Futhark O Lado Escuro Das Runas - Edred Thorsson (BR)
Futhark O Lado Escuro Das Runas - Edred Thorsson (BR)
Futhark O Lado Escuro Das Runas - Edred Thorsson (BR)
Idx 0=9
Xkvkoteprgotgob, =779
dr trmosngttkc go moy `doo dr iy moy nkmos, klkhtrdogh dr nkhemoghml, gohlucgob pedtdhdpy, wgtedut pkr-
ngssgdo go wrgtgob `rdn Xmnukl Rkgskr, Goh. Ykvgkwkrs nmy qudtk irgk` pmssmbks.
GXIO 1-52295-;35-7 NB
Sek pmpkr uskc go tegs puilghmtgdo nkkts tek ngognun rkqugrknkots d` tek Mnkrghmo Omtgdoml Xtmocmrc `dr
Qkrnmokohk d` Qmpkr `dr Qrgotkc Lgirmry Nmtkrgmls Z87.3I- =753.
HDOSKÚCD
ñ – ce
ÿ – te
– ð
DCOG
MBYMCKHGNKOSDX
Ckskjd rkhdoekhkr m mjucm k m gospgrmâèd quk nk `drmn cmcms pkld nku mllsekrjmrbdceg,
Xtkpeko M. NhOmllko. Smniçn bdstmrgm ck mbrmckhkr m ngoem kspdsm Omohy, skn m quml
kstk trmimled tkrgm sgcd gnpdssîvkl.
gn pdssîvkl.
QYK@ÍHGD
KCYKC
HDOSMSDX
Qmrm ditkr go`drnmâûks sdirk d Yuok-Bglc, cd quml d mutdr ç crgbetko, ds lkgtdrks sèd
hdovgcmcds m kshrkvkr pmrm:
Yuom-Rdrfsedp
Q.D. Idx 2099
[ogvkrsgty Xtmtgdo
Mustgo, Skxms 252=9
[XM
k tmniçn,
Sek Dcgogh Ygtk
Jdeo Wkdwkll, Cgrkhtdr
IHN Yuogh
Ldocdo, RH =.
KOBLMOC
GOSYDC[ÂÈD
Nugtd tkn sgcd subkrgcd sdirk ms ruoms k sku pdckr níbghd kn lgvrds rkhkotks.
Od kotmotd, okoeunm ckssms dirms govkstgbdu ds usds níbghds prítghds cms motgbms
ruoms bkrnéoghms k cd sgstknm quk klms gohdrpdrmn k oms qumgs klms, pdr sum vkz, sèd
hdotgcms. Ç m gotkoâèd ckhlmrmcm ckstk trmimled pmrm hdrrgbgr kstk kstmcd ck hdgsms
sdnirgms, pmrm lgcmr hdn d lmcd prítghd cd sgstknm rúoghd ck nmbgm k ngstghgsnd nkgd
ksqukhgcd, nugtd okblgbkohgmcd. Kssm mgocm ç unm cms `drnms nmgs pdckrdsms ck
pkosmnkotd nktm`îsghd cgspdoîvkl pmrm d puilghd dhgckotml k quk klk prøprgd
ckskovdlvku.
M trmcgâèd cms ruoms rkprkskotm unm pmrtk gnpdrtmotk cm trmcgâèd nmgs motgbm cm
smikcdrgm-níbghm goghgítghm hdoekhgcm od nuocd bkrnéoghd. Ds motgbds bdcds,
kshmocgomvds, mlknèks k goblksks tdcds hdoekhgmn d pdckr cms ruoms, k kstmvmn uogcds
pdr unm pdckrdsm buglcm ck nkstrks-cms-ruoms, quk kosgomvmn sku d`îhgd pdr tdcms ms
trgids cd odrtk cm Kurdpm. Qmrkhk síigd quk ds ckshkockotks ckssks motkpmssmcds sk
vdltkn pmrm d pdckr rúoghd pmrm rkhupkrmr ms prd`uockzms ck sum smikcdrgm
kxtrmdrcgoírgm. Qdgs sk qugskrnds mhrkcgtmr kn sku hdoekhgnkotd, kssks mohkstrmgs ouohm
ndrrkrmn, nms sgn rkomshkrmn, bkrmâèd mpøs bkrmâèd, sknprk nmotkocd skus skbrkcds
hdn klks - mtç mbdrm, klks sèd oøs. Mtrmvçs cms hemvks rúoghms, pdcknds odvmnkotk
cksildqukmr kssks rkhkssds skhrktds cm mlnm k, mssgn, lgikrmr smikcdrgm k pdckr níbghd
pmrm odssd prøprgd usd edjk.
Ms ruoms k d sgstknm rúoghd, hdnd unm kxprkssèd ktkrom cms lkgs cd nuocd,
pdckn skr hdostmotknkotk pdstds kn odvds usds, skn vgdlmr ck ndcd mlbun sums
hmrmhtkrîstghms mtknpdrmgs k hmrmhtkrîstghms mrhmghms. Qdrtmotd, klks sèd mbdrm usmcds kn
sgstknms ck gotkbrmâèd psghdløbghm k govkstgbmâèd hdsndløbghm - mnids ds qumgs sèd, om
vkrcmck, rnknkotk imskmcds kn prkhkgtds kohdotrmcds ods Kccms.
Eduvkrmn vírgds lgvrds k mrtgbds kshrgtds ods últgnds mods quk hdokhtmrmn d
ndvgnkotd Omhgdoml Xdhgmlgstm om Mlknmoem hdn d hultd rúoghd k m nmbgm rúoghm. Ck
`mtd, ds omzgstms usmrmn ms `drnms rúoghms kn skus mspkhtds nmgs kxtkrods k
nmogpulmtgvds. D goîhgd cm nmbgm cms ruoms ck edjk pdck lkvmr mlbun hdo`drtd kstrmoed
md `mtd ck quk ms ruoms sk ndstrmrmn sînidlds tèd pdtkotks od sçhuld UU! Nms ckvk-sk
ko`mtgzmr `drtknkotk quk ms ruoms k, om vkrcmck, d prøprgd kspîrgtd bkrnéoghd oèd
kstmvmn od hdrmâèd ckssm "ilms`êngm iurdhrítghm", nms sgn unm kspçhgk ck
nmogqukîsnd nkssgéoghd pskucd-hrgstèd
pskucd-hrgstèd quk pdssugu
pdssugu m mlnm cd pmrtgcd omzgstm. Brmock
Brmock
pmrtk cd pmod ck `uocd egstørghd cds mspkhtds rúoghds cd ndvgnkotd omzgstm skrí
cgshutgcd od prgnkgrd hmpîtuld ckstk lgvrd, pdgs mtrmvçs ck unm hdnprkkosèd ck sums
pkrvkrsûks ck odssds tksdurds nmgs smbrmcds, pdcknds rkmlnkotk hdldhmr sku kspkhtrd
gockskjmcd pmrm ckshmosmr ck unm vkz pdr tdcms!
[n ks`drâd `dg `kgtd md ldobd ckstk lgvrd pmrm pkrnmokhkr d nmgs prøxgnd pdssîvkl
cm `drnm trmcghgdoml k kspîrgtd ck trmcgâèd rúoghm k mprkskotmr un sgstknm tèd lgvrk
qumotd pdssîvkl ck qumlqukr gouêohgm jucmghd-hrgstè. Qdr nugtd tknpd d dhgckotml sd`rku
"hmrrkbmocd m hruz ck `rutms kxøtghms". Klks tgvkrmn sum hemohk k `mlemrmn rkpktgcms
vkzks kn sku ks`drâd gnpdtkotk pmrm smtgs`mzkr ms prd`uockzms cm mlnm gocd-kurdpçgm.
Xku àdo hekbdu md n6 d tknpd kstí nmcurd pmrm un rkssurbgnkotd cm smikcdrgm cd
Krglmz ! D mvmoâd cd pdckr smbrmcd ckvk dhdrrkr ckotrd cm mlnm ck hmcm gocgvîcud k ç
okssm kspkrmoâm quk kstk trmimled `dg rkmlgzmcd.
r kmlgzmcd.
HDOEKHGNKOSD YÚOGHD
Ckogâûks
Nmgs tmrck, kssk sgboghmcd `dg mplghmcd m hmcm burm egkrdblîhm quk
rkprkskotmvm unm ruom ‘ unm uogcmck ck hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd. Ç kssm `drnm quk ç
goshrgtm hdnd "sînidld ck unm gckgm skn `drnm k mtknpdrml. Mgocm nmgs tmrck d sînidld
`dg gohdrpdrmcd m un sgstknm ck kshrgtm quk hdo`krgm un vmldr `doçtghd m hmcm `drnm ck
sînidld. Mbdrm, m ruom tdrodu-sk kqugvdhmcmnkotk sgoóognd cd hdohkgtd "hmrtm",
hdo`drnk kxprkssd kn dutrds gcgdnms.
Smiklm =. Ckogâèd ck ruom bkrnéoghm
cgmlktd pmlmvrm sgboghmcd
Oørcghd rúo hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd k skhrktd, smikcdrgm6 sgbods
Motgbd níbghds6 hmrmhtkrks kshrgtds.
Bøtghd rúom skbrkcd, nystkrgun.
Rullms, kn sum trmcuâèd bøtghm cm Iîilgm od sçhuld
qumtrd, usm kstk
kst k tkrnd
tkrn d pmrm trmcuzgr
trmcuz gr d brkbd
b rkbd μϋ
ψ σ ίύηδ
Goblês rúo ngstçrgd, hdoskled skhrktd.
Motgbd
Xmxèd rúom ngstçrgd, skbrkcd
Motgbd
Mltd-mlknèd rúom ngstçrgd, skbrkcd
motgbd
Mpkoms un hkrtd oúnkrd cms vírgms `drnms cd tksdurd rúoghd `dg usmcd hdnd
rkprkskotmâûks `doçtghms (quk hemnmrknds ck ruoms ck hmrtms), koqumotd un brmock
oúnkrd pkrnmokhku nmgs du nkods ckotrd cd rkgod purmnkotk gckdbríhd. Kstk últgnd
brupd pdck skr rk`krgcd hdnd ruoms ck blg`d. Kstk trmimled trmtm prgohgpmlnkotk cms
ruoms cms lktrms k cd sgstknm níbghd kn quk klms sk ckskovdlvkrmn, knidrm ms ruoms cd
blg`d tmniçn skjmn pmrtk gotkbrmotk ckssk sgstknm. Ckvk-sk tkr kn nkotk quk mnids ds
brupds sèd gbumlnkotk rúoghds. Ms ruoms cms hmrtms krmn "pmcrdogzmcms" od sgstknm
`utemrf pklms buglcms níbghms cm çpdhm, ck mhdrcd hdn hrgtçrgds ounkrdløbghds k
hdohkgtumgs kspkhîhds.
Ck`ogâûks níbghms
Mqug `mlmnds nmgs cm drgbkn cms `drnms rúoghms cd quk cms drgbkos cds ngstçrgds
quk klms rkprkskotmn. Ds ngstçrgds mtumgs sèd mtknpdrmgs k `drmn hrgmcds ‘ du nmgs
mprdprgmcmnkotk, "surbgrmn" ‘ hdn d surbgnkotd cds Odvk Nuocds `drm ck
Bgoouobmbmp. Ck `mtd, ms ruoms sèd mbkotks gnpdrtmotks okssk prdhkssd ck "hrgmâèd" du
"`drnmâèd", k prkhkckn d surbgnkotd ck skrks mognmcds ods Nuocds. Ms `drnms
rúoghms pdckn skr `mlmcms kn un hdotkxtd un pduhd nmgs egstørghd. Kssms `drnms
omshkn cds sgomgs smbrmcds hdohkigcds oms nkotks cds smhkrcdtks k nmbds cm Gcmck cd
Irdozk (k prdvmvklnkotk nugtd motks) hdnd kxprkssûks bríhms mistrmtms cd hdotkúcd
nmgs
nmg s îotgnd
îotg nd ck skus kosgomnkotds
kosgomnkotds rklgbgdsds
rklgbgdsds k níbghds (vkr @gburm =.=).
=.=). Klks sèd
kohdotrmcds kn brmock miuocéohgm oms kshulturms rupkstrks nmgs motgbms cm
Kshmocgoívgm. Yucdl` Jdeo Bdrslkiko ckshrkvk d "ednkn prgngtgvd" skotmcd kn unm
ndotmoem rkhkikocd lmnpkjds hdohkgtumgs ck gospgrmâèd, quk klk kotèd kxprkssm
kndhgdomlnkotk kn nmrhms quk vên m skr kssks hdohkgtds.
@gburm =.=. Ms nksnms hdoburmâûks gckdbríhms tmlemcms om Krm cd Irdozk kvdluîrmn pmrm ms `drnms
rúoghms.
Od prgnkgrd pkrîdcd, kssks hemnmcds sgomgs "prç-rúoghds" pkrnmokhkrmn
tdtmlnkotk gckdbríhds du egkrdblîhds. Od kotmotd, qumocd d hdotmtd `dg `kgtd hdn ms
hulturms cd Nkcgtkrréokd, m odâèd ck rkprkskotmâèd `doçtghm cm lgobumbkn pdr sînidlds
`dg lkotmnkotk gotrdcuzgcm ods tkrrgtørgds bkrnéoghds. Nugtds kstucgdsds mhrkcgtmn quk
kstm gotrdcuâèd hdnkâdu od skbuocd sçhuld I.H.K. , qumocd ds Hgnirg k ds Skutdoks
govmcgrmn m pkoîosulm gtmlgmom k kotrmrmn kn hdotmtd hdn ds ml`miktds oørcghd k lmtgod
cd Odrtk6 koqumotd dutrds mhrkcgtmn quk ms ruoms `drmn omlnkotk `drnulmcms pklds
bdcds od prgnkgrd k skbuocd sçhulds H.K., koqumotd mquklm trgid mgocm kstmvm om hdstm
cd Iíltghd. Kssms tkdrgms sèd tdcms nugtd gotkrkssmotks k hdotên nugtms vkrcmcks, nms
kssk oèd ç odssd prgohgpml gotkrkssk. Ç gnpdrtmotk odtmr quk qumocd ds pdvds
bkrnéoghds kshdlekrmn unm ruom (sgoml hultghd) pmrm rkprkskotmr un sdn kn sum lîobum,
klks usumlnkotk kshdlekrgmn (nms okn sknprk) unm `drnm quk ck mlbunm `drnm sk
mssknklemssk md hmrítkr ktrushd, lmtgn du brkbd hdrrkspdockotk. . Gstd, skn cúvgcm,
cksknpkoem un brmock pmpkl om `drnulmâèd ck bmlcrmr k sums mssdhgmâûks hdn hkrtms
`drnms rúoghms.
―‗Ku skg,
quk ku pkocurkg om írvdrk md vkotd
tdcms ms odvk odgtks,
`krgcms pklm lmoâm k cmcms m Dcgo6
ck ngn pmrm ngn nksnd,
okssm írvdrk,
quk okoeun ednkn hdoekhk,
quk ms rmîzks sk klkvmn.
Klks oèd nk ckrmn pèd
okn ikikrmn od heg`rk,
Dlekg pmrm imgxd
Qkbukg ms ruoms
lkvkg-ms brgtmocd
Ku hmî ck lí.‗‗
D sgstknm rúoghd pdck tkr sgcd tdtmlnkotk ckskovdlvgcd jí kn 911 MH. Ç hkrtd
quk ms prítghms níbghd-rklgbgdsms cd motgbd smhkrcøhgd bkrnéoghd `drmn mjucmcms pkld
usd ck nugtds sgbods rúoghds k / du prç-rúoghds, pdgs mgocm tknds kstks brmvmcds kn
pkcrm pdr tdcm m Kshmocgoívgm.
Kshrgtm k Mrtk
Mpkoms mlbuos kxknplds cgspkrsds ck ruoms dhdrrkn kn nmoushrgtds kshrgtds, k
pduhds cklks pmrkhkn tkr qumlqukr gotkoâèd níbghm, knidrm pdssmn skr rkkxds ck
prítghms níbghms. Ds pdknms rúoghds kohdotrmcds oms trmcgâûks mobld-smxóoghm k
kshmocgomvm sèd ck kxtrknm gnpdrtéohgm, k pmrtks cklks skrèd cgshutgcms sdi hkrtms
ruoms. D nmgs motgbd nmoushrgtd hdotkocd sînidlds rúoghds ç d Mikhkcmrgun
Odrcnmooghun, cd sçhuld 7 CH. D Hdckx Yuoghus ç un nmoushrgtd cgomnmrquês cd
sçhuld UGP kshrgtd gotkgrmnkotk kn ruoms6 hdotçn ms lkgs cm prdvîohgm ck Xhdogm. Od
pkrîdcd sukhd cm Bukrrm cds Srgotm Mods (=081-=08;), ms `drâms sukhms ck Bustmvus
Mcdlpeus usmrmn ms ruoms hdnd unm kspçhgk ck høcgbd pmrm hdo`uocgr m gotklgbêohgm
mustrîmhm.
@gburm =.0 Nmrhm ck hmsm mlknè gckdbríhm. M gotkrprktmâèd sgniølghm ckssm nmrhm
tkn ds cdgs kspgoeds cm vgcm k cm ndrtk - hdn d Nmrtkld ck Sedr kotrk klks. M lkgturm
ksdtçrghm ç: "Kotrk m vgcm k m ndrtk, nku pmtrgnóogd pdck munkotmr k prdspkrmr".
@gburm =.2 Nmrhm ck hmsm mlknè rúoghm. D odnk @YWCKL ç rktrmtmcd okstm
`drnm hdnpdstm.
Mpøs d skbuocd pkrîdcd egstørghd (cd cçhgnd qugotd md cçhgnd dgtmvd sçhuld), d
usd ck ruoms `dg mimocdomcd. Kshrgtm lmtgom `dg usmcm, bkrmlnkotk pmrm `drnmr ms goghgmgs
cd odnk ck unm pkssdm, hdnd ndstrmcd om @gburm G.5.
Ds sgomgs cds pkcrkgrds, ds sgomgs cds nkrhmcdrks k ds sgomgs cds skoedrks pdckn,
kn mlbuos hmsds, skr gotkrprktmcds ck mhdrcd hdn ms nksnms rkbrms quk bdvkromn m
`drnmâèd k m lkgturm cms nmrhms cms hmsms. M egstørgm ck três kstíbgds cms nmrhms ck
hmsms ç nmgs rkvklmcdrm qumotd á ckbkokrmâèd cd usd ck ruoms ods tknpds ndckrods,
nms md rk`mzkr d hmngoed cm ruom, d vgtfg (nmbd) pdck rkhupkrmr pmrtk cmqugld quk ck
dutrm `drnm tkrgm sgcd pkrcgcd.
M mrtk ekrílcghm ç un tknm kxtrknmnkotk vmstd k kstí mlçn cd kshdpd ckstk lgvrd
lgcmr hdn sums gnplghmâûks rúoghms. Ckgxk-sk cgzkr sgnplks k prdvgsdrgmnkotk quk ms
ruoms pdckn skr kohdotrmcms om mrtk ekrílcghm ck cums nmokgrms:
=- klms pdckn skr gohdrpdrmcms od pmcrèd ck hdrks quk hdnpûk d kshucd ck
mrnms6 du
9- d hdohkgtd cm ruom pdck skr dhultmcd pdr unm `drnm du burm sgniølghm
cg`krkotk cm `drnm cd prøprgd sînidld rúoghd.
Qrítghms Yúoghms
Hdnd nkohgdomcd mhgnm, ms ruoms sèd kohdotrmcms kshulpgcms kn nmckgrm,
pkcrm, nktml k dssds. M nmckgrm ç hkrtmnkotk d nkgd prk`krgcd pmrm rktrmtmr ruoms ‘
kspkhgmlnkotk pmrm os níbghds. Qmlmvrms pmrm "pkcmâds ck nmckgrm" mssdhgmcds ás
ruoms sèd ounkrdsms. Srês kxknplds oørcghds motgbds ckssm hdokxèd skrgmn ms pmlmvrms
stm`r (kstmocmrtk, lktrm, hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd), tkgoo
tkgoo (bmled, pmlmvrm tmlgsnéoghm pmrm
mcgvgoemâèd) k elutr (ldtk
(ldtk pmrm mcgvgoemâèd, dijktd tmlgsnéoghd ‘ od quml tmniçn krmn
kshulpgcms ruoms). Eí tmniçn mlbuos tmlgsnès ck pkcrm, nms ç hlmrd quk ms brmocks
pkcrms rúoghms pmrm os ck hkrgnøogm du hkrgnóogm `uokrírgm rkprkskotmn ms nmgs
ounkrdsms goshrgâûks rúoghms kn pkcrm. D nktml krm kxtrknmnkotk pdpulmr pmrm
prdpøsgtds tmlgsnéoghds. Ds irmhtkmtks (cgshds ods ck nktml goshrgtds hdn ruoms k vírgds
dutrds cksgbos) rkprkskotmn unm gnpdrtmotk trmcgâèd om prítghm ck ruoms níbghms.
Dutrds dijktds nmgs utglgtírgds `kgtds ck nktml (kspkhgmlnkotk kspmcms) tmniçn `drmn
goshrgtds hdn ruoms, m n ck leks hdo`krgr pdckrks níbghds kspkhgmgs, pmrm quk
pucksskn cksknpkoemr sum `uoâèd hdn nmgs cgstgoâèd - du prdtkbkr d usuírgd. Dijktds
øsskds tmniçn oèd sèd gohdnuos, k kstks bkrmlnkotk kstèd hdokhtmcds hdn prítghms
níbghms tmniçn. Ms ruoms `drmn kshulpgcms hdn pdotms ck `mhm du gostrunkotds
pdotgmbucds ckcghmcds á mrtk rúoghm.
[nm cms prítghms rúoghms nmgs gotkrkssmotks ç m ck kshdockr mgocm nmgs m `ørnulm
níbghm hdn høcgbds gotrghmcmnkotk klmidrmcds. Kssks høcgbds `drmn hrgmcds pmrm tdromr
ms nkosmbkos nmgs skhrktms - k, pdrtmotd, nmgs khmzks ck `drnm níbghm - k tmniçn
nkods prdpkosms m skrkn kotkocgcms pklds oèd goghgmcds. M imsk ck tdcds ds høcgbds
rúoghds ç d vmldr ounçrghd cms ruoms. M skâèd ckstk lgvrd quk trmtm cm nmbgm tmlgsnéoghm
mprd`uocmrí kssms trmcgâûks kn unm imsk prítghm.
Mnids ds `utemrfs ,Wduobkr k Klckr sèd cgvgcgcds kn três brupds hemnmcds àttgr
(`mnîlgms). Ds `utemrfs rkprkskotmcds oms @gburms =.8-; kstèd cgvgcgcds kxmtmnkotk ckstm
nmokgrm. Mtrmvçs ckstk sgstknm, unm ruom pdck skr rkprkskotmcm pdr unm `ørnulm
ounçrghm cuplm. Qdr kxknpld, : [ : skrgm gocghmcd pklm `ørnulm =:9, pdrquk ç d prgnkgrd
àtt k
k m skbuocm ruom cm ksqukrcm. Kssk ç d prgohîpgd iísghd sdirk d quml ds høcgbds
rúoghds níbghds `uohgdomn. Ckvk-sk odtmr quk, od hmsd cd @utemrf nmgs odvd, unm
mltkrmâèd hurgdsm k uog`drnk om drckn cd àttgr dhdrrku pmrm os ck høcgbds níbghds
(vkr @gburm =.7).
