous
experiments and stress management
seminars conducted by Ms. Maraya
Chebat and her colleagues.

Suggestions on how to manage stress and

practice self-compassion
• When you are stressed, find a quiet place
where you will not be disturbed.
• Pray or meditate.
• Read spiritual materials such as the Bible,
self-help books or magazines.
• Be mindful of your thoughts and feelings.

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