@gburm =.7. Drckn rúoghm hdcghmcm, mltkrmcm cm drckn "odrnml" cd Wduobkr @utemrf (@gburm =.3).
@gburm =.=1. Nçtdcd ruoms ck tkocm, usmcd mqug pmrm sdlktrmr d odnk tedrvmlcr.
@gburm =.==. Ymnd ck ruoms rkprkskotmocd m `ørnulm níbghm kf vgtfg (ku d nmbd).
Yuoms pdckn skr usmcms nmbghmnkotk ck vírgms `drnms. D nçtdcd nmgs hdnun
ck nmbgm rúoghm ods tknpds pmssmcds krm prdvmvklnkotk tmlgsnéoghd, gstd ç, ruoms krmn
goshrgtms kn vírgds dijktds k go`uocgcms hdn pdckr psîqughd m n ck k`ktumr mlbunm
nucmoâm od vgtfg (nmbd) du kn sku mnigkotk.
mnigkotk. [n kxknpld crmnítghd cgssd ç `drokhgcd
`drokhgcd
pklm Kbglssmbm, hmpîtuld 33, dock lknds quk d ekrøg, Kbgll, suspkgtm quk eí vkokod kn
unm ikigcm quk `dg cmcm m klk, kotèd klk mpuoemlm m pmlnm cm nèd, kshulpk ruoms cd
heg`rk ikikocd, k hdldrk ms `drnms rúoghms hdn d smobuk. D heg`rk kstglemâm k d vkokod
ug pmrm ldobk. Hkotkoms ck tmlgsnès rúoghds sdirkvgvkrmn. Edjk pdcknds kstucí-lms
pmrm ditkr unm hdnprkkosèd nmgs prd`uocm cms tçhoghms níbghms usmcms pmrm hrgí-lms. D
usd ck ruombmlcrmr pdçtghd (kohmotmnkotds rúoghds) tmniçn krm imstmotk hdnun hdnd
nçtdcd. M Kccm Qdçtghm, ikn hdnd ounkrdsds mrtk`mtds rúoghds, `mlmn hdn m vdz ck
nugtds ckssks motgbds kohmotmnkotds rúoghds. M prítghm ck stmcembmlcr (pdsturm níbghm
du kohmotmnkotd) ç kvgckohgmcm pklds heg`rks ck ikikr ck Bmllkeus, quk rktrmtmn unm
vmrgkcmck ck `ørnulms níbghms, mlbunms cklms oms `drnms ck burms eunmoøgcks kn
pdsturms rúoghms. Nmgs tmrck, ms pmcrûks gslmocksks hdornmn kstk usd: pdr kxknpld, d
kosgod cd ml`miktd m hrgmoâms pkqukoms, `mzkocd hdn quk klms mtgojmn unm pdsturm quk
sk mssknklek m unm lktrm. Sdcms kssms prítghms skrèd trmtmcms kn cktmleks om pmrtk
prítghm ckstk lgvrd.
Dutrd usd gnpdrtmotk cms ruoms, quk kstí `drm cd kshdpd cd prkskotk trmimled, ç
d cm mcgvgoemâèd. Ms `drnms rúoghms krmn `rkqukotknkotk kshulpgcms kn pkcmâds ck
nmckgrm, lmoâmcms sdirk un pmod irmohd k ckpdgs gotkrprktmcms ck mhdrcd hdn hrgtçrgds
rgbdrdsds. D egstdrgmcdr rdnmod Síhgtd rklmtm kssm prítghm kotrk ds mlknèks hdotgokotmgs
od prgnkgrd sçhuld CH.
D Ykomshgnkotd Yúoghd
D prdhkssd ck rkomshgnkotd cms ruoms oèd `dg skn cdr k smobuk. Mtç mbdrm,
pmrkhk quk ds rkhkptíhulds mgocm oèd kstmvmn mptds m rkhkikr m gotkbrgcmck cd pdckr
rúoghd, pdrquk kssks vmsds mgocm hdotgoemn vgoed `kgtd ck `rutms kstrmobkgrms. Lîckrks cm
prgnkgrm nktmck cd rkomshgnkotd rúoghd mgocm hdotgoemn nugtms cms odâûks k
prkhdohkgtds cd nuocd hrgstèd kn quk sk kohdotrmvmn k, om nmgdrgm cds hmsds, oèd
hdoskbugmn mimocdomr kssms odâûks. Qdr gssd, nugtms vkzks gohdrpdrmrmn kssms gcçgms
kn skus sgstknms rúoghds. Ás vkzks gssd `dg `kgtd hdn edokstgcmck, nms kn mlbuos hmsds
`dg `kgtd hdn d kspîrgtd ck nmogpulmâèd nmlghgdsm cds sînidlds smbrmcds.
Od mlvdrkhkr cd sçhuld UU, d nîstghd pmo-bkrnéoghd Bugcd vdo Lgst rkhkiku unm
goghgmâèd rúoghm kspdotéokm kn quk ds "skbrkcds cms ruoms" `drmn rkvklmcds m klk
koqumotd klk kstmvm ckgtmcd om kshurgcèd, hdn ds dleds ko`mgxmcds pdr vírgds nksks
n ksks pdr
hmusm ck unm dpkrmâèd ck hmtmrmtm. Cmquklm çpdhm kn =719 mtç sum ndrtk kn =7=7,
Lgst trmimledu pmrm m rkstmurmâèd cd quk klk hemndu ck " Mrnmokotun".
Mrnmokotun". Klk `drndu m
Bugcd-vdo-Lgst-Bkskllshem`t (Bugcd vdo Lgst Xdhgkty) pmrm mpdgmr sums govkstgbmâûks, k d
Mrnmoko Drcko
Drcko pmrm rkmlgzmr ms `uoâûks ksdtçrghms ckssm sdhgkcmck. Ds dijktgvds cm Lgst
`rkqukotknkotk krmn ck omturkzm pdlîtghm (hdnd m uoghmâèd ck sum Íustrgm omtml k cm
Mlknmoem) k sums tkdrgms imskmvmn-sk, kn hkrtm nkcgcm, od cdbnm motg-skngtm cm
çpdhm. Od kotmotd, sèd sums tkdrgms rúoghms quk ods gotkrkssmn mqug. Lgst ckskovdlvku
un sgstknm rúoghd níbghd ck ckzdgtd ruoms {quk hemnmrknds ck sgstknm ck Mrnmoko}.
Mrnmoko}.
Gstd `dg imskmcd uoghmnkotk om mutdrgcmck tkxtuml cd hmoâèd rúoghm cm kccm skhulmr
"Eívmníl".
Knidrm Lgst ouohm tkoem kshrgtd sdirk ms prítghms rúoghms níbghms knprkbmcms
pklm Drckn Mrnmoko,
Mrnmoko, d prgnkgrd lgvrd quk klk prdcuzgu mpøs sum "goghgmâèd rúoghm" `dg
gotgtulmcd Cms Bkekgnogs ckr Yuoko
Yuoko (D Xkbrkcd cms Yuoms), quk ksidâdu sum
gotkrprktmâèd cms ckzdgtd ruoms rktrmtmcms okstk pdknm çcghd, ikn hdnd skus
pkosmnkotds sdirk unm mnplm bmnm ck tknms ksdtçrghds pkrtgokotks. Kstk `dg d
prgnkgrd ck unm sçrgk ck trmimleds puilghmcds kotrk =713 k sum ndrtk kn =7=7. M lgstm
sustkotmvm quk d sgstknm ck ckzdgtd ruoms krm d "prgngtgvd", knidrm oèd eduvkssk
dutrms prdvms mlçn cd "Emvmnml" pmrm mpdgmr sum mrnmâèd. M `drâm pkssdml ck Lgst k m
ck sku kxtkosd k goukotk Mrnmoko Drcko
Drcko `dg hmpmz ck ndlcmr ms tkdrgms rúoghms cds
nmbds mlknèks (knidrm oèd okhkssmrgmnkotk sums tkdrgms pdlîtghms) cmquklm çpdhm mtç
ds cgms mtumgs.
D usd prítghd cms ruoms hdnd un sgstknm ck nmbgm hdotrdlmcd pkld kstmcd) k d
ckskovdlvgnkotd pkssdml prmtghmnkotk cksmpmrkhku du `dg hdocuzgcd md suisdld
curmotk d pkrîdcd omzgstm. Ckpdgs cm bukrrm, d sgstknm ck Mrnmoko `dg rkvgvgcd k
"rk`drnmcd" pkld níbghd mlknèd Fmrl Xpgksikrbkr. Xpgksikrbkr ç un dhultgstm
"khlçtghd" mnplmnkotk qumlghmcd quk ç mutdr ck lgvrds om trmcgâèd ekrnçtghm k rúoghm.
Xums cums prgohgpmgs dirms sdirk tknms rúoghds sèd Yuokonmbgk
Yuokonmbgk (Yúoghd Níbghd) k
Yuokokxkrzgtgko `ür Jkckrnmoo (Kxkrhîhgds Yúoghds pmrm Sdcds). Okssks lgvrds,
Xpgksikrbkr sgotktgzm d trmimled ck tdcds ds níbghds k kspkhgmlgstms rúoghds mlknèks quk
d prkhkckrmn, ckotrd ck unm kstruturm pmosøhm. Knidrm klgngok tdcds ds klknkotds
rmhgstms k vðlfgshe, klk nmotçn d sgstknm ck ruoms ck Mrnmoko,
Mrnmoko, quk kn =7;; sk tdrodu
qumsk "trmcghgdoml" ods hîrhulds mlknèks! Kssk sgstknm ck ckzdgtd ruoms `drnm un
sgstknm níbghd vílgcd k `uohgdoml, k d prkskotk trmimled od(s) sgstknm(s) trmcghgdoml(mgs)
rúoghd(s) ckvk nugtd á pksqugsm k á sîotksk cm Xpgksikrbkr.
Sèd vmlgdsd qumotd d trmimled ck Xpgksikrbkr, mgocm quk oèd krm unm `drnm
trmcghgdoml. Qdrtmotd, kn hkrtm nkcgcm, ç hdrtmcd cds pdckrks gomtds mcdrnkhgcds oms
motgbms ruoms k sku sgstknm. Hdosgckrmocd quk d sgstknm ck Mrnmoko tkn unm trmcgâèd
quk cmtm sdnkotk ck mprdxgnmcmnkotk =713, m kvgcêohgm ruoghm nmgs vklem cmtm
mprdxgnmcmnkotk nmgs ck cdgs ngl mods motks. Ds cdhunkotds cms çpdhms Pgfgob k prç-
Pgfgob ods cèd mnplms pgstms sdirk hdnd ms ruoms `drmn usmcms, nms Xpgksikrbkr ç
`drâmcd m okblgbkohgmr brmock pmrtk ckstk nmtkrgml pdrquk ç d prdcutd ck un sgstknm
drbéoghd cg`krkotk. Xmiknds quk ms trmcgâûks nmgs motgbms `uohgdomrmn k `uohgdomrmn
pdr hkotkoms ck mods, kn hultds ikn ckskovdlvgcds. Qdrtmotd, ç hkrtmnkotk nmgs
prdvkgtdsd ckstrmvmr ds motgbds ndotks ck tksdurd rúoghds quk mrnmzkomrmn d tksdurd
ck smikcdrgm rúoghm md ldobd cds nglêogds pmssmcds. Nms pmrm `mzkr gssd, ms hemvks
psîqughms `drokhgcms pkld trmimled tçhoghd pgdokgrd `kgtd pklds níbghds ndckrods oms
trmcgâûks ck Mrnmoko sèd kxtrknmnkotk útkgs.
Hdlktéokm ck Yuoms Srmcghgdoml k Msmtru
Ds sgstknms rúoghds trmcghgdomgs sèd imskmcds kn qumlqukr un cds três `utemrfs
motgbds ndstrmcds oms @gburms =.8, =.3 k =.;. D sgstknm níbghd k m hdsndldbgm mqug
mprkskotmcds sèd kohdotrmcds od Klckr @utemrf ck vgotk k qumtrd sgbods. D
rkomshgnkotd ckssk hdoekhgnkotd imskgm-sk ounm sîotksk cms hgêohgms eunmoms cm
rklgbgèd hdnpmrmcm, motrdpdldbgm, mrqukdldbgm k lgobuîstghm (hdoekhgcms hdlktgvmnkotk
hdnd pmlkdotdldbgm lgobuîstghm) k cds nçtdcds cm nmbgm. Kssm vgsèd edlîstghm = tmniçn
gohdrpdrm ms hgêohgms omturmgs. Mssgn, ds nçtdcds cd hdoekhgnkotd trmcghgdoml ck ruoms
sèd `uocmcds od quk ç hdoekhgcd ck un sgstknm níbghd quk `dg ckskovdlvgcd ods
tknpds pmssmcds. Ds nkstrk-cms-ruoms skhulmrks mgocm ods `mlmn mtrmvçs ck sums ruoms k
mtrmvçs cms ruoms nkotmgs (DO eubrúomr ) quk rkprkskotmn kn odssms hdoshgêohgms. Kstk
sgstknm níbghd `dg, od kotmotd, mpkoms pmrtk ck un pmcrèd hdsndløbghd nugtd nmgdr
quk kobldimvm tdcds ds nuocds hdoekhgcds k ckshdoekhgcds. Qmrm ms motgbms trgids
tkutóoghms, nmbgm, rklgbgèd k drbmogzmâèd sdhgml, gohlugocd m lkg, krmn kxprkssûks cm
nksnm `drâm cgvgom iísghm. Qdrtmotd, pmrm quk ms `drnms níbghms trmcghgdomgs skjmn
vkrcmckgrmnkotk rkomshgcms kn Ngcbmrcer, unm knimrhmâèd pmrm kssm hdohkpâèd
edlîstghm prkhgsdu prgnkgrd skr outrgcm.
Hdn d mlvdrkhkr cm dgtmvm cçhmcm ckstk sçhuld, un vkotd cd odrtk sdprdu pkld
nuocd, pkrngtgocd quk ms vkokrívkgs `drnms ck nmbgm, rklgbgèd k lkg sk ckskovdlvksskn
odvmnkotk kn unm rkmlgcmck sgohrçtghm. Kn =0 ck nmgd ck =728, d Ísmtrúmrnkoo
(mquklks quk mhrkcgtmn du hdomn od àsgr ) `dg `uocmcm om Gsléocgm pdr Xvkgoijdro
Ikgotkgossdo. Knidrm eduvkssk prkhursdrks ckssk kvkotd od goîhgd cm cçhmcm, klk
rkprkskotmvm d okxd hrgstmlgzmcdr cd ndvgnkotd quk pmssdu m skr hdoekhgcd hdnd
Msmtru (m `ç cd àsgr) du Dcgogsnd. Mtumlnkotk, três brmocks brupds pmrkhkn `dnkotmr
kssm vgsèd sgohrçtghm: d Msmtrumrnkoo om Gsléocgm, m Mssknilçgm Lgvrk ck Msmtru om
Hmlg`ørogm k d Ygtd Dcîoghd om Goblmtkrrm.
=- D usd cd tkrnd "edlîstghd" nkrkhk mlbun hdnkotírgd mqug. Ç gotkrkssmotk odtmr quk m
gcçgm bkrnéoghm ck "smotd" ç gcêotghm áquklm gohdrpdrmcm kn "edlîstghm"6 du skjm, m
gotkbrgcmck, hdnplktuck k uogcmck ck tdcds ds rkgods, lkvmocd md ikn-kstmr. Ms
pmlmvrms goblksms “Edly„ (smotd), "emlk" (Xèd) k “Redlk„ (Sdcd) ckrgvmn cm nksnm rmgz:
*fmgld- (tdcd, oèd `krgcd, ck idn mubúrgd).
edlîstghds ckstm `ç, unm vkz quk kstk ç d tgpd ck mtnds`krm om quml d hdoekhgnkotd
rúoghd `dg prmtghmcd pklm prgnkgrm vkz.
Kxgstk unm kspçhgk ck "drckn rúoghm" hemnmcm Yúombglcg (Buglcm cm ruom) quk ç
hdnpdstm ck nknirds cm Mssknilkgm Lgvrk ck Msmtru k cd Ygtd Dcgoghd om Goblmtkrrm.
Kstm buglcm ç ckcghmcm md kosgod cd d`îhgd rúoghd k m un prdbrmnm ck ckskovdlvgnkotd
níbghd goghgítghd ckotrd ck Ísmtrú k ck mhdrcd hdn d hdoekhgnkotd trmcghgdoml ck
ruoms.
HDOEKHGNKOSD CD KLCKY @[SEMYF
Okstk hmpîtuld, quk hdosgstk kn vgotk k qumtrd skâûks, hmcm skâèd ç unm tkotmtgvm
sgstknítghm ck trmosngtgr md hdrpd cmquklk quk hkrhm ms ruoms cd Klckr @utemrf. Ms
go`drnmâûks hdotgcms okssms skâûks pdckn skr mplghmcms cgrktmnkotk á prítghm níbghm, k
d kotkocgnkotd gotklkhtuml rksultmotk cgssd skrvgrí pmrm munkotmr m prd`uocgcmck cm
kxpkrgêohgm rgtuml. Dutrms mnplghmâûks ckstk hdoekhgnkotd rúoghd pdckn skr ditgcms
oms tmiklms ck hdrrkspdocêohgms gnprkssms od Mpêocghk C.
Hmcm skâèd ç kohmikâmcm pklm `drnm rúoghm pmcrèd kxknplghmcm pklm nmgdrgm
cms goshrgâûks rúoghms om lgoem nmgs motgbm juotd hdn sku vmldr ounçrghd. Ds odnks cms
ruoms kn prdtd-bkrnéoghd (un mohkstrml hdnun rkhdostgtuîcd ck tdcms ms lîobums
bkrnéoghms), bøtghd, goblês motgbd k oørcghd motgbd sèd `drokhgcds, juotmnkotk hdn sums
trmcuâûks pmrm d goblês ndckrod. @drnms mltkromtgvms cm ruom kohdotrmcms kn vírgms
goshrgâûks tmniçn sèd cmcms, skbugcms pkld vmldr `doçtghd cm ruom. Kstm tmiklm
prklgngomr hdohlug hdn unm gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd(s) odnk(s) k unm gotkrprktmâèd
gckdbríhm cm `drnm rúoghm. D hdrpd cd hdnkotírgd rúoghd `drokhk nmtkrgml ngtdløbghd k
hdsndløbghd, ikn hdnd níbghd, rklkvmotk pmrm m hdnprkkosèd cd ngstçrgd kohmromcd
pklm ruom kn qukstèd. Kstks hdnkotírgds ckvkn skr mpkoms pmrhgmgs, koqumotd tdhmn
ods prgohgpmgs mspkhtds cd ngstçrgd. Klks ckvkn skrvgr hdnd nmtkrgml pmrm nkcgtmâèd k
kstînuld pmrm hdotgoumr d trmimled ck tdcds ds vgtfmr. [nm sgodpsk cm gotkrprktmâèd ç
cmcm hdnd un brupd ck pmlmvrms-hemvk quk skrvkn hdnd rkhgpgkotks mckqumcds pmrm d
hdoekhgnkotd nmgs mnpld.
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
@keu ç m kokrbgm mrquktîpghm cd ndvgnkotd k kxpmosèd od nultgvkrsd. Ç m `drâm
quk ug ck Nuspkllsekgnr, m `dotk cd `dbd høsnghd, m pmrtgr cm quml Ngcbmrcer `dg
prdcuzgcd (vkr ruom-G / Gsm
Gsm ). M ruom-@ / @keu ç d pdckr tdcd mirmobkotk k dogprkskotk
sgnidlgzmcd pkld rkimoed idvgod kn hmrbm k pdr gohêocgds drkstmgs. D `dbd høsnghd ck
Nuspkllsekgnr ç gostrunkotml om hrgmâèd cd nuocd, nms ç tmniçn d prgohgpml mbkotk
kn sum ckstrugâèd od Ymbomrðf. D bgbmotk cd `dbd, Xurtr, kspmlem ms hemnms cm
ckstrugâèd pkld nuocd, ckstrugocd mssgn tdcds ds ckusks k ednkos quk sdirkvgvkrèd
du rkomshkrèd od nuocd rkodvmcd om plmoîhgk ck Gcem (m plmoîhgk irglemotk). Ckvk skr
lknirmcd quk @keu oèd
@keu oèd ç d pdckr gocg`krkohgmcd cd `dbd høsnghd ck Nuspkllsekgnr,
nms sgn d ngstçrgd ck sku ktkrod trmimled kngokotknkotk kn tdcd d nultgvkrsd.
M ruom-@ / @keu
@keu hdotçn d ngstçrgd cm hrgmâèd k cm ckstrugâèd k d `uohgdomnkotd
emrndogdsd ckssks cdgs kxtrknds, d quk lkvm á `drâm kvdlutgvm cgoénghm. @keu
@keu ç m ruom
cd ktkrod trmos`drnmr-sk. Juotmnkotk hdn vírgms dutrms ruoms, gssd ckshrkvk d prdhkssd
smbrmcd ck: omshgnkotd ‘ vgcm ‘ ndrtk ‘ rkomshgnkotd,
rkomshgnkotd, du d prdhkssd: klkvmr-sk ‘ skr /
tdromr ‘ pmssmr ‘ trmos`drnmr kn cgrkâèd m un odvd surbgnkotd. Nmgs kspkhghmnkotk,
@keu
@keu ç m `drâm mrquktîpghm quk cí înpktd m kssk prdhkssd ktkrod.
@keu
@keu ç m kssêohgm cd pdckr nøvkl. Gstd ç kvgckotk m pmrtgr cd sgboghmcd nmgs
nuocmod ck sku odnk: "cgoekgrd" du "bmcd" (hdotrmstk hdn m ruom-D / Dtemlm
Dtemlm ). Kstm
pmlmvrm rmgz drgbgomlnkotk sgboghm rgqukzm nøvkl du prdprgkcmck, kotèd `dg mokxmcm md
hdohkgtd ck bmcd, quk krm m prgohgpml `drnm nøvkl ck prdprgkcmck hdoekhgcm pklds
pdvds bkrnéoghds nmgs motgbds. Nmgs tmrck, kssk tkrnd `dg usmcd pmrm "cgoekgrd", cmî m
pmlmvrm goblksm ndckrom "`kk
" `kk".
".
Xdnmocd tucd, m Yuom‘@ / @keu ckok unm `drnm nøvkl ck pdckr. Od rkgod
psghd-níbghd, kssk hdohkgtd ck `drâm nøvkl kstí gotgnmnkotk lgbmcd á vklem gcçgm
bkrnéoghm cm emngobjm.
emngobjm. Kstk ç un mspkhtd cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd quk pdck skr
nkledr ckshrgtd hdnd un pdckr níbghd nøvkl k trmos`krîvkl. D emngobjm emngobjm (quk nugtms
vkzks ç trmcuzgcd pdr hdohkgtds hdnd "sdrtk" k mtç nksnd "kspîrgtd bumrcgèd") pdck
skr kovgmcd ck un gocgvîcud ck unm nmokgrm sknklemotk áquklm cd "hdrpd mstrml" kn
dutrms trmcgâûks. @keu
@keu ç m `drâm kxpmosgvm cgrgbgcm quk `mhglgtm m prdjkâèd ck kotgcmcks
cm mlnm k pdckr níbghd ck pkssdm pmrm pkssdm, du ck unm pkssdm pmrm un dijktd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm nøvkl
Kokrbgm, `krtglgcmck
Hrgmâèd / ckstrugâèd
(Sdromr-sk)
Xtmcem (ydbm):
Mnids ds irmâds gohlgomcds pmrm hgnm, m ksqukrcm skocd un pduhd
nmgs mltd6
ckcds mpdotmcds pmrm cgrkhgdomr d pdckr, pmlnms mpdotmcms pmrm
`drâm.
Ydstd kn cgrkâèd md sdl
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk ds pdckrks psîqughds.
psîqughds.
9 - Hmoml pmrm trmos`krêohgm du prdjkâèd ck kokrbgm6 m ruom ck kovgd.
8 - Ckskoemocd d pdckr
pdckr prdjktmcd cd sdl, cm lum
lum k cms kstrklms á ks`krm pkssdml.
3 - Qrdndâèd cm kvdluâèd pkssdml k sdhgml.
; - Munkotd cm rgqukzm ndoktírgm pkssdml.
9
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qdr hmusm ck sku pdckr ndcklmcdr, uruz ç unm ruom quk sgnidlgzm m smikcdrgm k
d hdoekhgnkotd, hdnd d pmcrèd ck trmcgâèd prkskrvmcm quk surbk cm drckn omturml.
Mssgn hdnd gssd gocghm unm sdhgkcmck smucívkl (unm ck mhdrcd hdn m drckn omturml),
tmniçn ç unm ruom ck idm smúck `îsghm od énigtd pkssdml. M Yuom-[ / [ruz prdndvk
sgstknms drbéoghds `drtks k emrndogdsds. Ç m ruom ck `drâm vgtml k vgrglgcmck.
@gburm 9.=. M Yuom-[ / [ruz ç un pmcrèd ck nmog`kstmâèd. Kssk pmcrèd ç ksskohgmlnkotk d ck skr
mrrmstmcd pmrm d hdotîoud tknpd-kspmâd, mtç quk m `drâm cm Yuom-G / gsm `gomlnkotk d mtrmg ck vdltm á sum
`dotk.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Qmcrdogzmâèd mrquktîpghm
Drbmogzmâèd drbéoghm
Xmikcdrgm
Xmúck
@drâm vgtml
Xtmcem (ydbm):
Cdirk om hgoturm, hdn ms hdstms edrgzdotml k pmrmlklm md heèd.
Irmâds k pdotms cds ckcds mpdotmn pmrm d heèd6
m hmikâm ckvk kstmr vdltmcm pmrm d lkstk.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ndlcmr k `drnmr hgrhuostéohgms hrgmtgvmnkotk mtrmvçs cm vdotmck k gospgrmâèd.
9 - Hurm k nmoutkoâèd ck idm smúck nkotml k `îsghm.
8 - Qdrtmcdr ck hgrhuostéohgms m`drtuomcms.
3 - Gocuâèd ck hdrrkotks nmboçtghms ck tkrrm.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cm hmusmlgcmck
0 - Hdoekhgnkotd k hdnprkkosèd cd ku.
8
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm ck ckstrugâèd / ck`ksm
Mâèd
Qdtêohgm mplghmcm
Cgrkâèd ck pdlmrgcmcks
Ykbkokrmâèd (skbugocd ckstrugâèd)
Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd cdirmcd od hdtdvkld, nèd od
qumcrgl, hdn m pmlnm cm nèd
n èd skburmocd d dssd cd qumcrgl. @mhk
lkstk du sul.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ck`ksm (mtgvm).
9 - Ckstrugâèd ck gogngbds, nmlcgâûks.
8 - Ckspkrtmr cm vdotmck ck mâèd.
3 - Qrkpmrmâèd pmrm m bkrmâèd kn tdcds ds rkgods.
; - Mnd nmbgm.
0 - Hdoekhgnkotd cm cgvgsèd k uogcmck ck tdcms ms hdgsms.
3
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Ykhkpâèd ‘ trmos`drnmâèd ‘ kxprkssèd
Ykhkptdr / hdotkúcd
Hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd
Gospgrmâèd
Êxtmsk
Qmlmvrm-hmoâèd
Ngstçrgds cm ndrtk
Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk ck pç. Kstgquk ds cdgs irmâds pmrmlklds, mpdotmocd-ds
lgbkgrmnkotk pmrm imgxd, hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd nmgs imgxd quk d
cgrkgtd. @mhk odrtk du lkstk.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Munkotd ck pdckrks níbghds mtgvds k pmssgvds k emiglgcmcks hlmrgvgckotks, kth.
9 - hdovkohgnkotd k Cgshursd
Cgshursd nmboçtghd, k d pdckr
pdckr cm subkstèd k egpodsk.
8 - Mqugsgâèd ck smikcdrgm hrgmtgvm, gospgrmâèd, êxtmsk k hdnuoghmâèd cgvgom.
3 - Imognkotd cm ndrtk k tkrrdr mtrmvçs cd hdoekhgnkotd ck Dcgo.
0
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
Pmldr `doçtghd: r
HDNKOSÍYGD
Ymgced
Ymgced ç m lkg høsnghm cm hdrrktm drckn mrquktîpghm od nultgvkrsd. Gssd ç
kxprkssmcd pdr `koónkods omturmgs hdnd d hmngoed cgírgd cd sdl
sd l k ds hghlds cm omturkzm
k cm eunmogcmck. M Yuom-Y / Ymgced ç d ngstçrgd cm lkg cgvgom, nmog`kstmcm tmotd od
nultgvkrsd qumotd om eunmogcmck.
Ymgced
Ymgced tdrodu-sk un sînidld cm rklgbgèd drbmogzmcm, du nkledr cgzkocd, ck
Ísmtrú, m motgbm `drnm cm rklgbgèd bkrnéoghm. Ods tknpds motgbds, m drckn kxtkrom k
mutdhdoshgkotk cm rklgbgèd krm nugtd nkods ―xm‗ pdr hmusm cm drckn gotkrom ck
smotgcmck, gohdoshgkotk k drckn gostgotgvm. Kssm drckn gotkrom kohdotrdu kxprkssèd kn
gostgtugâûks quk krmn unm ngsturm kquglgirmcm ck rklgbgèd, nmbgm k lkg (pdlîtghm). Edjk, M
Yuom-Y / Ymgced
Ymgced ç un sînidld cd "hmngoed ck vdltm á cgrkgtm", mtrmvçs cds ks`drâds
hdoshgkotks ck ísmtrúmr`ølf (cds quk hrêkn ods ckusks motgbds.) pmrm rkhupkrmr m
kssêohgm cm drckn prgndrcgml.
Kstm ruom rkprkskotm m drckn hdrrktm cm jdromcm cd goghgmcd mtrmvçs cds hmngoeds
cds Odvk Nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll.
Ymgced
Ymgced ç m hmomlgzmâèd cm `drâm ck mhdrcd hdn ms lkgs omturmgs md ldobd cd
hmngoed hkrtd, lkvmocd md rksultmcd hdrrktd. Ckshrkvk k momlgsm un hkrtd mspkhtd
okhkssírgd md `uohgdomnkotd cms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd (vkr tmniçn m Yuom Q - Q krterd
krterd).).
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Mâèd hdrrktm k drckn
Lkg hîhlghm høsnghm
Yklgbgèd ‘ níbghm
Ygtuml
Ygtnd
Pgmbkn
Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç, hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd cdirmcd od hdtdvkld, pmlnm od dssd
cd qumcrgl. M pkrom ksqukrcm ckvk skr gohlgomcm pmrm `drm, lkvmotmcm cd
heèd6 d irmâd cgrkgtd ckvk kstmr ikn md sku lmcd. @gquk ck `rkotk pmrm d
sul.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk emiglgcmcks k kxpkrgêohgms rgtumgs.
9 - Mhkssd md "hdoskled gotkrgdr".
8 - Lkvmotm m hdoshgêohgm pmrm prdhkssds hdrrktds k omturmgs.
3 - Ngsturmocd-sk hdn rgtnds pkssdmgs k nuocgmgs.
; - Ditkoâèd ck justgâm ck mhdrcd hdn d hkrtd.
0
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Kokrbgm hdotrdlmcm
Emiglgcmck
Srmos`drnmâèd
Ykbkokrmâèd
Pdotmck ck bkrmr
Luxúrgm skxuml
Hrgmtgvgcmck
Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd cgrkgtd lkvmotmcd kn un éobuld ck 3; ±,
koqumotd d irmâd ksqukrcd ç mimgxmcd om nksnm qumotgcmck. M pmlnm
cm nèd cgrkgtm kstí vdltmcm pmrm `drm, mtrmgocd `drâm, koqumotd ds
ckcds cm nèd ksqukrcm kstèd mpdotmcds, prdjktmocd-sk kn
nmog`kstmâèd.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhgnkotd ck emiglgcmcks kn tdcds ds rkgods.
9 - gospgrmâèd hrgmtgvm.
8 - Nmgdr pdlmrgzmâèd hdnd `krrmnkotm ck dpkrmâèd.
3 - Dpkrmâûks ck rkbkokrmâèd, hurm.
; - Mndr (kspkhgmlnkotk mndr skxuml).
2
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Ç d cdmcdr, d cmr, d cmcd k mqugld m quk ç cmcd6 "d sujkgtd, vkrid, dijktd cgrktd k
dijktd gocgrktd cd nultgvkrsd". Gstd tmniçn ckshrkvk
c kshrkvk unm pmrtk cd ngstçrgd cd smhrg`îhgd
hdnd d prkskotk (kn últgnm gostéohgm cd pdckr) quk ç cmcd á eunmogcmck pklds ckusks
pmrm nmotkr m khdldbgm cd pdckr høsnghd.
Qkld pdckr ckstm ruom ms pkssdms sèd uogcms mtrmvçs ck un mtd ck vdotmck pmrm
k`ktumr un rksultmcd. Kstm pmutm sgnidlgzm m `drâm cms drckos rúoghms, d sgstknm ck
mhdnpmoemnkotd, kth.
9Oms motgbms lîobums bkrnéoghms, motks ck skrkn tdhmcms pklm gouêohgm hrgstè, m pmlmvrm
"ckus" (DO bdce) krm okutrm. Ckpdgs quk d cdbnm hrgstèd cdngomcd pklds ednkos `dg
go`uocgcd om lgobumbkn, d bêokrd cm pmlmvrm `dg nucmcd pmrm nmshulgod.
hdoekhgnkotd k smikcdrgm oungodsm. Xgburcer, d nmgdr cds ekrøgs bkrnéoghds, `dg
goghgmcd om smikcdrgm rúoghm pkld vmlfyrjm hemnmcm Xgbrcrg`m (Iryoeglcr) kn unm hkom
rgtumlîstghm rghm kn sgnidlgsnd skxuml (unm hrgmoâm omshk ck sum uogèd). Kstk krm d ndcd
usuml ck nmbgm skxuml kn quk m kokrbgm krm trdhmcm md ldobd cm pdlmrgcmck nmshulgod /
`kngogod. Dutrm kvgcêohgm
kvgcêohgm pmrm gssd ç `drokhgcm pklm kstrd`k cm cçhgnm dgtmvm ruom
ruom cd
"Emvmnml" (kstrd`k =03):
Bkid
Bkid ç m ruom cd mndr `rmtkrod du `rmtkroml, k ç m `drâm psghdsskxuml trdhmcm
kotrk cdgs pølds ck pdckr ‘ eunmod pmrm eunmod du cgvgod pmrm cgvgod. Od últgnd hmsd,
d Bkid
Bkid ckshrkvk m `drâm cm vgcm skxuml usmcm om nmbgm cm `krtglgcmck k mquklm usmcm oms
prítghms xmnéoghms.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm Níbghm
Cdmcdr ‘ cmocd ‘ cmcd ‘ cmcd m
Êxtmsk
Xmhrg`îhgd
Nmbgm cd skxd
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn ms pkroms mikrtms, ds pçs rktds k ds jdkleds
trmohmcds. Ds irmâds kstèd kstghmcds kn un éobuld `drnmocd un U,
hdn ms nèds cgrktmnkotk sdirk ds pçs.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Nmbgm cd skxd
9 - Goghgmâèd níbghm cd skxd.
8 - [ogèd nîstghm.
3 - Munkotmr kn pdckrks níbghds.
; - Emrndogm kotrk grnèds k grnès k mnmotks.
0 - Gouêohgm níbghm ods nuocds eunmod k cgvgod.
2 - Mqugsgâèd ck smikcdrgm.
5
@drnm Mltkromtgvm:
Pmldr @doçtghd: w
HDNKOSÍYGD
M Yuom-R / Ruojd
Ruojd ç m `drâm rmgz ck mtrmâèd quk ds skrks hdnprkkosgvds tên un
pkld dutrd,
dutrd, gstd ç, ms hrgmturms ckshkockotks ck unm `dotk hdnun. Kssks skrks skrks sèd
kotèd uogcds kn un tdcd drbéoghd, quk ç kxknplghmcd od nuocd cds ednkos pkld hlè
k pklm trgid. Od motgbd nuocd bkrnéoghd, m sdhgkcmck krm imskmcm kn hlès, pdgs un hlè
`drtk k trmcghgdoml krm m nkledr prdtkâèd hdotrm ds govmsdrks kxtkrods du d tdtmlgtmrgsnd
ck ckotrd. Md cmr m edorm k m gotkbrgcmck cm prgnkgrm hdosgckrmâèd cd hlè, d gocgvîcud
krm nmgs hmpmz ck nmotkr sum lgikrcmck.
Ruojd ç
Ruojd ç d ngstçrgd cm kxgstêohgm emrndogdsm ck vmrgmcms `drâms mlgmcms. Od hlè
kstm ç m `dotk cm nmgdr mlkbrgm eunmom. ]umocd tdcds ds nknirds cd hlè kstèd
trmimlemocd emrndogdsmnkotk juotds, koqumotd gotkbrmcds kn sku mnigkotk ck nmokgrm
sgohrçtghm, kxgstk un vkrcmckgrd kstmcd ck smotgcmck.
Ruojd
Ruojd ç m kokrbgm quk uok cg`krkotks hmnpds ck `drâm k, pdrtmotd, ç un hdohkgtd
gokstgnívkl pmrm ruoms níbghms. Hdn kstm kokrbgm d vgtfg (nmbd) pdck lgbmr vírgms ruoms
kn unm úoghm `drâm emrndogdsm quk pdck trmimlemr kn cgrkâèd m un rksultmcd
kspkhîhd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Emrndogm
Ikn-kstmr
Hdnuoeèd
Lgbmâèd
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk ck pç hdn ms pkroms juotms. Hdldquk ms pdotms cds ckcds cm
nèd ksqukrcm od tdpd cm hmikâm. Nmotkoem d irmâd cgrkgtd pkrtd cd
lmcd cd hdrpd.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk lgbmâûks k vîohulds.
9 - Govdhmâèd ck hdnuoeèd k emrndogm.
8 - Imok m mlgkomâèd.
3 - @klghgcmck k ikn-kstmr.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cds vîohulds k nultgplghgcmck ck rklmâûks ck tdcds hdgsms.
0 - Pgohulmâèd ck ruoms pmrm os kspkhîhds (hdosultk ruoms ck lgbmâèd, kth.).
7
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
Pmldr `doçtghd: e
HDNKOSÍYGD
Embmlmz ç m nèk ruom6 gstd ç ckvgcd md sku vmldr ounçrghd k sum `drnm, : ᚼ :( quk
pdck ck `mtd skr m prgnírgm). Sdcms ms `drnms rúoghms pdckn ckrgvmr cd embmlmz skgs
vkzks qumocd klk ç hdldhmcd ckotrd ck unm burm sølgcm (vkjm m @gburm 9.9).
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Qmcrèd høsnghd, kstruturm
Hdohlusèd
[ogèd (dvd høsnghd)
Kvdluâèd (ckotrd cm kstruturm)
Qrdtkâèd
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Hdnplktuck k kquglîirgd ck pdckr.
9 - Kxpkrgêohgm k hdoekhgnkotd nîstghd k oungodsd.
8 - Kvdlutgvd, tdromocd-sk dpkrmâûks.
3 - Qrdtkâèd.
=1
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qdr hmusm cds klknkotds skxumgs gokrkotks md sgnidlgsnd ckstm pmutm, m ruom-O /
Omucegz tdrodu-sk unm `krrmnkotm pdckrdsm om nmbgm cd mndr gslmocês. Mlçn cgssd, ç
unm `drtk ruom ck prdtkâèd ‘ kspkhgmlnkotk prdtkâèd kspgrgtuml.
Qmlmvrms hemvk:
Yksgstêohgm
Mgâèd
Lgikrtmâèd (okhkssgcmck ck `dbd)
Mvmoâmr kn nmog`kstmâèd
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
M Yuom-G / Gsm
Gsm ç m `drâm motg-pdlmr cm ruom-@ / @keu.
@keu. Gsm
Gsm ç un nuocd ck bkld quk
ug ck Ogekgnr. Oèd rkprkskotm m nmtçrgm, nms sgn un hdohkgtd ck motgnmtçrgm quk,
qumocd hdnigomcd hdn m kokrbgm ugocd ck Nuspkllsekgnr, lkvm á `drnmâèd cd quk
hemnmnds ck "nmtçrgm" (Ngcebmrcer). Gsm Gsm pdck skr kqugpmrmcm kn mlbuos hmsds á
―‗prgnm
―‗prgnm nmtkrgm‗'
nmtkrgm‗' ck dutrms ldsdms. Ck nugtms nmokgrms, kssk ngstçrgd pdck skr
sgnidlgzmcd pkld "iurmhd
"iurmhd okbrd".
okbrd". M Yuom-G / Gsm
Gsm ç m `drâm ck mtrmâèd, brmvgcmck, goçrhgm,
kotrdpgm od nultgvkrsd. Om ngtdldbgm, ds mspkhtds ckssm `drâm sèd rkprkskotmcds pklm
edrcm ck bgbmotks (erînteursmr). Gsm Gsm ç unm qugktuck k `mltm ck vgirmâèd - un ngstçrgd
úoghd om hdsndbdogm / hdsndldbgm bkrnéoghm. Kssk hdohkgtd ç tèd nktm`îsghd qumotd d
quk ç hemnmcd ck "kspîrgtd".
Bkld k `dbd sèd ms `drâms pklms qumgs d nuocd `dg hrgmcd, nms tmniçn sèd ms
`drâms quk lkvmrèd m "kxgstêohgm" m un n.
Gsm
Gsm ç un sînidld pmrm d kbd gocgvgcuml ckvgcd md sku k`kgtd hkotrmlgzmcdr k
hdohkotrmcdr. Ç unm `drâm quk nmotçn d ku-kbd uogcd curmotk ms prdvmâûks
kstrkssmotks cd prdhkssd ck goghgmâèd, k, hdnd tml, ç unm
pdotk kotrk ds nuocds k ms íbums.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Bkld cd nuocd
Motgnmtçrgm
Hdohkotrmâèd
Kbd
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
=. @gquk krktd hdn ds irmâds mpkrtmcds hdotrm ds lmcds cd hdrpd.
9. @gquk krktd hdn ds irmâds kstkocgcds mhgnm cm hmikâm, hdn ms
m s pmlnms
cms nèds sk tdhmocd.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck hdohkotrmâèd k vdotmck.
9 - Hdostrgâèd, gotkrrupâèd ck `drâms cgoénghms gockskjmcms.
8 - Gotkbrmâèd iísghm cd kbd ckotrd ck un sgstknm nultg-vkrsml imlmohkmcd.
3 - Qdckr ck hdotrdlk k rkstrgâèd sdirk dutrms hrgmturms.
=9
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Jkrm
Jkrm gohdrpdrm d pmcrèd hîhlghd cd uogvkrsd kxprkssd om `ørnulm: surbk ‘ skr /
tdromr-sk ‘ pmssmr ‘ pmrm un odvd surbgnkotd. Kstk ç un pmcrèd iísghd quk `uohgdom kn
tdcm m lgoem rúoghm. M Yuom-j / Jkrm ç unm cms cums "ruoms hkotrmgs" od ksquknm cd Klckr
@utemrf, k ckok m omturkzm hîhlghm cd plmod edrgzdotml quk sk tdrom sknprk. Ç d skbrkcd
cm hgrhuo`krêohgm dogprkskotk.
Jkrm
Jkrm ç m rkhdnpkosm pdr mâûks pmssmcms edordsms, hdrrktms k lkbîtgnms. Gssd oèd
tkn gnplghmâûks ndrmgs rkmgs - ç unm lkg omturml. Xk m sknkmcurm ç `kgtm hdrrktmnkotk, ck
mhdrcd hdn m trmcgâèd, k m "sdrtk" (emngobjm) kstí hdn vdhê, kotèd m hdlekgtm ckvk skr
brmock. Ç m `rugâèd ck ks`drâds ikn bmstds kn cgrkâèd m un dijktgvd ckskjmcd du
gostgotgvd. Gssd ç vkrcmckgrd k vílgcd pmrm ds rkgods oungodsd k `kodnkodløbghd.
D mspkhtd cm `krtglgcmck høsnghm ckstm ruom mpdotm pmrm d ckus Péoghd @rkyr, quk
ç govdhmcd “tgl
“tgl írs df `rgcemr„ (pmrm idm tknpdrmcm Vhdlekgtm^ k pmz).
D odnk cd Oørcghd Motgbd ír ods `drokhk m mssdhgmâèd pdpulmr ckssm ruom hdn m
íbugm (DO mrg ) hdnd un sînidld cd vód rípgcd
r ípgcd cd sdl mrquktîpghd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
ckskovdlvgnkotd hîhlghd, Hghld cd mod sdlmr (=9)
Ykhdnpkosm
@rugâèd
Íbugm
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd cgrkgtd cdirmcd ck ndcd quk d pdlkbmr cm
nèd cgrkgtm tdquk m hdrdm cm hmikâm. D irmâd ksqukrcd ç cdirmcd od
nksnd éobuld, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds cm nèd ksqukrcm tdhmocd d
dssd cd qumcrgl ksqukrcd.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @krtglgcmck, hrgmtgvgcmck.
9 - Qmz, emrndogm
8 - Glungomâèd.
3 - Ykmlgzmâèd cm omturkzm hîhlghm cd nultgvkrsd.
n ultgvkrsd.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cd ngstçrgd cm hgrhuo`krêohgm dogprkskotk.
0 - Srmzkr dutrds hdohkgtds pmrm m nmog`kstmâèd
n mog`kstmâèd nmtkrgml.
=8
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Kgewmz ç unm `drâm quk cí vgcm k d ndcd pkld quml kssm `drâm ç sustkotmcm.
Od Wduobkr
Wduobkr @utemr
@utemrf,f, kstm ruom ç rkprkskot
rkprkskotmcm
mcm pdr:)
pdr:) : e :(DO þr) quk
quk ás vkzks
sgboghm "mrhd `kgtd ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd". Gssd dhdrrk pdrquk ds lmâds nugtms vkzks krmn
`kgtds ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd rksgstkotk k pdr hmusm cm hdokxèd cd "Ckus Mrhd", [llr, hdn
d ngstçrgd cd tkgxd. [llr ç d ckus cm ndrtk mrhmghd quk bdvkrom m tknpdrmcm ck Wulk.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Kgxd høsnghd vkrtghml
Goghgmâèd Oungodsm
Pgcm Ndrtk
Yksgstêohgm
Qrdtkhâèd
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Goghgmâèd á smikcdrgm cm Írvdrk cd Nuocd.
9 - Ykmlgzmâèd cd ngstçrgd cm ndrtk / vgcm k lgikrtmâèd cd nkcd cm ndrtk.
8 - Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck rksgstêohgm kspgrgtuml k vdotmck írcum.
3 - Hrgmtgvgcmck kspgrgtuml k vgsèd.
; - Qrdtkâèd hdotrm `drâms prkjucghgmgs.
0 - Munkotd bkrml cd pdckr pkssdml.
2 - Hdnuoghmâèd kotrk oîvkgs ck rkmlgcmck
rkmlgcmck ‘ ds nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll.
Wbbcrmsgll.
5 - Nknørgms ck motgbms kxgstêohgms od uxd mohkstrml.
=3
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
Pmldr @doçtghd: p
Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd
cd odnk: mcgvgoemâèd hdnd un gocghmcdr ck r rlðb, ms "lkgs
prgngtgvms".
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qkrterd
Qkrterd ç un sînidld
sînidld ck hultd pmrm
pmrm m `drâm ck r rlðb, `uohgdom
`uohgdom kn tdcd d
nultgvkrsd k m nmokgrm pklm quml ednkos k ckusks pdckn govkstgbmr sku `uohgdomnkotd.
r rlðb ç nmgs `rkqükotknkotk
`rkqükotknkotk trmcuzgcd pklm pmlmvrm "ckstgod", nms gssd ç nugtd
sgnplgstm k, go`klgznkotk, hmrrkbmcd ck hdodtmâûks ck "prkckstgomâèd" k
"prkcktkrngomâèd" cd tgpd kohdotrmcd od cdbnm hrgstèd. Kstk skotgcd ç tdtmlnkotk
gokxgstko
gokxgstkotk
tk od tkrnd oørcghd. r rlðb sgboghm
sgboghm lgtkrmlnk
lgtkrmlnkotk
otk "hmnmcms
"hmnmcms prgnírgms"6
prgnírgms"6 gstd ç, ms
hmnmcms (DO lðb:lðb: "lkgs")
"lkgs") ck mâèd pmssmcm
pmssmcm du motkrgdr
motkrgdr,, gocghmcms
gocghmcms pkld
pkld prkxd
prkxd r r, quk
sgboghm m `drnm nmgs prgngtgvm du iísghm ck mlbd
m lbd od tknpd du od kspmâd. Kssms hmnmcms
mutdcktkrngomcms cm mâèd pmssmcm sèd ms lkgs pklms qumgs ds ckusks k ds ednkos sèd
bdvkromcds. Kstms oèd sèd ms lkgs gnutívkgs cm omturkzm, nms ms lkgs gnutívkgs pklms qumgs
ms lkgs cms hrgmturms sèd `drnmcms pdr mâûks pmssmcms k pdr prkhkckotks. Kstk prgohîpgd
høsnghd kstí om rmgz cd cgrkgtd hdnun bkrnéoghd. Hlmrmnkotk, ç un hdohkgtd nugtd
sknklemotk md kxprkssd pkld Fmrnm
Fmrnm séoshrgtd k ç hdotrírgd á prkckstgomâèd jucmghd-
hrgstè.
M Yuom-Q / Qkrterd hdotçn d ngstçrgd cms lkgs oøroghms. D Oørogr ç d nkgd pkld
quml m mâèd ç rkhkigcm k trmosnutmcm kn unm `drnm prdjktívkl, nms ksskohgmlnkotk
gomltkrmcm, k rktdromcm á ks`krm cm quml m mâèd `dg rkhkigcm. Kstm ç m ruom cd tknpd, k
kssm gckgm tmniçn ç kxprkssm pkld Oørogr. Xkus odnks sèd [rcer, Pkrcemocg k Xfulc
([rcer, "mqugld quk sk tdrodu"6 Pkrcemocg, "mqugld quk kstí sk tdromocd"6 Xfulc, "mqugld
quk ckvkrgm sk tdromr" - un hdohkgtd oèd pmssmcd / prkskotk). M `drâm oøroghm ckok un
mspkhtd cms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd od nultgvkrsd k, hdnd tml, unm hdnprkkosèd ckssm
`drâm ç gocgspkosívkl od trmimled ck ruoms.
r uoms.
Qmlmvrms-Hemvk:
r rlðb
Sknpd
[rcer ‘ Pkrcemocg ‘ Xfulc
Hmusm k K`kgtd
Kvdluâèd ‘ nucmoâm
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
=. Qkrhkâè
Qkrhkâèd
d ck r rlðb.
9. Mcgvgoemâèd
8. Hdldhmâèd ck `drâms rúoghms od uxd cm lkg oøroghm.
3. Ckskovdlvkr gcçgms du kvkotds hdnd un mtd níbghd.
=;
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Klemz, quk sgboghm "mlhk", rk`krk-sk mds qumtrd hkrvds høsnghds quk
hdostmotknkotk ndrckn ds bmleds cm írvdrk cd nuocd. D tkgxd odvmnkotk kotrm od
hdnplkxd sgniølghd ckstm ruom hdn m pmlmvrm oørcghm motgbm g(e)wmr , quk dhdrrk mpkoms
kn goshrgâûks rúoghms. Kstk tkrnd sgboghm "tkgxd" du "mrhd ck tkgxd“ k ç pdstkrgdrnkotk
rkprdcuzgcd pklm pmlmvrm Ỹr k m `drnm ck : : Kstk `drnm ç unm mltkromtgvm cm ruom
k om vkrcmck klks sèd prdvmvklnkotk ckrgvmcds ck unm `drnm prgngtgvm : .
kohdotrmcm od @utemrf ck Hemromy. Kstm `drnm nmgs motgbm kxgik d sgnidlgsnd cm írvdrk
ikn brmhmnkotk.
M pmlmvrm bøtghm mles
mles (smotuírgd) tmniçn `dg rklmhgdomcm m kssm ruom. Kstk ç un
idsquk prdtkbgcd du rkhgotd ckcghmcd mds ckusks. M Yuom-Z / klemz hdotçn un mspkhtd
cd pdckr prdtktdr cds bênkds cgvgods. Mlhgs, d odnk cds bênkds rklmtmcd pdr Síhgtd om
Bkrnéogm, pdck ck `mtd kstmr rklmhgdomcd md odnk cm ruom. Ck `drnm gckdbríhm, ds
bênkds cgvgods krmn ás vkzks rkprkskotmcds hdnd uogcds om hmikâm, nmgs du nkods
hdnd m `drnm prgngtgvm cm ruom (vkjm m @gburm 9.8).
Klemz ç d pdckr cm vgcm eunmom k "kspîrgtd" quk sk ks`drâm pmrm d nuocd cds Àsgr.
Qrdtkâèd ‘ govøluhrd
Pgcm
Ig`rðst
Hmngoed cds bmleds k rmîzks
Hdokxèd kotrk ckusks k ednkos
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
Srmimleds níbghds:
=. Qrdtkâèd, ck`ksm.
9. Hdnuoghmâèd nîstghm k rklgbgdsm hdn ds skrks skohgkotks oèd-eunmods.
8. Hdnuoghmâèd hdn dutrds nuocds, kspkhgmlnkotk Msbmrcer k ds pdâds høsnghds ck
[rcer, Ngngr k Evkrbklngr.
3. @drtmlkhgnkotd cd emngobjm
emngobjm (pdckr níbghd k "sdrtk") k `drâm vgtml (vkjm Yuom-N /
nmoomz pmrm mplghmâûks nmgs prítghms cm `drnm).
=0
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Xdwgld ç m `drâm kspgrgtuml kngokotk quk bugm d vgtfg pklds hmngoeds ck Wbbcrmsgll.
Ç un mspkhtd cd dijktgvd k tmniçn d hmngoed mtgvd k vdluotírgd kn cgrkâèd m kssk
dijktgvd. M Yuom-s / Xdwgld pdck skrvgr hdnd unm hdokxèd cgoénghm kotrk d hçu k m
tkrrm (Ísbmrcer k Ngcebmrcer). Xdwgld ç m ruom cd høcgbd ck edorm bkrnéoghd, un
hmngoed pdckrdsd pmrm m kxpkrgêohgm kxtítghm.
Sknpds ckpdgs, kstm ruom hdu hdoekhgcm hdnd m "ruom cm vgtørgm". Ck `mtd, ç
unm `drâm pdckrdsm k vdluotírgm. Gssd pdck trmzkr brmock suhkssd k vgtørgm pmrm un
gocgvîcud qumocd mplghmcd hdrrktmnkotk. Nms d vkrcmckgrd sgbrúo
sgbrúo (ruom cm vgtørgm) cds
motgbds krm m Yuom-t / Sgwmz .
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Ydcm sdlmr
Pdotmck níbghm
Bugm
Dijktgvd k hmngoed
Xuhkssd
Edorm
Xtðceur:
Kssks stðceur sèd rkktgcds pdr un tkrnd oørcghd motgbd foçsøl (fokk-suo) quk ckshrkvk
m Yuom-s / Xdwgld.
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
M Yuom-t / Sgwmz gohdrpdrm m `drâm bdvkromcm pkld ckus Ísm-Sþr. Sþr ç d ckus
oørcghd cm lkg k cm justgâm, quk bdvkrom ds prdhkcgnkotds cms hdgsms (m mssknilçgm bkrml
bkrnéoghm). M `drâm ck Sþr ç ck rkbulmâèd pmssgvm. Om ngtdldbgm cd odrtk, ç kssk kssk ckus
quk nmgs sk mprdxgnm ck unm qumlgcmck trmoshkockotml. Kssms hmrmhtkrîstghms sèd
kxknplghmcms pkld
pkld brmock ngtd ckck Sþr, od quml d ckus smhrghm sum nèd ("emiglgcmcks
mtgvms") kotrk ms bmrrms cd ldid @korgs, m n ck smlvmr sku hdnpmoekgrd Àsgr cm
ckstrugâèd. Mssgn tgwmz ç m ruom cd mutd-smhrg`îhgd k cds rkgs k brmocks lîckrks cd pdvd.
Sgwmz ç rkprkskotmcd pkld Grngosul cds Xmxûks (@gburm 9.3). Kstm hdluom cd nuocd ç d
mxgs nuocg k tkn sum tkrngomâèd hklkstgml om kstrklm pdlmr.
M ruom-t / Sgwmz ç
Sgwmz ç d ngstçrgd cm cgshgplgom kspgrgtuml k `ç ck mhdrcd hdn m lkg
cgvgom. Ç d gostgotd rklgbgdsd
r klgbgdsd od gocgvîcud k om sdhgkcmck.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Justgâm
Drckn nuocgml
Pgtørgm (ck mhdrcd hdn m lkg)
Mutd-smhrg`îhgd
Cgshgplgom kspgrgtuml
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms Mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
M Yuom-i / Ikrfmod
Ikrfmod hdotçn d hdnplkxd ngstçrgd cm brmock nèk. Kn sku mspkhtd
hdsndløbghd, ç m nèk ck tdcm nmog`kstmâèd k gohdrpdrm ds ngstçrgds cd omshgnkotd k cd
rkomshgnkotd høsnghd k eunmod.
M Yuom-i / Ikrfmod
Ikrfmod ç d rkhgpgkotk ck tucd quk sk tdrom / skr. Ç m uogcmck cd hghld
omshgnkotd-vgcm-ndrtk-rkomshgnkotd mtrmvçs cd "ngstçrgd cd ndnkotd". Kstm ç m
"uogcmck cm kvdluâèd", mquklk ndnkotd cd "skr" (un úoghd hghld hdnplktd ck
surbgnkotd ‘ skr / tdromr ‘ pmssmr, pmrm un odvd surbgnkotd) m pmrtgr cd quml d "tdromr-
sk" ç hdostruîcd. D `koónkod cd mhmsd om omturkzm ç ckshrgtd pdr kssm ruom, pdrquk
hmcm ndnkotd ck hmcm unm ckssms uogcmcks ck kxgstêohgm tkn sum prøprgm
sgobulmrgcmck, knidrm tdcms skjmn nmotgcms juotms pdr un pmcrèd uogvkrsml.
Nèk-Skrrm
Omshgnkotd
Hghld Omshgnkotd ‘ vgcm ‘ ndrtk
Ndnkotd ck hdotkoâèd
Xtmcem:
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ykomshgnkotd od kspîrgtd
9 - @drtmlkhk d pdckr cd sgbgld.
8 - Dirms ck dhultmâèd k prdtkâèd.
3 - Qmrm hdotkr k nmotkr dutrds pdckrks juotds.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cm uoghgcmck cd ndnkotd hdnd nèk nè k ck tdcds ms hdgsms.
0 - Srmzkr gcçgms pmrm m `rugâèd od prdhkssd hrgmtgvd.
=7
@drnm Mltkromtgvm:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Cumlgcmck emrndogdsm
Pkîhuld ck jdromcms sdirkomturmgs
sdirkomturmgs
@krtglgcmck
Hdomoâm, lkmlcmck
Hmsmnkotd lkbml
Xtðceur:
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Kstruturm cgvgom
Lgbmâèd cgvgom
Gotklgbêohgm
Mocrøbgod
Goghgmr
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
Ds ngtds ck Dcgo hdnd d imrqukgrd cms mlnms sèd gnpdrtmotks okssk skotgcd. Ds
kotkrrds kn omvgds cds Pgfgobs k d sgniølghd hruzmnkotd ck íbum gocghmcd pdr klks
tmniçn sèd glustrmtgvds ckssm hrkoâm.
M `drnm lmufmz tmniçn
tmniçn sgboghm Lkkf (mled-pdrø kn goblês), quk ç kxprkssd od
odnk cm ruom oørcghm motgbm lmufr. Kstk ç un sînidld ck hrkshgnkotd drbéoghd, pdckr
`ílghd (vgrtuck) k `krtglgcmck ods cdnîogds `îsghd k kspgrgtuml. M Yuom-l / Lmbuz cdngom
Lmbuz cdngom d
`dlhldrk cm nmbgm ekriíhkm, hdoekhgcm kn oørcghd motgbd hdnd ly` k kn goblês motgbd
hdnd lmh-ouobm.
lmh-ouobm. D gtrlmufr (mled-pdrø rksplmockhkotk) krm `rkqukotknkotk cmcd m un
jdvkn qumocd klk prdvmvm skr un bukrrkgrd.
bukrrkgrd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Pgcm
Íbum prgngtgvm
Qmssmbkn ―pmrm‗ k ―cm‗ vgcm
Hrkshgnkotd
Qdckr vgtml
Xtmcem (ydbm):
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
D ckus @rkyr tmniçn krm hdoekhgcd hdnd Wobvg, k klk tmniçn pmrtghgpdu ck
rgtds ck `krtglgcmck ods qumgs klk mocmvm kn unm hmrrdâm kn prdhgssûks rgtumgs. @rkyr
pmrkhk bkrmlnkotk tkr usurpmcd d pmpkl k d odnk ck Gob od odrtk.
M Yuom-ob / lobwmz ç
lobwmz ç un ckpøsgtd ck kokrbgm pdtkohgml quk ckvk pmssmr pdr un
pkrîdcd ck bkstmâèd pmrm bmoemr `drâm. Kstk ç un prgohîpgd quk `uohgdom kn tdcds ds
oîvkgs cd nultgvkrsd, k ç unm pdckrdsm ruom cm nmbgm, pdgs tdcd d pdckr ckvk pmssmr
pdr un pkrîdcd ck bkstmâèd tèd prdtkbgcd motks quk pdssm sk nmog`kstmr kn sum `drnm
nmgs pdtkotk.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Kokrbgm pdtkohgml
bkstmhgdoml
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
=. @gquk kn pç, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd ikn mhgnm cm hmikâm k
ds hdtdvklds mobulmcds om `drnm cd imstèd.
9. @gquk krktd hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd un pduhd mhgnm cds
bkogtmgs, hdn ds hdtdvklds `drnmocd ds éobulds cm Yuom-ob / lobwmz .
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD:
Cmbmz ç m luz cd cgm, pkrhkigcm ods ndnkotds ck omshkr k pór cd sdl, mnmoekhkr
k hrkpúshuld. Ç m ruom cd ckspkrtmr tdtml. D ngstçrgd ckstm ruom ç kxprkssd ods vkrsds
govdhmtørgds `mlmcds pdr Xgbrcrî`m qumocd klm ç ckspkrtmcm ck un sdod níbghd pkld
ekrøg Xgburcer ("d bumrcgèd cm vgtørgm"):
―‗Xmlvk Cgm!
Xmlvk mds `gleds cd cgm!
Emgl odgtk k sum `glem!
Dlek pmrm oøs cdgs
hdn dleds mndrdsds
k cê áquklks skotmcds mqug vkldhgcmck!
Xmlvk ds ckusks!
Xmlvk ms ckusms!
Xmlvk m tkrrm tèd okhkssírgm!
Qrdvçrigds k smbmhgcmck síigm
cê pmrm oøs, ds hçlkirks,
k hurmocd ms nèds okstm vgcm!''
M Yuom-c / Cmbmz rkprkskotm d `dbd rgtuml cm lmr k m luz nîstghm pkrhkigcm pkld
vgtfg kn dpkrmâûks níbghms.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Luz
Qdlmrgcmck
Xgohrktgzmâèd
"Qmrmcdxd Dcgoghd"
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
Srmimleds níbghds:
@drnms mltkromtgvms:
HDNKOSÍYGD
D ngstçrgd ck Dtemlm ç sgnidlgzmcd pklm hkrhm cm `drtmlkzm cd hlè, quk ckok sku
lgngtk smbrmcd k skrvk pmrm ck`kocê-ld hdotrm ds gotrusds prd`mods. Ç m kssêohgm cd
hdohkgtd høsnghd ck Ngcebmrcer - d rkhgotd od nkgd.
M Yuom-d / Dtemlm,
Dtemlm, tmniçn ç un sgoml ck qumlgcmcks gomtms quk sèd d rksultmcd
cm ckshkocêohgm ck un cktkrngomcd hlè du trgid. Gssd ç ksskohgmlnkotk ck drgbkn
kspgrgtuml k, kn últgnm moílgsk, ckrgvm cm mshkocêohgm cgvgom k cm mâèd pmssmcm cds
mohkstrmgs. Dtemlm
Dtemlm ç d ngstçrgd cd `ylbjm
`ylbjm hdnd unm `dotk kspgrgtuml ck pdckr níbghd, quk
rksultm cds mtds vgrtudsds cms bkrmâûks pmssmcms hdnd gnprkssûks rúoghms ods "høcgbds
bkoçtghds" cds ckshkockotks - unm pdckrdsm ruom ck Dcgo. M `drnm skrvk hdnd un
ndodbrmnm ck Dcgo.
Ç un sînidld cmqugld quk ç ekrcmcd mtrmvçs cms bkrmâûks pdr tdcd d hlè, tmotd
ods rkgods nmtkrgml hdnd kspgrgtuml. Ç tèd gnøvkl qumotd m tkrrm k oèd pdck skr
trmos`krgcd pmrm `drm cd hlè / trgid. Od kotmotd, mtrmvçs cm gostgtugâèd cd hmsmnkotd,
mquklks quk kstèd `drm cd hlè tên mhkssd md sku pdckr mtrmvçs cm gotkbrmâèd hdn klk.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Govøluhrd smbrmcd
Qdckr ekrcmcd
Lgikrcmck prkskrvmcm
Qrdspkrgcmck
Xtðceur (Wdbm):
Srmimleds níbghds:
M nkledr `dotk pmrm kotkockr m hdsndldbgm rúoghm ç kohdotrmcm oms Kccms, dock
lknds quk motks cd tknpd hdnkâmr emvgm Bgoouobmbmp, quk sgboghm lgtkrmlnkotk un
"vmzgd nmbghmnkotk hmrrkbmcd". Od kxtrknd sul ckssk vmzgd, surbgu un nuocd ck `dbd
hemnmcd Nuspkllsekgnr, k od odrtk surbgu d Ogekgnr du d "nuocd cm oçvdm". Ck
Ogekgnr vgkrmn docms ck bkld `krnkotmcms, mtç quk m rkbgèd odrtk ck Bgoouobmbmp sk
koheku hdn d bkld k m bmrdm. Md nksnd tknpd, d `dbd ck Nuspkllsekgnr lmoâdu `mîshms
k pmrtîhulms gohmockshkotks. Nms d hkotrd pkrnmokhku "lkvk hdnd d mr skn vkotd".
]umocd ms `drâms cd `dbd k cd bkld sk kohdotrmrmn, d bkld `dg ckrrktgcd k m lkvkcurm `dg
mhklkrmcd pkld pdckr ck Nuspkllsekgnr. Gssd `drndu d bgbmotk prgngtgvd, Wngr ("d
rubgcdr"), quk gocghm "vgirmâèd prgnírgm". Ckstk skr mocrøbgod surbgrmn ms rmâms cds
bgbmotks cd tknpd.
Wngr `dg mlgnkotmcd pkld lkgtk ck Muceunlm, m vmhm høsnghm, quk sk `drndu
gostmotmokmnkotk m pmrtgr cd bdtkjmnkotd. Klm lmniku ildhds ck bkld smlbmcds k mssgn
`drndu d ednkn mrquktîpghd, Iurg, tmniçn un mocrøbkod. Ck Iurg smltdu Idrr quk sk
hmsdu hdn Ikstlm, m lem ck un bgbmotk cd tknpd. Ckstm uogèd omshku Dcgo, Pglg k Pç
(nkstrks ck gospgrmâèd, vdotmck k smotgcmck, rkspkhtgvmnkotk). Klks nmtmrmn Wngr k
hrgmrmn k mjustmrmn d nuocd hdn pdrâûks ck sku hdrpd høsnghd. Ds leds ck Idrr
kotèd `drnmrmn d ednkn k m nulekr prgngtgvds, hemnmcds Msfr k Knilm ("hgozm" k
"dlnd"). Ds ckusks ckrmn m klks unm vmrgkcmck ck cdos "kspgrgtumgs", quk skrèd
cgshutgcds mimgxd om skâèd sdirk ds mspkhtds cm mlnm k cm nmbgm.
n mbgm.
Ms hdnplkxgcmcks cm klkbmotk k hdnplkxm hdsndldbgm rúoghm oèd pdckn skr
goskrgcms mqug, nms d quk ç gnpdrtmotk odtmr ç quk:
Ms Kccms ods kosgomn quk unm vkz kstmiglgzmcm m "hrgmâèd", d nultgvkrsd hdosgstgm
kn odvk nuocds, hdotgcds k mpdgmcds pklm írvdrk cd nuocd, Wbbcrmsgll. Kssks nuocds
hdotên goúnkrms ndrmcms k rksgcêohgms. Od hkotrd kstí Ngcebmrcer, hdn ds dutrds
nuocds md rkcdr, mhgnm k mimgxd cklk. Od odrtk kn Ogekgnr6 od lkstk, Jðtuoekgnr
(Ktgo-wdrlc)6 od sul, Nuspkllsekgnr6 od dkstk, Pmomekgnr (Pmogr-nuocd). Od nkgd, mhgnm
ck Ngcebmrcer, kohdotrm-sk Ljøssíl`ekgnr (nuocd cds kl`ds-hlmrds) k mhgnm ck Msbmrcer,
d rkhgotd cd Àsgr, quk mirgbm nugtms emigtmâûks. Mimgxd ck Ngcebmrcer kohdotrm-sk
Xvmrtíl`ekgnr ("nuocd cds kl`ds okbrds" du "nuocd cds moûks") k mimgxd cklk Ekl, d
rkgod sglkohgdsd, gnøvkl k sdodlkotd cds ndrtds. Kotrk k od nkgd ckssks nuocds, ms
ruoms k sums kstrmcms ckvkn skr kohdotrmcms - mqug kstí unm brmock ruom kshdocgcm.
M nmog`kstmâèd cms ruoms k sum drckomâèd om lgoem @utemrf kstèd lgbmcms mds
prdhkssds hdsndbóoghds k hdsndløbghds. Ms ruoms oèd tên pdotd ck drgbkn6 klks sèd m
suistéohgm cm lmtkotk kokrbgm hdotgcm kn Bgoouobmbmp. Ms ruoms kxgstkn
sgnultmokmnkotk kn un kstmcd gocg`krkohgmcd pdr tdcd kssk vmzgd - k, pdrtmotd,
cksmmn m hdnprkkosèd. Om cgvgsèd kotrk Nuspkllsekgnr k Ogekgnr, ms `drâms rúoghms
sèd pdlmrgzmcms kn ruoms irglemotks (DO ekgcerúomr ) k ruoms kshurms (DO nyrfrúomr ).).
Kstks sèd mspkhtds pdlmrgzmcds ck tdcd d hdrpd ck pdckr rúoghd kxprkssd
sgnultmokmnkotk. Kssms `drâms rúoghms sk mtrmkn, pmrm quk pdssmn sk juotmr k hrgmr m
sknkotk høsnghm ck nmog`kstmâèd hdotgcm kn Wngr. Ms ruoms irglemotks k ms ruoms
kshurms sèd rkhdostgtuîcms kn un pmcrèd hmpmz ck nmog`kstmâèd. Ms `drâms rúoghms
mtumn ods prdhkssds hdsndbóoghds ckshrgtds mhgnm6 od kotmotd, ms ruoms hdnd ms
hdoekhknds oèd `drmn nmog`kstmcms, pdrquk tdcd d prdhkssd, mtç d smhrg`îhgd ck Wngr,
dhdrrk kn un kstmcd oèd-nmog`kstd. ]umocd Dcegoo, Pggg k Pk smhrghmn Wngr (m `drnm
ck sknkotk hrgstmlgzmcm cd pmcrèd rúoghd hdlktgvd), klks drbmogzmn "kstm suistéohgm
rúoghm" ck mhdrcd hdn d pmcrèd nultgvkrsml. Mssgn klks "hrgmn" ds Odvk Nuocds k
Wbbcrmsgll. Kstk mtd prgngtgvd trmz drckn k nmog`kstmâèd høsnghm.
Okstk pdotd, ms ruoms sèd drckomcms om lgoem @utemrf kn sum `drnm lgokmr hdnd d
mrrmojd prgnírgd od hkotrd cd nultgvkrsd. Kssm nmog`kstmâèd sk ckscdirm cd "mvkssd",
hdnkâmocd hdn ms `drnms nmgs iísghms cm `drâm hîhlghm
k vkrtghml
Kssks pmcrûks, mssgn hdnd mquklks quk bdvkromn d mlgoemnkotd lgokmr cds
imstûks, sèd mvkogcms `rutî`krms ck nkcgtmâèd k rkvklmrèd nugtm smikcdrgm k
prdpdrhgdomrèd brmock pdckr md vgtfgs quk pdck cksvkocmr skus kogbnms.
M @gburm 8.= rkprkskotm mpkoms un cds vírgds pmcrûks ods qumgs ms ruoms sèd
drbmogzmcms du cgvgcgcms - hmcm nuocd du "cdnîogd
" cdnîogd cd skr" tkn sum prøprgm ndcmlgcmck
n dcmlgcmck
pmrtghulmr. Ds rkltgr sèd rkbgcds pkld pmcrèd cm "hruz" du "kstrklm" øhtuplm pklm quml ds
motgbds oørcghds cgvgcgrmn ds hçus (vkjm m @gburm 8.9).
KLKNKOSDX
KLKNKOSDX MSYGI[SDX
`dbd
`dbd Kxpm
Kxpmos
osèd
èd tdtm
tdtml,l, hmld
hmldr,
r, vgir
vgirmâ
mâèd
èd tdtm
tdtml,l, kokr
kokrbg
bgmm mrq
mrquk
uktî
tîpg
pghm
hm
mr Sdcm
dcm m prk
prkvm
vmlê
lêoh
ohggm k dogp
dogprk
rksskoâ
koâm, ksp
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mâd
d sk
skn `dr
`drnm
nm,, ndv
ndvggnk
nkootd,
td, lu
luz,
gotklkhtd, hdnuoghmâèd.
mbuum
mb @drn
@drnmm mrqu
mrqukt
ktîp
îpgh
ghm,
m, oèd
oèd nmo
nmog`
g`ks
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cm,, skr
skr kvdl
kvdluh
uhgd
gdoí
oírg
rgd,
d, qug
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kshurgcèd, gohdoshgkotk.
bkld
bkld Hdot
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âèd
d tdt
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ml,, `rg
`rgkz
kzmm (cg
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`krk
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ruomm gsm
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), vgir
vgirmâ
mâèd
èd skn
skn tkr
tkrrm,
rm, hdks
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èd,,
tkrr
tkrrmm Qdtk
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gmll tdtml
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), nmog`
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d k kstr
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mrquktîpghm, nmtçrgm `îsghm, kxgstêohgm.
@L[UDX
Nugtd trmimled tkn sgcd `kgtd pdr níbghds rúoghds mlknèks kn rklmâèd á gobkstèd
k nmogpulmâèd ck hdrrkotks ck `drâm rúoghm. Kssms hdrrkotks pdckn skr hlmssghmcms ck
mhdrcd hdn ds cdnîogds kn quk sk drgbgomn:
(=) hdrrkotks tkrrkstrks, quk hdrrkn md ldobd cm supkr`îhgk cm tkrrm6
(9) hdrrkotks hklkstks, quk hgrhulmn om mtnds`krm6 k
(8) hdrrkotks htóoghms, quk ukn om ks`krm suitkrréokm.
Mtç d Àsgr,
pdckrdsd k mndrdsd
vkgd cd edspkckgrd
pmrm m hdstm6
om tkrrm quk kohdotrmrmn
ck pduhd pdckr
Msfr k Knilm
mgocm skn suhkssd.
Hdn m kotrmcm cm `drâm Oøroghm, d tknpd k ms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd surbkn (vkjm m
Yuom-p / Qkrterd).
Qkrterd). Mlçn cd nmgs, m go`usèd ck kstruturm k hdoshgêohgm cgvgoms `drokhgcm
pdr Ekgncmllr / Dcegoo (vkr Yuom-n / / nmoomz ) `drokhk dutrm `drâm oungodsm, quk ç
trmosngtgcm mtrmvçs cms bkrmâûks. Kssm `drâm ç munkotmcm du cgngouîcm ck mhdrcd hdn m
mâèd eunmom md ldobd cm vgcm ck un gocgvîcud. Kssks hdohkgtds sèd kxprkssds md ldobd
cm lgoem rúoghm. Hdn kssms qumlgcmcks, d ckskovdlvgnkotd k m hdohkotrmâèd cd pdckr
níbghd sk tdromn pdssîvkgs - k mtç nksnd okhkssírgds.
Qmrm os prítghds k `uturm rk`krêohgm, skrgm idn kxpldrmr m kstruturm cms rklmâûks
cgvgoms ods nuocds cds ckusks (Àsgr k Pmogr). Ms `drnms cgvgoms rúoghms pdckn skr
kotkocgcms kn unm nmtrgz trgplm nmgs unm qumrtm hmtkbdrgm. Kn brmock nkcgcm, kssk
pmrmcgbnm cgvgod ç rkktgcd om kstruturm sdhgml cds motgbds pdvds bkrnéoghds (k gocd-
kurdpkus). Ds ngstçrgds cm ruom N kxplghmn kssk `koónkod.
M "sdhgkcmck cgvgom" ç imskmcm kn un sgstknm trgpmrtgcd. Ds três oîvkgs, du
`uoâûks, ckstk sgstknm sèd (=) sdikrmogm, (9) `drâm k (8) prdcuâèd. M prgnkgrm k tkrhkgrm
`uoâûks sèd cuplms om kstruturm. D prgnkgrd oîvkl hdotçn tmotd d mspkhtd jucghgml qumotd
d mspkhtd níbghd cm "rkmlkzm", koqumotd m tkrhkgrm `uoâèd mirmobk ds bênkds cgvgods k
d smbrmcd grnèd k grnè. Ds prgohgpmgs ckusks k ckusms cd pmotkèd bkrnéoghd kstèd
cgspdstds ck mhdrcd hdn kssk pmcrèd:
Dcgo tkn unm gnpdrtmotk lgâèd pmrm kosgomr tdcms ms mspgrmâûks md vgtfmr. Hdnd
Dcgo, d vgtfg ckvk prdhurmr gohmosmvklnkotk tdcds ds nuocds, iushmocd smikcdrgm k
pdckr, sknprk cgspdstd m smhrghmr-sk m sg nksnd, k hdostmotknkotk hdnpmrtglemocd
kssm smikcdrgm k pdckr hdn dutrds ck nkotk sknklemotk. Qmrm d vkrcmckgrd Dcgogstm,
okoeun hmngoed du pdrtm od nultgvkrsd kstí ildqukmcd du `khemcd.
SYMIMLED YÚOGHD
Mtrmvçs ck unm hdnigomâèd cms ruoms k cm vdotmck k emiglgcmck pkssdml cd vgtfg,
tucd ç pdssîvkl6 nms, pmrm ditkr kssk pdckr, d vgtfg ckvk ckskovdlvkr ms emiglgcmcks
iísghms ck tdcd trmimled rgtuml: hdohkotrmâèd, vgsumlgzmâèd, hdotrdlk cm rkspgrmâèd k cm
pdsturm k m mrtk cd kohmotmnkotd. Nugtms ckssms emiglgcmcks pdckn skr ckskovdlvgcms
md mhmsd od ckhdrrkr cd trmimled prítghd. Ds `rmhmssds gohdrrgcds pdr kssk nçtdcd
bkrmlnkotk ckskohdrmjmn d vgtfmr mspgrmotk. D nkledr hursd ck mâèd ç mquklk kn quk
mlbun tknpd ç ckcghmcd m kxkrhîhgds ckstgomcds m ckskovdlvkr ms emiglgcmcks iísghms
okhkssírgms pmrm d idn cksknpkoed cd rúombmlcr . Skn sgcd odtmcd pdr vírgds
govkstgbmcdrks quk d pdckr rúoghd ç nugtms vkzks lkotd pmrm sk ckskovdlvkr oms pkssdms
(gstd pdck skr ckvgcd mds sçhulds ck okblgbêohgm bkokrmlgzmcm), nms quk qumocd m `drâm
sk nmog`kstm om vgcm cd vgtf, ç dogprkskotk om sum pdtêohgm. , gomimlívkl kn sum `drâm k
mvmssmlmcdr om kstgnulmâèd quk prdcuz. Gssd pdck skr ckvgcd á sum omturkzm gomtm du
gocîbkom. [n vgtf ck pmhgêohgm k tdlkréohgm skrí ikn rkhdnpkosmcd!
Mttgrk / Srmjk
Pmrgoem
@gburm 3.9. [nm vmrgoem ruoghm. om goshrgâèd sk lê: mmmmmmmm ruomr kf vgtfg rgst mmmmmmmm (ku, d nmbd brmvkg
ms ruoms mmmmmmmm).
mmmmmmmm).
@mhm
M `mhm cd vgtfg ç `rkqükotknkotk usmcm pmrm kshulpgr ruoms, nms tmniçn ç usmcm
pmrm hdrtmr k prkpmrmr nmckgrm pmrm os tmlgsnéoghds, du kn rgtumgs ck ck`ksm k
govdhmâèd ck `drâms rúoghms. D puoed cm `mhm ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmckgrm du dssd, k m
léngom ckvk skr cd tgpd "smx", hdo`drnk glustrmcd om @gburm 3.8. Xku hdnprgnkotd tdtml
ç ck mprdxgnmcmnkotk 99,; hkotgnktrds hdotmocd hdn m léngom . D odnk cd vgtfg,
trmoslgtkrmcd kn ruoms (vkjm Mpêocghk I) 'pdck skr brmvmcd od hmid. Du unm `ørnulm
nmgs hdnplkxm pdck skr hdohkigcm pmrm kxprkssmr m vdotmck hrgmtgvm k ndcklmcdrm cd
nkstrk cms ruoms. M glustrmâèd ndstrm kssm `ørnulm. Hdosgstk kn três ruoms-S, quk
hdo`krkn `drâm md gostrunkotd, k unm sçrgk ck ruoms quk kxprkssmn gckdbrmhmnkotk m
omturkzm cm `mhm. ( :G:> d kbd hdohkotrmcd6 : f:> hmpmhgcmck k hrgmtgvgcmck
hdotrdlmcms6 :e : > d pmcrèd høsnghd quk sk prktkock kxprkssmr6 : m: > unm govdhmâèd
á `drâm dcîoghm.) D tdtml ounçrghd ckstms sktk ruoms ç 5=, quk ç 7 x 7 ‘ m `drâm hrgmtgvm
gotkosghmcm od nultgvkrsd. (Pkjm m skâèd sdirk d sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd).
[nm `krrmnkotm kspkhgml ckvk skr `kgtm pmrm kniutgr ds pgbnkotds oms mcuklms
kshulpgcms. Gstd pdck skr `kgtd m pmrtgr ck un pkcmâd ck nmckgrm tèd od hdnd un
`dlekmcd, quk ç hdrtmcd om `drnm ck un trgéobuld gsøshklks k goshrgtd hdn ruoms
mckqumcms. M @gburm 3.; ndstrm unm bmlcrmstm`r hdnpdstm
hdnpdstm pdr qumtrd ruoms-F, três om
`drnm f k d hdokhtdr om `drnm mltkromtgvm .Gckdbrmhmnkotk, trmtm-sk ck unm
gotkosghmâèd cm `drâm fkomz. D sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd tmniçn ç imstmotk pdtkotk: 3 x 0
du 93 (unm gotkosghmâèd níbghm cd fkomz od hdotkxtd ck tdcd d `utemrf).
@gburm 3.; [nm `krrmnkotm ck hdldrmâèd rúoghm {rkcckokr} hdn unm pdckrdsm ruom ck lgbmâèd.
Kspmâd Níbghd
Nmbgm rúoghm pdck skr rkmlgzmcm kn mnigkotks `khemcds du kxtkrods, nms pdr
rmzûks mtnds`çrghms, mssgn hdnd pmrm m prdndâèd cd hdotmtd cgrktd k prítghd hdn tdcd
d pdckr cds uxds rúoghds, d mr lgvrk ç d prk`krgcd. Gckmlnkotk, d vgtfg rkmlgzmrgm kssks
rgtds smbrmcds kn un idsquk smbrmcd ck hmrvmleds, hdog`krms du tkgxds sgtumcds od mltd
ck unm hdlgom. Od kotmotd, qumlqukr lubmr gsdlmcd kn unm írkm mridrgzmcm pdck skr
suhgkotk. D kspmâd ck trmimled rkml ç hdohkigcd hdnd unm ks`krm k, pdrtmotd, un
kspmâd hgrhulmr ckvk skr lgnpd k rgtumlnkotk skpmrmcd cm nmokgrm ckshrgtm od "rgtuml ck
mikrturm". Mqug kstmnds prkdhupmcds hdn ds sînidlds m skrkn hdotgcds okstk níbghd.
kspmâd. M sgnidldbgm pdck skr tèd hdnplkxm du tèd sgnplks qumotd ds ckskjds cd vgtfg6
Oèd eí cdbnm okstk mssuotd. Bkrmlnkotk, qumocd d trmimled ç `kgtd ckotrd ck un
kspmâd `khemcd, d sgnidlgsnd tkock m skr nmgs hdnplkxd, k kspkrmnds kohdotrmr un
mltmr, quk pdck skr hgrhulmr du rktmobulmr, od sktdr odrtk du lkstk cd kspmâd, du nksnd
od hkotrd.
Okstk pdotd, unm odtm sdirk m drgkotmâèd níbghm bkrnéoghm ckvk skr gotkrpdstm.
Cksck ds prgnkgrds tknpds, m drgkotmâèd krm pmrm d lkstk (hdnd ndstrm m kvgcêohgm
lgobuîstghm) du pmrm d odrtk (hdnd ckndostrm m kvgcêohgm mrqukdløbghm). M pmlmvrm goblksm
"tmrck", kn últgnm moílgsk, ckrgvm ck unm rmgz prdtd-bkrnéoghm ck m`tmo-, quk sgboghm
"pmrm trís"6 pdrtmotd, gocghm d diskrvmcdr vdltmcd pmrm d lkstk od hrkpúshuld. Kxgstk un
brmock hdrpd ck smikcdrgm quk `mlm pdr unm drgkotmâèd pmrm d odrtk. Ds ngssgdoírgds
hrgstèds tgoemn prdilknms quk dirgbmvmn ds pmbèds bkrnéoghds rkhçn-hdovkrtgcds m
drmrkn pmrm d lkstk, kn vkz ck sku hdstunk pmbèd ck kohmrmr d odrtk. Ds emghmgs
gslmocksks, du tknplds, kstmvmn mlgoemcds od kgxd odrtk-sul k, nksnd od pkrîdcd nmgs
motgbd, ms pmssmbkos cds túnulds sk vdltmvmn pmrm d odrtk. Ç prdvívkl quk mnims ms
cgrkâûks `dsskn hdosgckrmcms pdckrdsms k quk hmcm unm `dssk usmcm ckpkockocd cd
tgpd ck rgtuml kovdlvgcd - pmrm d lkstk, pmrm mssuotds hdohkrokotks á tkrrm k md odrtk,
pmrm qukstûks rklmtgvms mds "dutrds nuocds". M nmgdrgm cms ruoms ndckroms prk`krk d
odrtk pklm nksnm rmzèd quk ds ngssgdoírgds m dcgmvmn.
D prøprgd mltmr hdotkrí tdcds ds dijktds okhkssírgds md rgtd. Klk tmniçn skrvgrí
hdnd m "imohmcm ck trmimled" om quml ds ckotks rúoghds sèd kshulpgcds. Kn un rgtuml,
rkmlgzmcd cd lmcd ck `drm, unm pkcrm du un trdohd ck írvdrk skrvkn ikn, nms un mltmr
pdrtítgl tmniçn pdck skr hdostruîcd pmrm tmgs hmsds.
]umotd md hîrhuld quk sgnidlghmnkotk ckok d kspmâd smbrmcd, pdck skr tèd
sgnplks qumotd un hîrhuld ckskoemcd od heèd hdn m vmrgoem, du pdck skr hdnplkxd
hdnd un sînidld ckskoemcd od heèd ck un bgz du dutrd nmtkrgml. D hîrhuld níbghd
ckvk gocghmr ms dgtd cgvgsûks cd hçu, quk sèd rkprkskotmâûks sgniølghms cds dgtd dutrds
nuocds cm hdsndldbgm oørcghm, k ms ruoms ckvkn skr rktrmtmcms od mokl kxtkrod, hdnd
ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.0. Dutrms burms du odnks pdckn skr mcghgdomcds hdnd d vgtfg
mhemr mckqumcd.
@gburm 3.0 [n hîrhuld du mokl níbghd rúoghd tîpghd.
Sknpd Níbghd
D tknpd cds rgtds rúoghds tmniçn ç nugtd gnpdrtmotk k, knidrm hdnplkxd, oèd
ç tèd rîbgcd du hdnplghmcd hdnd d cms trmcgâûks nmgs goukohgmcms pklm mstrdldbgm
zdcgmhml. Qmrm kxplghmr hdnplktmnkotk kssks `mtdrks, skrgm okhkssírgd un kstucd
gockpkockotk ck pkqukom nmbogtuck k hdnplghmrgm gockvgcmnkotk d prkskotk trmimled.
Ds hrgtçrgds nmgs gnpdrtmotks hdosgckrmcds pklm vgtfg sèd (=) kstmâèd, (9) `msk cm lum k (8)
pdsgâèd sdlmr (edrm cd cgm). Ds ndnkotds nmgs muspghgdsds sèd d mnmoekhkr, d nkgd cgm,
m odgtk k m nkgm-odgtk. Qmrm munkotmr d pdckr m lum hrkshkotk ç ckskjmcm, nms pmrm
hdostrgâèd ck `drâm ç usmcm m `msk ck ngobumotk. D nkledr ndnkotd bkrml pmrm
qumlqukr knprkkocgnkotd ç oms odgtks cm lum odvm du ldbd ckpdgs, du om lum hekgm du
un pduhd motks. Nmgs unm vkz, m gotugâèd ç d nkledr k nmgs pdckrdsd bugm okssks
mssuotds. Ckvk-sk odtmr quk d tknpd k d kspmâd sèd hdosgckrmcds mspkhtds un cd
dutrd k mnids sèd nkcgcd pkld njðtvgcer (m írvdrk ck nkcgâèd VWbbcrmsgll^).
Dutrms `krrmnkotms níbghms
[n irmskgrd, du pdtk ck `dbd (DO bløcefkr ),), tmniçn pdck skr okhkssírgd kn mlbuos
rgtds. Qdck skr `kgtd ck nktml du ck imrrd. Kstk `dbd rkprkskotm d pdckr mhklkrmcdr cd
Nuspkllsekgnr. Mlçn cgssd, cdgs pkcmâds ck pmod - un prktd, un irmohd, mnids ck
prk`krêohgm ck lgoed - ckvkn kstmr á nèd. [nm tmobm ck hdurd, sgniølghm cm `drâm
mblutgomotk, hdotgcm od nultgvkrsd ç hdnunkotk usmcm.
M prítghm ck `mzkr bkstds rúoghds du sgomgs krm ikn hdoekhgcm ods tknpds motgbds.
Ds skoedrks oørcghds du smhkrcdtks `mzgmn d "sgoml cd nmrtkld" (DO emnmrsnmrf) .
du sdirk ms tmâms motks ck ikikr. D rgtd ck nmrhmrmr pkssdms k dijktds hdn sgomgs
smbrmcds `dg kstmiklkhgcd ikn motks cm hekbmcm cd hrgstgmogsnd, k ck `mtd klks
mcdtmrmn kssm prítghm cms trgids gocd-kurdpçgms pdrquk oèd pdcgmn krrmcghí-lm.
[nm ruom pdck skr trmâmcm du ckskoemcm od mr om `rkotk cd vgtfg hdn m pmlnm cm
nèd cgrkgtm, d ckcd gocghmcdr cgrkgtd, d pdlkbmr cgrkgtd du m vmrgoem rúoghm. Mlbunms cms
pmutms pdckn skr mssgomcms hdn mnims ms nèdsnè ds kn un bkstd sumvk k kstçtghd.
[n rgtnd kspkhgml ck rkspgrmâèd ckvk skr diskrvmcd curmotk kstm prítghm. Gospgrk
koqumotd d irmâd ç lkvmotmcd, hdohkotrk-sk om kotrmcm ck ðoc.
ðoc. Om kxmlmâèd, kovgk k
mssgok m pmutm koqumotd hmotm d odnk k/du d bmlcr cm
cm ruom, nkotmlnkotk du kn vdz
mltm.
]umocd ms ruoms sèd govdhmcms motks cd vgtfg, m `drâm pdck skr rkmisdrvgcm om
ks`krm pkssdml cd vgtfg, go`uocgcm kn un dijktd hdnd un mtd ck hmrrkbmr du "nucmr",
du pdck skr kovgmcm pmrm `mzkr dutrd trmimled. Kstk tgpd ck trmimled rgtuml skrí trmtmcd
nmgs hdnplktmnkotk kn sum prøprgm skâèd mimgxd. Klk kstí skocd gotrdcuzgcd mqug hdnd
unm kspçhgk ck kxkrhîhgd pdrquk ç unm idm prítghm usmr kstk prdhkcgnkotd od trmimled
cgírgd k pdrquk klk ç kohdotrmcd od rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd tmlgsnéoghd. Kstm ç unm cms
tçhoghms nmgs pdckrdsms cgspdoîvkgs pmrm d vgtfg, nms quk ckvk skr prmtghmcm k cdngomcm
hdn hdohkotrmâèd kxtrknmnkotk `drtk k vgsumlgzmâèd pmrm skr hdnplktmnkotk khmz.
Ygtumgs ck Qrdtkâèd
[n rgtuml ckvk skr govkotmcd pkld vgtfg quk skrvk pmrm imogr tdcms ms `drâms
prkjucghgmgs md trmimled kn qukstèd k gnpkcgr d rktdrod ckssks pdckrks. Kstms `drâms
oèd sèd "nís" cksvmotmjdsms pmrm m dpkrmâèd. Kxgstkn três idms `ørnulms pmrm kssk
rgtuml. D rgtd cd nmrtkld (Emnmrssktogob) ç d nmgs `drtk k `drokhk níxgnm prdtkâèd k
gsdlmnkotd, d rgtd ck Embmlmz `drokhk m mtnds`krm níbghm nmgs pdtkotk k pdtkohgml, k d
rgtd ck Klemz kstmiklkhk un kquglîirgd kotrk kstks. M `ørnulm ckshrgtm mimgxd cí d rgtd cd
nmrtkld, nms pmrm kxkhutmr ds dutrds cdgs sgnplksnkotk suistgtum m pmlmvrm embmlmz du
klemz (mlhk) k mssgok m ruom hdrrkspdockotk ods lubmrks mprdprgmcds. [n rgtd ckstk tgpd
pdck skr prmtghmcd tdcds ds cgms k ckvk skr usmcd kn hdojuotd hdn un rgtuml ck
mikrturm pmrm hdnkâmr tdcd d trmimled hkrgndogml.
D rgtd cd nmrtkld
Kstk kxknpld kstí kshrgtd hdn unm drgkotmâèd pmrm d odrtk, k nucmoâms
mprdprgmcms ck hursd ckvkn skr `kgtms om drckn ck bmlcrmr kn rgtds ck drgkotmâèd
drgkotmcm pmrm d lkstk.
9. Hdnkâmocd hdn `keu od sgoml odrtk k kovgk ms ruoms cd `utemrf kn un mokl md sku
rkcdr od oîvkl cd plkxd sdlmr tèd cgstmotks qumotd d hîrhuld od heèd du od heèd, sknprk
"hdn d sdl" od skotgcd edrírgd . Ms ruoms ckvkn `drnmr unm imocm hdnplktm
tkrngomocd hdn dtemlm md lmcd ck `keu od odrtk.
8. Qkrnmokâm om hruz stmcem k vgsumlgzk unm hruz kquglmtkrml sgtumcm edrgzdotmlnkotk od
plmod cd mokl rúoghd k cd sku plkxd sdlmr, hdn kssk pdotd hdnd d hkotrd cm hruz. Ds
irmâds ckssm hruz ckvkn tkrngomr ods pdotds dock klks hruzmn m `mgxm cm ruom. Gnmbgok
unm ks`krm hgrhuocmotk ck luz mzul hgotglmotk hdn m `mgxm ck ruom vkrnklem hdnd sku
kqumcdr. Kn skbugcm, vgsumlgzk d kgxd vkrtghml quk pmssm pkld sku hdnprgnkotd m pmrtgr
cd kspmâd googtd mhgnm k cd kspmâd googtd mimgxd.
3. Xgotm k vkjm m `drâm ugocd pmrm d sku hkotrd ck tdcms ms skgs cgrkâûks koqumotd klm
hdostrøg unm ks`krm ck pdckr vkrnkled irglemotk. M hdr pdck skr mltkrmcm ckpkockocd
cm gotkoâèd rgtuml (vkjm m skâèd sdirk d sgnidlgsnd cm hdr).
Kotèd, bgrmocd 71 pmrm m cgrkgtm, kovgk k mssgok dutrd sgoml ck nmrtkld vgirmocd.
8 [nm trmcuâèd
trmcuâèd lgtkrml
lgtkrml ckstm `rmsk
`rmsk skrgm "Nmrtk
"Nmrtkld
ld od Odrtk smotgquk
smotgquk kstk rkhgotd
rkhgotd smbrmcd k vgbgmg
vgbgmg (sdirk
klk)!"
3 Kstm vkrsèd
vkrsèd ç pdktghmnkotk
pdktghmnkotk nmgs
nmgs k`ghmz k, pdrtmotd, nkledr pmrm
pmrm mquklks quk ckskjmn usmr d pdrtubuês kn skus rgtds.
K od dkstk:
Pdltmocd md odrtk, cgrkhgdok sum mtkoâèd pmrm d mltd, nmock k mssgok d sgoml ck
emnmrsnmrf od "tktd" cm ks`krm, cgzkocd:
K kotèd prdjktk d sgoml cd nmrtkld mimgxd pmrm d "heèd" cm ks`krm (oèd m tkrrm du heèd
cm smlm) k kotdok:
Bgrmocd od hkotrd cd vç, rkpgtm gssd unm vkz pmrm hmcm unm cms dutrms qumtrd cgrkâûks k
unm vkz pmrm d kgxd vkrtghml. D k`kgtd vgsuml ckvk skr un cds kgxds hdokhtmocd tdcds ds
skgs nmrtklds vkrnkleds irglemotks md sku hkotrd pkssdml, tdcds kobdlgcds pdr un hmnpd
ck luz mzul prd`uocd hgotglmotk k hkrhmcds pdr unm `mgxm ck ruoms vkrnklems irglemotks.
Kstk rgtuml pdck skr rkpktgcd od oml ck un trmimled du kxkrhîhgd, k tdcm m ks`krm
pdck skr mrrmstmcm pmrm d hkotrd pkssdml, du ms pmrkcks cd bldid pdckn skr cgvgcgcms
hdn m `mhm, pkrngtgocd quk m kokrbgm hdlktmcm um pmrm sku dijktgvd.
''Mbdrm ví mcgmotk
pdckrdsd @gniultyr ;
ck tdcms ms dgtd hmsms hklkstks,
Xlkgpogr kstí sklmcd,
mqug rmpgcmnkotk pmrm hmvmlbmr:
Bmlcrs`mcegr 0, pdck cmr k bmoemr.
D pdckr cm ruom smbrmcm pdck `lugr
cds hmshds cd hdrhkl ck Emobmtyr 2 6
kn hdrrkotks ck `drâm `grnk ‘
mtrmvçs cms ruoms `grnk pkrnmokhkrkg!''
''M pdckrdsm
pdckrdsm ruom ç ckskoemcm
kn vdltm cd lubmr smbrmcd,
ms gockskjmcms hrgmturms sk m`mstmn!''
8. ]umocd d hîrhuld kstgvkr hdnplktd, rktdrok md hkotrd k quk vdltmcd pmrm m cgrkâèd
drgbgoml, kxkhutk m pmrtk cd mokl rúoghd cd rgtd cd nmrtkld. ]umocd gssd kstgvkr
hdnplktd, cgbm:
; D Cku
Ckuss Goh
Gohrî
rîvk
vkll "(Dc
"(Dcgo
go).
).
0 D Qmg
Qmg cd Kohmo
Kohmotmntmnkot
kotd
d (Nmbgm
(Nmbgm)) "(Dcgo
"(Dcgo).
).
2 D Ckus
Ckus cds Ko`dr
Ko`drhmc
hmcds
ds "(Dcgo
"(Dcgo).
).
5 D Ckus
Ckus cms Hdgsms
Hdgsms Dhultms
Dhultms "du" D Ckus Dhultd
Dhultd "(Dcgo)
"(Dcgo)..
7 Sedr
Sedr ç d nmtm
nmtmcdr
cdr cd bgbmo
bgbmotk
tk Eruo
Eruobog
bogr.
r.
;. Ckpdgs cgssd, sk d rgtuml kxgbgr un irmskgrd, d `dbd ckvk skr mhksd. Xk d vgtfg d
hdoekhk, k d rgtuml prkhgsm cklk, kssk `dbd pdck skr gohkocgmcd pkld nçtdcd cm `rghâèd
ck `dbd okhkssírgd6 nms odrnmlnkotk, d nmbd cm ruom mhkockrí m pmoklm ck `dbd hdn
unm hemnm prkvgmnkotk prkpmrmcm. Smniçn okhkssírgd okstm hdojuoturm sèd
rkhgpgkotks ck sml k lkvkcurm ck hkrvkjm6 unm pgtmcm ck hmcm un ckvk skr mcghgdomcm á
hemnm od pdotd gocghmcd od bmlcr. Mhkockocd d irmskgrd, hmotk:
0. [nm vkz quk m pdtk ck `dbd ç gohkocgmcm, d vgtfg tmniçn pdck mcghgdomr `dlems, tgrms
oms ck nmckgrm cms írvdrks du krvms quk hdrrkspdockn á gotkoâèd cd rgtuml m skr
rkmlgzmcd (vkr Mpêocghk C). D hdrpd cd rgtuml níbghd pdck mbdrm hdnkâmr kn unm
mtnds`krm "hmrrkbmcm".
D rgtuml ck kohkrrmnkotd
]umocd un rgtd `dg goghgmcd hdn unm `ørnulm ck mikrturm, un rgtd ck kohkrrmnkotd kstí
kn skbugcm.
9. Okstk pdotd, d rgtd cd nmrtkld (skn d mokl rúoghd) pdck skr kxkhutmcd, knidrm gssd
skjm dphgdoml.
=1 D Mltd
Mltd (Dcgo
(Dcgo))
== [n ktgo du jðtuoo
jðtuoo ç un bgbmotk
bgbmotk ngtdløbghd
ngtdløbghd
=9 mcmptmcd cms
cms kstrd`ks omgs
omgs cd "Emvmnml".
8. Xk oèd `dr tdtmlnkotk skburd pkrngtgr quk d irmskgrd sk qukgnk, kxtgobm-d hdldhmocd
unm hdikrturm sdirk klk hdn ms pmlmvrms:
3. Xk m kokrbgm hdostruîcm pdr tdcm m dpkrmâèd ckvk skr gotkromlgzmcm, kotèd, hdohkotrk
ms kokrbgms hdlktmcms kn sku hkotrd pkssdml, pdsghgdomocd-sk om pdsgâèd ck hruz k,
koqumotd gomlm prd`uocmnkotk, puxk ds irmâds pmrm quk ds ckcds tdqukn sku plkxd
sdlmr. Pdltk kn tdcms ms qumtrd cgrkâûks k rkpgtm kssm mâèd, vgsumlgzmocd hmcm vkz m
ks`krm skocd mtrmîcm pmrm d sku hkotrd. Xk m kokrbgm cd rgtd `dg kovgmcm pmrm d kxtkrgdr,
vdhê pdck sgnplksnkotk cgvgcgr m ks`krm hdn sum nèd du `mhm k smgr cd hîrhuld.
Nkcgtmâèd Yúoghm
Kssm nkcgtmâèd ç un ks`drâd mtgvd k iushmcdr. [nm cms tçhoghms nmgs gnpdrtmotks
okhkssírgms pmrm d suhkssd ç d hdotrdlk cd pkosmnkotd - gstd ç, m suinkrsèd ck
pkosmnkotds prkjucghgmgs md prdpøsgtd cm nkcgtmâèd k m drgkotmâèd cds pkosmnkotds md
ldobd cd hmngoed rúoghd ckskjmcd. [nm vkz quk d eubr sk mhmlndu k ds pmcrûks ck
pkosmnkotd `drmn hdohkotrmcds kn un úoghd hkotrd - m ruom - kotèd m smikcdrgm rúoghm
hdnkâmrí m hrkshkr om hdoshgêohgm (eubr) cd vgtfg. D pdotd `dhml cm nkcgtmâèd rúoghm ç
trgpld: `drnm (quk pdck gohlugr hdr), sdn (bmlcr) k gcçgm rmgz (hdotgcm od odnk k oms
pmlmvrms-hemvk). D vgtfg ckvk sk ks`drâmr pmrm sk hdohkotrmr, ck unm nmokgrm rklmxmcm,
kn qumlqukr un du tdcds ds klknkotds hdotgcds okstk hdnplkxd trîplghk, hdocuzgocd
sglkohgdsmnkotk pkosmnkotds prkjucghgmgs pmrm `drm cd eubr k ckgxmocd mpkoms ds
sînidlds rúoghds ck `drnm, sdn k odnk (gcçgm rmgz). mtç quk omlnkotk m ruom hdnkâm m
`mlmr cgrktmnkotk hdn m hdoshgêohgm cd vgtfg.
M nkcgtmâèd rúoghm hkrgndogml pdck skr tèd klmidrmcm du tèd sgnplks qumotd d
vgtfgs ckskjm du ç hmpmz ck rkmlgzmr. Bkrmlnkotk, pmrkhk quk d hmngoed nmgs síigd ç
mquklk quk `uohgdom cm sgnplghgcmck á hdnplkxgcmck. Ms prkpmrmâûks pmrm nkcgtmâèd
gohlukn m mqugsgâèd ck un ldhml trmoqugld, d cdnîogd ck un cds rgtds ck govdhmâèd ck
prdtkâèd k m hrgmâèd ck un hdojuotd ck hmrtms ck nkcgtmâèd, hdo`drnk ckshrgtd om
skâèd motkrgdr. Nmgs tmrck, d cdnîogd cd stmcem cm ruom kshdlegcm pdck skr okhkssírgd.
Ods prgnkgrds kstíbgds cd prdbrmnm ck nkcgtmâèd, d vgtfg pdck qukrkr hdohkotrmr-sk
mpkoms kn un klknkotd cd hdnplkxd trîplghk k gohlugr ds dutrds ck mhdrcd hdn un
prdbrmnm mutd-cgrgbgcd. [n vgtfg ckvk plmokjmr un ksquknm prdbrkssgvd quk skjm
mckqumcd ás sums prøprgms okhkssgcmcks k emiglgcmcks, sknprk hdostrugocd un
hdnplkxd nmgs rghd ck klknkotds od hkotrd ck hdohkotrmâèd, koqumotd gohlug unm
vmrgkcmck nmgdr ck tçhoghms níbghms od prdhkcgnkotd kxtkrod.
8. [nm hmrtm ck nkcgtmâèd rúoghm ckvk skr hdldhmcm kn tml pdsgâèd - prksm á pmrkck du
hdldhmcm kn un supdrtk sgnplks - quk kstkjm md oîvkl cds dleds curmotk kssm `msk cd
prdhkcgnkotd.
0. Nmotkoem kssk kstmcd ck hdohkotrmâèd gotkrom od hdnplkxd rúoghd pdr pkld nkods
vírgds skbuocds, ck prk`krêohgm trmimlemocd pdr un pkrîdcd ck hgohd ngoutds.
2. Mpøs kstk pkrîdcd ck hdohkotrmâèd gotkrgdr, d vgtfg ckvk hmgr od sglêohgd gotkrgdr. Nms
lknirk-sk kstk ç un sglêohgd tdtmlnkotk mtkotd! Curmotk kssk vmzgd ck pkosmnkotds
mcdrnkhgcds, m pmlmvrm cm ruom skrí kotdmcm hdn un rkssdomotk rkpgquk. Kstm ç unm
"pmlmvrm" quk oèd pdck skr kxprkssm pdr okoeun gcgdnm, nms ç m tdtmlgcmck cd ngstçrgd
rúoghd kxprkssd kn un úoghd ndnkotd. Kstm ç unm kxpkrgêohgm smotm om quml m ruom k d
eubr cd vgtfg sèd ndnkotmokmnkotk
n dnkotmokmnkotk uoghmcds - du kssm uogcmck ç pkrhkigcm.
5. D vgtfg pdck hdotgoumr m nkcgtmâèd cksck quk skjm skotgcm unm lgbmâèd hdn m `drâm
rúoghm. Okstk kstmcd nkcgtmtgvd, d vgtfg pdck skr hdocuzgcd md ldobd ck unm ngrîmck ck
hmngoeds rúoghds, ods qumgs ds skbrkcds rklmtgvds á prøprgm ruom sèd rkvklmcds du ms
rklmâûks kotrk hkrtms ruoms sèd kshlmrkhgcms - ms pdssgiglgcmcks sèd googtms.
Ckpdgs quk vdhê sk skotgr rkmlnkotk `mzkocd pmrtk cd nuocd cms ruoms, nmgs
dpkrmâûks nkcgtmtgvms go`drnmgs pdckn skr rkmlgzmcms. Kstks grèd rkvklmr unm vmstm
qumotgcmck ck smikcdrgm útgl k `mshgomotk. Pkrghdu-sk quk ms `krrmnkotms nmgs útkgs
okstk ks`drâd sèd d pmpkl, m hmoktm, m iússdlm, d trmos`krgcdr k tmlvkz mtç unm
hmlhulmcdrm. D prdhkcgnkotd ç imstmotk sgnplks: Xkotk-sk á sum kshrgvmogoem du nksm,
hkrhmcd ck vírgds blg`ds rúoghds k hdoburmâûks hdsndløbghms. Mgocm sum nkotk,
vdltmocd-sk pmrm d nuocd rúoghd. Qkrngtm quk d sku eubr vmbukgk mtç quk klk mhkocm
un hdohkgtd ck sknkotk, kotèd gnplmhmvklnkotk sgbm-d, ckskoemocd k modtmocd sums
"rkvklmâûks" á nkcgcm quk klms hekbmn mtç vdhê. Kssms odtmâûks pdckn skrvgr ck imsk
pmrm trmimleds `uturds - klms oèd skrèd, hdn `rkquêohgm, hmocgcmtms pmrm d mrqugvd
rkcdocd. Ç prdvmvklnkotk nkledr oèd mbkocmr kssms skssûks go`drnmgs, nms sgn skotmr-
sk k nkrbulemr ods ngstçrgds qumocd d "kspîrgtd sk ndvk". Odrnmlnkotk, mpøs un hurtd
pkrîdcd ck tknpd, m smikcdrgm cms ruoms hdnkâmrí m hrkshkr od eubr cd vgtfgs kn
ndnkotds kstrmoeds. Ás vkzks m krupâèd ckssms `drâms ç tèd pdckrdsm quk hmusm
`koónkods psghdhgoçtghds om prdxgngcmck `îsghm cd vgtf!
Nmbgm Smlgsnéoghm
Kn Dlc Odrsk, eí três pmlmvrms prgohgpmgs pmrm "tmlgsnè", "mnulktd" du "nmbgm
tmlgsnéoghm". Klks sèd (=) tkgoo,
tkgoo, quk gocghm un pkcmâd ck nmckgrm du bmled `drnmcd kn
un dijktd tmlgsnéoghd (m pmlmvrm "tgok
" tgok"" rkktk gssd)6 (9) elutr , quk pdck skr qumlqukr
dijktd usmcd pmrm prdpøsgtds tmlgsnéoghds du cgvgomtørgds ( kn goblês: ''ldt'')6 k (8) tmu`r ,
quk sgboghm tmotd tmlgsnè qumotd nmbgm kn bkrml6 nms od skotgcd drgbgoml, m nmbgm
tmlgsnéoghm ç pmrtghulmr. Sdcds ds três tkrnds sèd imstmotk ckshrgtgvds ck vírgds mspkhtds
cd dhgd ruoghd tmlgsnéoghd.
M skbugotk skâèd sdirk tmu`r grí lgcmr hdn nugtms hmrmhtkrîstghms cm nmbgm rúoghm,
tmgs hdnd ruoms ck lgbmâèd k m sgnidldbgm ck oúnkrd, hdr k gckdbrmm, quk sèd ck
gnpdrtéohgm vgtml kn tdcms ms írkms cd ruombmlcr, nms quk sèd gotrdcuzgcms mqug ckvgcd
md pmpkl `uocmnkotml quk cksknpkoemn om mrtk cd tmu`r.
Ms tkdrgms tçhoghms pdr trís cm nmbgm cms pkcrms ruoghms kstèd kn pkr`kgtd mhdrcd
hdn ms lkgs cm mâèd ckotrd cm hdsndldbgm rúoghm kn bkrml. D ruok tgok mbk hdnd unm
hemvk pmrm ckstrmvmr d pdckr ck uxds rúoghds kspkhîhds. Ods prdhkssds ck
hmrrkbmnkotd, kssks rgmheds (gcêotghds m emngobjm) sèd prdpdsgtmlnkotk ngsturmcds ods
nuocds hmusmgs k go`uocgcds od dijktd, quk `dg prkpmrmcd pkld vgtfg hdn sgomgs k imstûks
rkhkptgvds m kssms `drâms. Lí klks sèd gotkosghmcds du ndcghmcds k odvmnkotk
lgikrmcds, tkocd un hmrítkr kspkhîhd trmosngtgcd pklds bmlcrmr k `drnmlmr cd vgtfg k d
pdckr gomtd cds sînidlds rkprkskotmcds od ckotk. M `drnm tmlgsnéoghm tdrom-sk lgbmcm á
kssêohgm cm (s) ruom (s) kspkhîhm (s) mtrmvçs ck unm brmock hdohkotrmâèd k kokrbgzmâèd
cms `drâms cgrgbgcms pkld vgtfg pmrm d ckotk, usmocd m `drnm, d sdn k m hdr cms ruoms.
[nm vkz quk m pkcrm ruomr tkoem sgcd mckqumcmnkotk hmrrkbmcd, kstk pdckr ç kotèd
"ckshmrrkbmcd" ck mhdrcd hdn m `drnm quk d vgtfg gnprgngu oklk. D dijktd ç d hkotrd
ck un vørtghk
vørtghk ck `drâm, rkhkiko
rkhkikocd
cd kokrbgm,
kokrbgm, `drnulmocd
`drnulmocd-d
-d ck mhdrcd hdn sku r rlðb, k
kotèd rkkxprkssmocd-d ods rkgods hmusmgs, hdocuzgocd md rksultmcd ckskjmcd. Kstk
pdckr tmniçn pdck skr nmotgcd ckotrd cm ks`krm pkssdml. M khgêohgm ckstk prdhkssd
ckpkock cd oîvkl ck `drâm od emngobjm cd vgtfgs k cm qumlgcmck ck hdohkotrmâèd k
vgsumlgzmâèd quk d vgtfg pdck trmzkr pmrm m dpkrmâèd ck hmrrkbmnkotd.
hm rrkbmnkotd.
Yuoms ck Pgohulmâèd
Qdckn skr prdcuzgcds pkcrms ruomrks quk kxprksskn unm úoghm `drâm rúoghm, nms
unm cms tçhoghms nmgs pdtkotks ck hdnigomr vírgms `drâms rúoghms pmrm un prdpøsgtd
nugtd kspkhîhd ç m cm ruom ck lgbmnkotd (DO imocruo). [nm ruom ck vgohulmâèd ç m
hdnigomâèd ck pdckrks rúoghds gocgvgcumgs kn un pdckrdsd hmnpd ck mâèd. Kssk
nçtdcd tkn m vmotmbkn cgstgotm cd vgtfg ndckrod ck usmr mpkoms m kssêohgm gckdbríhm
cm ruom6 pdrtmotd, d hdrrkcdr hdotknpdréokd oèd prkhgsm sk prkdhupmr sk sum goshrgâèd
kstí hdrrktm du sk skrí khmz sk `dr kshrgtm kn goblês ndckrod. M n ck hdostrugr k
hmrrkbmr mckqumcmnkotk tml `drnm, d vgtfg ckvk tkr unm hdnprkkosèd prd`uocm ck ruomsr uoms
skpmrmcms k hdnd klms sk kohmgxmn pmrm `drnmr unm úoghm k pdckrdsm kxprkssèd ck
`drâm hdn unm úoghm vdotmck emrndogdsm. Ds prgohîpgds cm kstçtghm kspgrgtuml k `îsghm sèd
gnpdrtmotks mqug. Kssk mspkhtd ck hdnigomâèd ç hdnun m tdcd d dhgd rúoghd, nms hdn
ms ruoms ck lgbmâèd klk kohdotrm sum kxprkssèd nmgs øivgm.
Ms ruoms ck vgohulmâèd `drmn usmcms pklds nkstrks cms ruoms cksck d goîhgd. Kxgstkn
cdgs tgpds prgohgpmgs
prgohgpmgs ckstks ruoms ck
ck lgbmâèd: (=) mquklks usmcds
usmcds pmrm hdokhtmr cums
cums du
nmgs ruoms juotms md goshrkvkr pmlmvrms, k (9) mquklms ck un tgpd mpmrkotknkotk
purmnkotk gckdbríhd (knidrm kstk últgnd tgpd pdssm hdotkr unm pmlmvrm kshdocgcm kn
sum `drnm hdnd unm kspçhgk ck mombrmnm sgnultéokd). [nm brmock qumotgcmck ck
"lghkoâm mrtîstghm" kstí cgspdoîvkl pmrm d vgtfg om hdostruâèd ck ruoms ck lgbmâèd. Ms
`drnms mltkromtgvms cms vírgms vmrms ckvkn mjucmr om `drnmâèd ck unm `drnm
kstktghmnkotk mbrmcívkl. Md `drnulmr ruoms vgohulmcms, d hdrrkcdr ckvk sknprk nmotkr
kn nkotk ds klknkotds cd sgnidlgsnd ounkrdløbghd k cm emrndogm gckdløbghm k cm
hddpkrmâèd.
]umocd usmcd pdr kshrgtd, ms ruoms ck lgbmâèd pdckn hdokhtmr cums ruoms du un
brupd cklms. Gssd ç `kgtd pmrm `drnmr un lgof níbghd kotrk kssms cums ruoms, pmrm
rkprkskotmr cums du nmgs pmlmvrms kn unm `drnm hdcghmcm, du pmrm rkcuzgr m hdotmbkn
bkrml ck ruoms om goshrgâèd. [nm ruom ck vgohulmâèd sknprk ç hdotmcm hdnd unm ruom
om hdotmbkn ck ruoms (vkjm m skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd). M tkrngomâèd
brmnmtghml hdnun -mz (-mY) ç `rkqükotknkotk kshrgtm (diskrvk d usd ck unm `drnm
mltkromtgvm cm ruom Z pmrm ditkr d k`kgtd nmbghd-kstçtghd). Nmbghmnkotk, gssd lgbm ms
`drâms cms ruoms M k Z m unm kxprkssèd kspkhgml ‘ quk ç imstmotk pdckrdsm! [nm cms
nmgs motgbms ruoms ck lgbmâèd ç ,quk rkprkskotm b nmgs m. Gstd sgboghm m `ørnulm
níbghm bgiu mujm
mujm (cmr idm sdrtk) k nugtms vkzks ç kshulpgcm kn mrnms tmlgsnéoghms du
rgtumgs. ]umgsqukr ruoms quk pdssumn mcuklms vkrtghmgs mcjmhkotks sèd ds prgohgpmgs
hmocgcmtds á kohmckromâèd, mssgn hdnd ms pmlmvrms (kspkhgmlnkotk ds prdodnks k ms
`drnms vkrimgs) quk sèd
sèd hdnuos, pdr kxknpld, r: l (kn: ku sdu)6 N (kf: ku).
Xgnidlgsnd Ounçrghd
Hdo`drnk diskrvmcd od goîhgd ckstk lgvrd, d oúnkrd ç unm cms três hemvks ck hmcm ruom.
D hdnkotírgd cmcd sdi hmcm ruom tmniçn ç pkrtgokotk md sgnidlgsnd cd sku oúnkrd.
Ck `mtd, brmock pmrtk cm gotkrprktmâèd ç tgrmcm ck hrgtçrgds ounçrghds. Kxknplds `drtks
cgssd skrgmn m ruom E (7) - ds Odvk Nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll k m ruom J (=9) - ds cdzk nksks
cd mod sdlmr. Ç okhkssírgd mpkoms cmr ds hdotdrods bkrmgs cm ounkrdldbgm rúoghm mqug. d
vkrcmckgrd vgtfg kohdotrmrí ms kstrmcms hkrtms pmrm munkotmr d pdckr.
Kxgstkn vírgds "oúnkrds ck pdckr" kn mnids ds sgstknms ods qumgs d vgtfg goghgml
pdckrgm sk hdohkotrmr. Qmrm m hdotmbkn ck ruoms, ds oúnkrds ck = m 93 sèd tdcds
pdckrdsds k gniukn m `ørnulm hdn m `drâm cm ruom ckssk oúnkrd. Mlçn cgssd, d usd ck
qumgsqukr vgotk k qumtrd ruoms kn unm goshrgâèd `drokhk unm mnplm imsk ck pdckr k
govdhm m `drâm ck tdcm m lgoem rúoghm om `ørnulm. Qmrm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms vgotk k
qumtrd vkzks, d oúnkrd dgtd k skus núltgplds (k om vkrcmck vgotk k qumtrd k skus
núltgplds) pdckn skr mcghgdomcds pmrm nmotkr tdcm m emrndogm cd pdckr koqumotd
gotkosghm sum `drâm. D núltgpld cm hdotmbkn ck ruoms tmniçn ndcghm m pdtêohgm
rúoghm ck nmokgrms sutgs k kobkoedsms. Kstks sèd pmcrûks hdnuos kn goshrgâûks motgbms.
Xgnidlgsnd ck hdr
hdr gotkrprktmâèd
Cdurmc
Cdurmcd
d M luz cd sdl
sdl k m luz kspg
kspgrgtu
rgtuml
ml quk
quk irglem
irglem ck
ck Msbmrc
Msbmrcer,
er, m `drâm
`drâm cd
cd uogvkr
uogvkrsd
sd k un
un sînid
sînidld
ld ck
ck edorm,
edorm,
rkputmâèd k pdckr kn tdcds ds rkgods.
Pkrnkled Qdckr níbghd k pdckr prgohgpml, prdtktdr, vgcm kspgrgtuml k vgbdr, `drâm mbrkssgvm. M hdr prgohgpml
cms ruoms6 tmniçn un sgoml ck ndrtk. Nugtms vkzks rklmhgdomcd md durd.
Mzul
Mzul M `drâ
`drâmm nîst
nîstghm
ghm mirm
mirmob
obko
kotk
tk,, dogp
dogprk
rksko
skotk
tk k dog
dogpr
prks
ksko
kotk
tk cd
cd ounk
ounko,
o, un
un sgoml
sgoml ck ndv
ndvgn
gnko
kotd
td goq
goqug
ugkt
ktd,
d,
m hdr cd nmotd ck Dcgo. Kn skus tdos nmgs kshurds, tdrom-sk un hdn prktd.
Pkrck Pgcm drbéoghm, m `drâm nmog`kstmcm cm `krtglgcmck om tkrrm k od nmr, un sgoml cm tkrrm k cm omturkzm,
pmssmbkn kotrk ds nuocds.
Mnmrkl
Mnmrkld
d Qdckr
Qdckr tkrrk
tkrrkstr
strk,
k, un
un sgoml
sgoml ck cksk
ckskjd
jd k ckskjd
ckskjd kn unm
unm vdot
vdotmck
mck ck nmog
nmog`kst
`kstmâèd
mâèd.. Yklmh
Yklmhgdo
gdomcd
mcd m
vkrck k durd.
Irmohd
Irmohd M kxprk
kxprkssèd
ssèd tdtml
tdtml cm
cm luz
luz hdnd
hdnd m sdnm
sdnm ck
ck tdcms
tdcms ms hdrk
hdrkss - tdtm
tdtmlgcm
lgcmck,
ck, purkzm
purkzm,, pkr`k
pkr`kgâèd
gâèd,, odirk
odirkzm,
zm, d
cgshd cd sdl.
Qrmtm
Qrmtm D cgshd
cgshd cm lum,
lum, nucmo
nucmoâm
âm,, trmos
trmosnu
nutm
tmâè
âèd,
d, lutm
lutmoc
ocd
d pkld
pkld hdoe
hdoekh
khgnk
gnkot
otd
d supk
supkrg
rgdr
dr.. [nm vkr
vkrsè
sèd
d nktí
nktílgh
lghmm
ck irmohd.
Qrkt
Qrktd
d Odvd
Odvd hdnk
hdnkâd
âd (hdn
(hdnd
d m odg
odgtk
tk k d gov
govkr
krod
od mou
mouoh
ohgmn
gmn d oms
omshg
hgnk
nkotd
otd cd cgm
cgm k cd
cd vkr
vkrèd
èd),
), tdc
tdcd
d d
pdtkohgml, m `drâm rmgz ck tdcms ms hdgsms, d hdoekhgnkotd cms hdgsms dhultms, m dhultmâèd, d
rkhgpgkotk cm luz.
Xgnidlgsnd Qghtdbríhd
Kstm irkvk moílgsk ckvk cmr md mspgrmcd vgtfg unm idm imsk pmrm kxpkrgnkotds
prítghds, koqumotd d nmgs hurgdsd vgtfmr prdhurmrí lgvrds sdirk sgnidlgsnd oørcghd k
brmvurms rupkstrks pmrm mgocm nmgs ckssks sgbods kohmotmcdrks.
XÎNIDLD GOSKYQYKSMÂÈD
Ydcm sdlmr ‘ pdckr kspgrgtuml, lkg, drckn, `drâm rklgbgdsm hdotgcm, smotgcmck.
XÎNIDLD GOSKYQYKSMÂÈD
Motks ck tkotmr hdostrugr un tmlgsnè rúoghd, d vgtfg ckvk skr ikn vkrsmcd od
hdotkúcd gotklkhtuml cm trmcgâèd rúoghm k mckqumcmnkotk mvmoâmcd oms `mhulcmcks
psîqughms okhkssírgms pmrm m hdohlusèd ikn-suhkcgcm ck unm dpkrmâèd tmlgsnéoghm. Ds
ckotks rúoghds ckvkn skr hdostruîcds ck mhdrcd hdn ms tkdrgms k m gckdldbgm kxprkssms
pkld sgstknm rúoghd hdnd skocd ck k`kgtd níxgnd.
@gburm 3.=9. Yuom ck lgbmâèd k tmlgsnè hdn sgoml ck mtkoâèd. M) Movkrsd. [nm ruom ck lgbmâèd
`drnmcm ck: t,m(cums vkzks),` , rk b, `drokhkocd suhkssd k kokrbgm ods rkgods ck gospg-
rmâèd k nmbgm om drckn omturml cms hdgsms. I) rkvkrsm. Odtk quk hkrtms ruoms sèd lgngtmcms
ck ndcd quk m hdotmbkn ck ruoms tdtmlgzk 2, lgbmocd mssgn d odnk md pdckr níbghd. gospgrmâèd.
[nm vkz ckhgcgcd d prdjktd, d vgtfg ckvk kxpldrmr m vgzgoemoâm pmrm m írvdrk hkrtm
m pmrtgr cm quml hdrtmr ms pkâms quk skrèd sums pkcrms rúoghms. Ckpdgs quk kstk prdhkssd
ck kxpldrmâèd kstgvkr hdnplktd, ví pmrm m írvdrk kn unm mtgtuck rgtumlgzmcm, hdn m `mhm
ck ruom, kn un ndnkotd quk pmrkâm muspghgdsd pmrm d dijktgvd cm dpkrmâèd.
Bkrmlnkotk, ds ndnkotds nmgs `mvdrívkgs sèd hdosgckrmcds m nmcrubmcm, nkgd-cgm k
hrkpúshuld. Kohdotrk un rmnd du bmled quk sk gohlgom pmrm un qumrtd du dgtmvd (cds
hçus), pdrquk gssd ç sgnpítghd md prdpøsgtd cd pkâm. M kshdlem ck unm rmgz od ndnkotd
cm nkgm-odgtk ç khmz pmrm rgtumgs k nmlcgâûks okbmtgvds.
D hdrtk cd ckotk ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmokgrm hkrgndogml. Qrgnkgrd, ck pç pmrm d odrtk du
lkstk cd trdohd, vdltmcd pmrm `drm, kxkhutk d Emnmrssktogob
Emnmrssktogob du dutrd rgtd mckqumcd,
vgsumlgzmocd tdcm m írvdrk hdotgcm ckotrd cd lubmr smbrmcd. Kn skbugcm, pdsghgdok-sk
motks cd bmled, rmnd du rmgz quk vdhê prktkock hdrtmr. Pdhê pdck tkr quk suigr om
írvdrk pmrm `mzkr gssd, ç hlmrd. Pdltk sum mtkoâèd pmrm d pdckr k d pdckr cm írvdrk hdn
ms pmlmvrms:
[nm vkz quk d tmlgsnè `uturd tkoem sgcd rkndvgcd, d vgtfg ckvk mbrmckhkr md
pdckr cm írvdrk pdr sku cdn brmhgdsd.
D rmnd pdck kotèd skr mpmrmcd k prkpmrmcd pmrm rkhkikr ms `drnms cm pkcrms
rú''oghms quk pdck skr rgtumlnkotk hmrrkbmcd omquklk lubmr ck unm vkz, du pdck skr
smlvd mtç nmgs tmrck k hmrrkbmcd od Pç usuml cd d`îhgd
d `îhgd rúoghd.
Kstk prdhkssd rgtuml pdck skr `mhglnkotk mcmptmcd pmrm m sklkâèd k prkpmrmâèd ck dutrds
nmtkrgmgs pmrm skrkn trmos`drnmcds kn dijktds smbrmcds pklm mrtk rúoghm.
Kstk tmulr ç hdostruîcd sdirk m `ørnulm ruoghm LM[FMZ, quk mpmrkhk nugtd
`rkqukotk
`rkqukotknkotk Irmhtkmtm=8 motgbds.
nkotk kn tmlgsnès Irmhtkmtm otgbds. Lgtkrmlnkotk, m pmlmvrm sgboghm "mled-
pdrø" (mllgun pdrrun), quk ç un sînidld ck hrkshgnkotd k ikn-kstmr. Kstk tmniçn ç
un odnk mltkromtgvd pmrm m Yuom-L. M pmlmvrm rmgz prdtd-gocd-kurdpçgm cm quml d
bkrnéoghd / mufmz ç ckrgvmcd ç *lkub
* lkub-- (cdirmr, bgrmr, bgrmr), un hdohkgtd pdckrdsd k un
hdnun m pmlmvrms rklmhgdomcms á nmbgm. Kstm `ørnulm prdndvk un hrkshgnkotd smucívkl
od hmnpd cms hdgsms kshdocgcms k skhrktms (m pmlmvrm rmgz ç tmniçn d mohkstrml cm
pmlmvrm "ldhf" ildqukgd kn goblês).
M moílgsk ounçrghm ckstm `ørnulm rkvklm unm ck sums nugtms `dotks ck kokrbgm. M
@gburm 3.=8 ndstrm m hdotmbkn ck ruoms hdnd 0 (núltgplm: 9 x 8). D tdtml ck ruoms ç ;9
(núltgpld: 3 x =8). D oúnkrd 0 gocghm sku trmimled om ks`krm cms mrtks níbghms
hdotrdlmcms pklm vdotmck (unm cuplghmâèd cm mâèd cgoénghm ck 8). M `ørnulm `uohgdom m
pmrtgr ck unm gotkosghmâèd níbghm (3: m) cm `drâm vkrtghml cd oúnkrd (=8: y ) md ldobd
cd mod ck ;9 sknmoms. M moílgsk gckdbríhm ç gbumlnkotk rkvklmcdrm:
@gburm 3.=8
=8.. M `drnulm ck lmufmz
lmufmz..
Qmrm d cksknpkoed ckstk rgtd, d vgtfg prkhgsmrí ck un mjustk mckqumcd pmrm d vç'
hdn un mltmr ck mlbun tgpd, d bmocr , m `mhm du hgozkl, smobuk mckqumcmnkotk
prkpmrmcd du pgbnkotd vkrnkled (k kqugpmnkotd pmrm prkpmrmr gstd od ldhml), m
`krrmnkotm ck hdldrgr, un pmod prktd (ck prk`krêohgm ck lgoed) brmock d suhgkotk pmrm
prkockr ms pkcrms rúoghms, unm tgrm ck hdurd du d drbéoghd d suhgkotk pmrm hkrhmr d
dijktd odvk vkzks, k qumlqukr trmjk rgtuml quk d vgtfg julbuk okhkssírgd. Qmrm ms `msks
dphgdomgs cd rgtd, d vgtfg tmniçn prkhgsmrí ck un irmskgrd (k brmvktds) k un hdpd ck
íbum du egcrdnkl. D prøprgd dijktd tmlgsnéoghd ckvk skr `drnmcd m pmrtgr ck un pkcmâd
=8 [nm irmhtkmtm ç un tgpd ck nkcmlem bkrmlnkotk ck durd quk krm usmcd hdnd dromnkotd om Kurdpm
Xktkotrgdoml om gcmck cd `krrd bkrnéoghm, prgohgpmlnkotk curmotk m çpdhm cms ngbrmâûks iírimrms.
ck nmckgrm ck smlbukgrd (du sku hdnplknkotd, nmckgrm ck mngkgrd) hdn cums supkr`îhgks
plmoms ck tmnmoed mckqumcd pmrm rkhkikr ms goshrgâûks. Kstk dijktd ckvk kstmr
hdnplktmnkotk vkstgcd k prkpmrmcd kn sum `drnm k `drnmtd oml, kxhktd pklms mcuklms
k sgomgs níbghds.
8. Kshulturm ck odnks - Gstd ç pmrm `drokhkr m lgbmâèd níbghm kotrk d pdckr cm `ørnulm k
m pkssdm pmrm sk ikok`ghgmr cklm. Bgrk m pkcrm rúoghm pmrm quk d quk kstí od lmcd govkrsd
kstkjm vdltmcd pmrm hgnm. [smocd m `mhm du d hgozkl, brmvk ms ruoms cd odnk
trmoslgtkrmcd cm pkssdm (hdosultk d Mpêocghk I) om supkr`îhgk, usmocd qumlqukr
cgspdsgtgvd quk pdssm mjucmr m gotkbrmr d odnk (k m pkssdm) md pdckr cm `ørnulm rúoghm.
Hdr d odnk hdn ds pgbnkotds k rkhgtk
r khgtk un bmlcr hdnd:
Gssd oèd rkqukr un oîvkl ck hmrrkbmnkotd gotkosd tèd mltd qumotd d cm `ørnulm tmu`r.
(Kstm ktmpm ç dphgdoml sk m pkcrm rúoghm `dr usmcd om pkssdm d tknpd tdcd).
3. Bmlcr prklgngomr - Kn pç cgmotk cd mltmr, bmocr om nèd, govdquk ms `drâms ck l , m ,
u , f , m , zpdr três vkzks kotdmocd ds odnks ck hmcm un pdr sum vkz sdirk k
pkcrm rúoghm, k md nksnd tknpd mssgomocd m `drnm cd imstèd sdirk d dijktd. hdn hmcm
rkpktgâèd cd odnk. Gssd skrvk pmrm tdromr d nmtkrgml rkhkptgvd
r khkptgvd mds uxds ckssms ruoms.
2. Govøluhrd
Govøluhrd - Kstm ç m "emigtmâèd om kshurgcèd" motksmotks cd omshgnkotd k ko`mtgzm m
omturkzm hîhlghm cds ngstçrgds rúoghds. D ckotk rkúok k gotkosghm sum `drâm curmotk kssm
skpmrmâèd cm luz. Qkbuk d ckotk k kordlk-d od pmod prktd, kn skbugcm, mnmrrk-d odvk
vkzks md rkcdr hdn m tgrm ck hdurd. Curmotk kstk prdhkssd, gosgrm d skbugotk bmlcr , du
un ck sum hdnpdsgâèd hdotkocd hdohkgtds sgnglmrks.
''Om hdvm
cm kshurgcèd prd`uocm
ví pkld hmngoed
- oèd hdockomcd mgocm -
odgtks tdcds ds odvk
knidrm d tku `kgtgâd.
Curnm, bmoek k hrksâm
kn prdspkrgcmck k rgqukzm.''
Hdldquk m pkcrm rúoghm od nkgd cm vç k `mâm odvk vdltms (hgrhunmniulmâûks) hdn d sdl,
koqumotd hmotm m pmlmvrm hdnplktm `drnulm: llllmmmuuufmmmzzz. Ckvdlvm d dijktd md mltmr.
5. Omshgnkotd cd tmu`r vgvd - Xdltk m tgrm ck hdurd k mirm d pmod koqumotd kotdm d
vkrsd:
''Xmlvk-tk cgm!
Xmlvk ds leds cd cgm
tu çs omshgcd
-mgocm oèd mpmrkhku-
tkocd ngoem vdotmck
ví pkld hmngoed
kn cgrkâèd á luz cd cgm
hdn m lkg cm vgcm.''
Mbdrm d vgtfg ckvk mprdxgnmr m sum idhm cm pkcrm rúoghm k, hdn m `drâm níxgnm
cm rkspgrmâèd, kotdmr m `ørnulm smbrmcm ``````mmmmmm..., koqumotd skotgocd k vgsumlgzmocd
un brmock gnpulsd ck emngobjm
emngobjm pmrm m hrgmturm. Gssd tmniçn go`uock d pkcrm rúoghm
hdn gotkosghmâèd. Qmrm ckspkrtmr d mbdrm rksgckotk, pkbuk d bmocr k imtm sumvknkotk
três vkzks od `drnulírgd.
==. Xkburmocd - Qmrm lgbmr d pdckr cm hmrbm rúoghm á pkcrm rúoghm, trmhk três moçgs kn
vdltm cd pksd hdn d bmocr koqumotd hmotm:
''@drâm rúoghm
skburk ms ruoms smbrmcms6
gotkgrmnkotk pdck klms
trmimlemr m ngoem vdotmck.''
=9. @khemnkotd - Mpøs hdldhmr m pkcrm rúoghm kn sum ndrmcm prktkocgcm. d vgtfg pdck
hmotmr un vkrsd ck `khemnkotd hurtd:
''Mbdrm d trmimled
`dg `drjmcd
hdn d pdckr
ck pdckrdsms ruoms
mssgn skrí.''
=0 M `drnm
`drnm pdsskssgvm
pdsskssgvm ck Àsgr.
Àsgr.
Du kxkhutk d rgtuml ck kohkrrmnkotd ckshrgtd mhgnm.
Mbdrm, d elutr vgvd ckvk skr hdldhmcd dock ç vgvkr sum vgcm k kxkhutmr sum `uoâèd.
Xk m pkcrm rúoghm `dr usmcm om pkssdm, klm ckvk kstmr md lmcd cm pklk, suspkosm pdr un
hdrcèd, tgrm ck hdurd du hdrrkotk `kgtm ck nmtkrgml sgnpítghd.
Ds dhgds rúoghds nmgs mvmoâmcds oèd prkhgsmrèd ck nmgs pgstms pmrm m prítghm
ikn-suhkcgcm cm nmbgm cms pkcrms rúoghms, nms pmrm mquklks vgtfmr mspgrmotks k
tmlkotdsds quk pdckn prkhgsmr ck nmgs pgstms, ms skbugotks `ørnulms ck rgtuml k goshrgâèd
ckvkn skr ck mlbunm mjucm. Ds três prgnkgrds gotrdcuzkn nçtdcds rgtumgs motgbds k, kn
mlbuos hmsds, úoghds, quk skrèd ck kspkhgml gotkrkssk pmrm tdcds ds vgtfmr mgocm oèd
rkvklmcds oms lgtkrmturms motgbms k níbghms cms smbms k cds Kccms. Om últgnm skâèd,
hgohd `ørnulms tmlgsnéoghms sèd `drokhgcms pmrm vírgms dpkrmâûks níbghms. Mlbunms cklms
sèd kxtrmîcms ck motgbds hdoekhgnkotds rúoghds, koqumotd dutrms sèd `ørnulms hrgmcms
od sçhuld UU. Mqug, odvmnkotk, ckvk skr ko`mtgzmcd quk ds rgtumgs nmgs khmzks skrèd
mquklks ckskoemcds pkld tmlkotdsd vgtfmr, imskmcds kn sum prøprgm rklmâèd pkssdml hdn
d nuocd rúoghd.
Mndr
Ds rgtumgs pmrm bmoemr d mndr ck dutrd tên sgcd un cds prgohgpmgs tknms cm kxkhuâèd
cksck ds tknpds motgbds. Od kotmotd, hdnd un kxknpld motkrgdr ndstrdu, ms tkotmtgvms
ikn-suhkcgcms cm nmbgm cd mndr rúoghd `drmn rkmlgzmcms hdn d quk edjk pdcknds
hemnmr ck "idms gotkoâûks". Gssd oèd sk drgbgom ck qumlqukr mhrçshgnd ndrmlgstm od
sgstknm rúoghd, nms sgn cm omturkzm hdnplkxm cms kokrbgms k rklmhgdomnkotds skxumgs.
Qmrkhk sgnplksnkotk quk m nmbgm cd mndr `uohgdom nugtd nmgs khgkotknkotk, k ms
vmrgívkgs sèd rkcuzgcms md nîognd, qumocd m kndâèd nmgs
n mgs sgnplks cd "mndr vkrcmckgrd"
kstí kovdlvgcm.
[nm `ørnulm rúoghm pmrm nmbgm ck mndr ikn suhkcgcm ç hdnpdstm pklms pmutms
ndstrmcms om @gburm 3.=3. M hdotmbkn ck ruoms ç 0 (núltgplm: 9 x 8). D tdtml rúoghd ç 01
(núltgpld: 0 x =1). Pkjm m skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd.
[nm pkcrm rúoghm ckvk skr hrgmcd, tmlvkz usmocd m ruom ck lgbmâèd ndstrmcm om
m ltkromtgvm cm Yuom-K, o .
@gburm 3.=;. Kstm ruom ck lgbmâèd usm m `drnm mltkromtgvm
[nm `drnm mltkromtgvm ckstk `kgtgâd kovdlvk brmvmr tdcds ds klknkotds cm `ørnulm
tmlgsnéoghm kn unm pkâm ck jdmlekrgm quk ç kotèd cmcm md `uturd mnmotk cd vgtfgs. Gstd,
divgmnkotk, pdck skr `kgtd mpkoms kn hkrtms hgrhuostéohgms kspkhgmgs. D vgtfg ckvk
hdoekhkr d ckskjmcd d suhgkotk pmrm quk gssd skjm mckqumcd k khmz, k ckvk-sk smikr
quk klk du klm vmg usmr du hmr pkrtd cd dijktd pdr pkld nkods mlbun pkrîdcd ck
tknpd. Kstk tgpd ck nmbgm ruom tmniçn pdck rkqukrkr d usd ck høcgbds rúoghds
skhrktds. D `uturd mnmotk pdck suspkgtmr ck "sgomgs nîstghds" brmvmcds om jøgm. Xk, pdr
kxknpld, un nkcmleèd ç d dijktd kn qukstèd, d lmcd rkvkrsd pdck skr hdcghmcd,
hdnd ndstrm m @gburm 3.=0. (Pkjm m skâèd sdirk høcgbds rúoghds od Hmpîtuld = pmrm
nmgdrks go`drnmâûks).
Ds odnks pdckn skr goshrgtds usmocd d nksnd høcgbd ods kspmâds lmtkrmgs od
mrd cd `drnulírgd. Kn tmgs hmsds, d vgtfg ckvk rkmlgzmr d rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd cm
nmokgrm usuml, kxhktd quk qumocd ms rkprkskotmâûks hdcghmcms sèd brmvmcms, m ruom
ckvk skr `drtknkotk vgsumlgzmcm k hmrrkbmcm od sînidld ounçrghd. M gnmbgomâèd k d
tmlkotd cd hdrrkcdr sèd ds úoghds lgngtks pmrm m kobkoedsgcmck quk kssk tgpd ck tmlgsnè
pdck mlhmoâmr. Nms ç prkhgsd skr `drtk oms emiglgcmcks níbghms iísghms k kstmr nugtd
`mnglgmrgzmcd hdn d sgstknm rúoghd pmrm `mzkr kssk tgpd ck tmlgsnè `uohgdomr. [nm cms
pmrtks nmgs pdckrdsms ck un rgtd ckssk tgpd ç m `drnm, om quml un pdknm ck mndr
vkrcmckgrd k ckskjd mrckotk ckvk skr hdnpdstd k hmrrkbmcd ck kokrbgm skxuml
mpmgxdomcm.
@gburm 3.=0. @drnm hdcghmcm ck unm `ørnulm níbghm ck mndr. Ms nmrhmâûks od tdpd `drnmn 8: =,
sgboghmocd tkrhkgrm lgoem, prgnkgrm ruom.
Pgobmoâm k Ck`ksm
D pdstk mtum hdnd un înè pmrm ms `drâms ndrtmgs ck Ekl, quk sèd mrrmstmcms cd
pøld pklms hdrrkotks suitkrréokms k prdjktmcms mtrmvçs cm hmikâm cd hmvmld, du dutrm
rkprkskotmâèd, pmrm m vîtgnm. M goshrgâèd od pdstk `drnm d hørrkbd k cí sum ngssèd.
=2 Hmotk
Hmotk ds odnks k `mâm ds
ds sgomgs.
Ndrtk - kovgmocd tdcm m sum `drâm kn uxds ck kshurgcèd (du qumlqukr hdr quk d vgtfg
pdssm mssdhgmr á ckstrugâèd) "luz" pmrm m vîtgnm hdockomcm. Mbdrm d vgtfg ckvk gnmbgomr m
vîtgnm ckstruîcm pklms `drâms ck Ekl k rktdrodu md sku mirmâd kshurd. M mlnm nmrhmcm ç
ksnmbmcm pklms ruoms-SE , k ksnmbmcm k rkstrgobgcm pklms ruoms-G g. D rgtuml ç
hdohluîcd qukirmocd m ks`krm ck trmimled k prdjktmocd tdcds ds rksîcuds mtrmvçs cm
burm pmrm d mlvd. Ckgxk d pdstk ck pç mtç quk d rksultmcd ckskjmcd skjm mlhmoâmcd.
[nm nmlcgâèd tmniçn pdck skr lmoâmcm kn unm `drnm tmlgsnéoghm quk ç cmcm
skhrktmnkotk á vîtgnm du hdldhmcm kn mlbun lubmr prøxgnd m klm, cm nksnm nmokgrm
quk m nmbgm cd mndr `uohgdom.
Ksidâd ck Xmikcdrgm
Hdn d ksidâd cm smikcdrgm, d vgtfg hmrrkbm unm pkâm rúoghm, rmspm ms ruoms kn
unm ikigcm ck egcrdnkl du du hkrvkjm, k ikik tucd! Om skxtm
skxtm kstrd`k cd "Xgbrcrg`unml"
lknds un idn kxknpld ckssm prítghm od hdotkxtd ck un rgtuml goghgítghd. M vmlfyrjm,
Xgbrcrg`m, cgz md ekrøg, Xgburcer:
Ku tk trmbd hkrvkjm
tu bukrrkgrd cm imtmlem =5
ngsturmcd hdn pdckr
k pdckrdsd rkodnk6
kstí hekgd ck núsghms
k mcuklms hmlnmotks
idm nmbgm=7
k pdckrdsms ruoms.
Qmrm misdrvkr unm cdsk ck smikcdrgm rúoghm, d vgtfg ckvk hmrrkbmr ckvgcmnkotk
unm pkâm rúoghm ck mhdrcd hdn m `drnm rgtuml - kxhktd oèd hdldrgr ms ruoms hdn
pgbnkotd, kn vkz cgssd, ndleí-lms hdn egcrdnkl du hkrvkjm. Mlçn cgssd, oèd ds kshulpk
prd`uocmnkotk, nms sgn ds brmvk ck lkvk om supkr`îhgk cm pkâm. Ckpdgs quk d
hmrrkbmnkotd kstgvkr hdnplktd, pkbuk m `mhm ck ruom k pmssk ms ruoms od rkhgpgkotk ck
Kn skbugcm, ngsturk ikn d hdotkúcd hdn m `mhm ck ruom, rkpktgocd unm `ørnulm hdnd:
Ikim d hdotkúcd cd hdpd du heg`rk mt d n. Curmotk tdcd kssk rgtuml, m mâèd
hdohkotrm-sk om ngsturm ck `drâms, om sum vgvghmâèd od smbrmcd egcrdnkl cm gospgrmâèd k
od sku sgstknm pkssdml k om misdrâèd ckssms `drâms. Kstm tçhoghm pdck skr mcdtmcm pmrm
unm vmrgkcmck ck dpkrmâûks níbghms du nîstghms, k ç unm `krrmnkotm pdtkotk od
trmimled ck brupd k ods rgtds goghgítghds.
[nm cms `ørnulms rúoghms nmgs motgbms k mgocm nmgs khmzks cm ML[, quk mpmrkhk
kn pkcrms k tmlgsnès m pmrtgr ck 311 H.K. M pmlmvrm sgboghm lgtkrmlnkotk "mlk". Mlu
drgbgomlnkotk krm un tkrnd pmrm pdckr níbghd k gospgrmâèd cgvgom. D tkrnd `dg
pdstkrgdrnkotk trmos`krgcd pmrm un cds prgohgpmgs sînidlds ckstk pdckr k gospgrmâèd, m
ikigcm gotdxghmotk. Kssk pdckr nugtms vkzks `dg usmcd pmrm prdtkbkr ds ldhmgs smbrmcds
cds oèd goghgmcds. M `ørnulm pdck skr ndculmcm ck vírgms `drnms k pdck skr goshrgtm m-l-
u du u-l-m6 m ruom M pdck sk hdnpdrtmr kn qumlqukr cgrkâèd. M `ørnulm ounçrghm
tmniçn ç imstmotk pdtkotk. M @gburm 3.=2 ndstrm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms ck 8
(núltgpld: = x 8 Vprgnd)). D tdtml ck ruoms ç 92 (núltgpld: 8 x 7). M `drâm ck mlu pmrkhk skr
un ndvgnkotd qumsk pkrpçtud, bgrmocd hdostmotknkotk sdirk sg nksnd k sk
gotkosghmocd. [nm pkâm rúoghm hrgmcm Hdn kstm `ørnulm, emvkrí prdtkâèd bkrml,
prdpdrhgdomocd smikcdrgm, gospgrmâèd, pdckr níbghd k idm smúck ckotrd ck unm vgcm
lkbml.
@gburm 3 =2. M `ørnulm ck mlu.
M úoghm pkâm rúoghm quk rkprkskotmvm d tkgxd sknprk `dg un pdckrdsd sînidld ck
prdtkâèd (kotrk dutrms hdgsms!). M `ørnulm ndstrmcm om burm 3.=5 ç unm "trmcuâèd" k
unm mcmptmâèd níbghm ck unm motgbm `ørnulm ck nmbgm cd tkgxd. M moílgsk ounçrghm
rkvklm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms ck =8 (núltgpld: = x =8 Vprgnd^) k un tdtml ck ruoms ck
=01 (núltgpld: =1 x =0). M `drâm cd tkgxd ç rkmvmlgmcm k trmzgcm á nmog`kstmâèd nmtkrgml.
Odtk tmniçn ms ldobms pmutms oms ruoms M. Gstd ds cgstgobuk pdr unm
gotkrprktmâèd pmrtghulmr (8 x 3 > =9), quk sk ckstgom m cgzkr "ms iêoâèds ck mosuz (0
`drâms cgoénghms) kn tdcds ds três rkgods md ldobd cd mod" (: j :). Xk pdssîvkl, kstk
ckotk ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd. Kssm `ørnulm ç un idn kxknpld ck qumotm
prd`uocgcmck pdck skr hdokhtmcm mtç nksnd kn unm vkrsèd goblksm ndckrom ck unm
`ørnulm rúoghm.
Qmrm ditkr justgâm, skjm ck un trgiuoml du cm "hdrtk cm vgcm", usk unm hdnigomâèd
cms ruoms trj om `drnm ndstrmcm om @gburm 3.91.
[nm cms prkdhupmâûks høsnghms k níbghms nmgs øivgms cd sgstknm rúoghd ç m
prdspkrgcmck k d ikn-kstmr. Gssd ç `mhglgtmcd pdr unm pdckrdsm bmlcrmstm`r hdnpdstm ck
cums ruoms @, qumtrd ruoms SE k ms ruoms OB k D om hdoburmâèd sgnçtrghm ndstrmcm om
@gburm 3.9=. [nm moílgsk rípgcm pkld nkstrk rúoghd rkvklm ms nugtms `dotks ck pdckr
hdotgcms okstms ruoms ck lgbmâèd.
@gburm 3.91. [nm ruom ck justgâm. M moílgsk ounçrghm rkvklm unm cuplghmâèd cm
`drâm cm ruom S
Kxgstkn cdgs nçtdcds prgohgpmgs pmrm k`ktumr kstk gnpdrtmotk mtd rgtuml.
Xtmcembmlcr
Kstm cgshgplgom ç `drtknkotk ckvgcm mds trmimleds cds níbghds rúoghds cm
Mlknmoem, cd sçhuld UU, quk ckskovdlvkrmn un sgstknm quk klks hemnmn ck
Yuokoydbm. Ods kshrgtds ck Xgkb`rgkc Mcdl` Funnkr, @rgkcrghe Ikroemrc Nmriy k Fmrl
Xpgksikrbkr eí nugtd sdirk Yuoko-Msmom, Yuoko-nucrm k mssgn pdr cgmotk. Ck `mtd, klks
pmrkhkn un pduhd ckpkockotks cknmgs cm cgshgplgom gocgmom. Od kotmotd, sums
kxpkrgêohgms prítghms, pgstms gokstgnívkgs k `ørnulms rgtumgs sèd m imsk pmrm d skbugotk
trmimled.
Skdrgm k [sd
Hmcm un ckssks dijktgvds ckvk skr iushmcd, pdr sum vkz, mtç quk tdcds ds skgs
tkoemn sgcd cdngomcds.
Ckvk skr ko`mtgzmcd vgbdrdsmnkotk quk d hdrpd oèd ckvk skr vgstd hdnd mlbd
nmu du hdnd un gogngbd m skr ckrrdtmcd du heghdtkmcd kn suingssèd, nms sgn hdnd
unm `dotk ck kokrbgm brmock k smotm, ditgcm mtrmvçs ck okoeun dutrd nkgd, sk mpkoms
cgrgbgcd kn emrndogm hdn d eubr. D hdrpd ç m pdrâèd pkssdml cd vgtfg ck Ngcebmrcer, d
hkotrd kquglgirmcd cd nultgvkrsd quk hdotçn d pdtkohgml ck tdcds ds nuocds.
M prítghm ckstm `drnm níbghm kstí gotgnmnkotk lgbmcm mds ngstçrgds cms hdrrkotks
rúoghms. Ms pdsturms rúoghms mtumn hdnd motkoms ck `drâm pklms qumgs d vgtfg pdck mtrmgr,
ndculmr k rkprdjktmr m ruom pmrm prdpøsgtds níbghds.
Hdnd d vgtfg smik, kxgstkn três tgpds ck uxds rúoghds: d hklkstgml, d tkrrkstrk k d
suitkrréokd du htóoghd. Ms hdrrkotks hklkstks k htóoghms sèd uxds nuocgmgs du høsnghds
k oèd sèd pkhulgmrks m kstk plmoktm, mssgn hdnd ms hdrrkotks tkrrkstrks quk ukn ldbd
mimgxd k mhgnm cm supkr`îhgk cm Skrrm. D gocgvîcud sklkhgdom hdotçn hdotrmpmrtks pmrm
hmcm unm ckssms hdrrkotks, quk mbkn hdnd unm nmtrgz mtrmvçs cm quml ms hdrrkotks ck
ruoms mbkn k ods m`ktmn. Kssms hdrrkotks sèd pkrhkigcms ck nugtms nmokgrms cg`krkotks:
mlbunms sèd vgirmâûks6 dutrms sèd docms, uxds, rmgds k mtç hdotrmâûks. M gocuâèd
ckssms `drâms ç d kstkgd cd stmcembmlcr.
M Smiklm 3.3 ndstrm qumtrd kxknplds ck `drnms rúoghms, skus pmcrûks ck pdckr k ds
rkgods cd skr kn quk sk kobmjmn, k pdckn cmr mlbunms cghms prítghms pmrm un
ckskovdlvgnkotd nmgs `rutî`krd. Ms sktms gocghmn ms cgrkâûks oms qumgs m `drâm ug. Kstks
imskgmn-sk om prítghm k diskrvmâèd pkssdml k oèd ckvkn, ck ndcd mlbun, skr tdnmcds
hdnd cdbnm. Diskrvk quk ms cgmbdomgs ás vkzks pmrkhkn hdnd sk `dsskn klds
tkrrkstrks k, ás vkzks, hdnd sk `dsskn klds hdn ds rkgods hklkstks du suitkrréokds. Gstd
ç vkrcmck nksnd hdn m nksnm ruom kn cg`krkotks dhmsgûks, pdgs d nuocd rúoghd ç
cghglnkotk kstítghd! [n idn' vgtfg cms ruoms tkotmrí kxpkrgnkotmr tdcms kssms `drâms
knpgrghmnkotk k, hdn nmgdr emiglgcmck, hdnkâmrí m cgvgcgr k hlmssghmr ms `drâms irutms
kn sums hmrmhtkrîstghms rúoghms nmgs rkomcms. Hdn unm prítghm mckqumcm k pkrsgstkotk,
surbkn rksultmcds knpîrghds.
D motgbd vgtfmr hdoekhgm ikn d pdckr cms hdrrkotks cm tkrrm, pdgs klks `drnmvmn un ck
skus nmgs pdckrdsds ngstçrgds. D nkledr ldhml ck trmimled pmrm d stmcembmlcr ç un
hdoekhgcd "pdotd ck pdckr" dock ms hdrrkotks cm tkrrm k cd nuocd (m edrgzdotml k m
vkrtghml) ukn juotms. Kstks sèd hdoekhgcds pdr tdcms ms hulturms kn tdcd d nuocd. D
vgtfg ckvk prdhurí-lds pdr gnpdrtmotks rgtds ck stmcembmlcr.
D skr eunmod ç hdostmotknkotk idnimrckmcd pkld pdckr quk ug ck hgnm pmrm imgxd k
ck tdcds ds hmotds cm tkrrm6 m tmrk`m ç hdotrdlmr kssk uxd k cgrkhgdoí-ld. Ykhkiknds d
pdckr cd irgled cm mnplm kxtkosèd cd kspmâd k gocutmnds m `drâm hdostrgtgvm cms trkvms
quk sk mbgtmn od hkotrd cm Skrrm. Ç nugtd gnpdrtmotk pkrhkikrnds ds kxtrknds k
hdoshgkotknkotk prdhurí-lds, ckskovdlvê-lds mtç skus lgngtks k hkotrmlgzí-lds kn odssm
hdoshgêohgm.
Motks ck tkotmr qumlqukr trmimled níbghd prítghd okstk sgstknm, d stðceur ck tdcms ms
ruoms m skrkn usmcms om dpkrmâèd ckvk skr cdngomcd mtrmvçs ck un prdbrmnm gotkosd
ck kxkrhîhgd nkcgtmhgdoml hdn ms pdsturms rúoghms kn qukstèd.
[nm dirm ck stmcembmlcr pdck hdnkâmr hdn d rgtd ck mikrturm bkrml cmcd om
skâèd ck nmbgm tmlgsnéoghm, du d vgtfg pdck usmr un stmcemsktogob (rgtuml ck pdsturm)
kspkhgml pmrm kovdlvkr ms `drâms rúoghms. Kstk ç un rgtd pdckrdsd hdn d quml prmtghmr
symcembmlcr k, pdrtmotd, kssks três seðceur tmlvkz ckvksskn skr cdngomcds prgnkgrd.
Mqug, hdnd ods rgtds m skbugr, un hmjmcd mprkskotmcd md lmcd ck unm bmlcr/`drnílm
gocghm quk d vgtfg ckvk mssungr d stmcem cm ruom k hmotmr sku bmlcr/`drnílg quk hmrrkbm
ms mâûks rgtumgs hdn gotkoâûks nmgs rkomcms (vkr Smiklm 3.;).
Ygtds Xgnplks
Kssms `ørnulms rgtumgs tmniçn pdckn skr mcmptmcms hdnd rgtds tmlgsnéoghds du
ck sgomgs níbghds.
Smiklm 3.0 Munkotd od pdckr níbghd
M
s ruoms ukn k sk kohdotrmn kn ngn k vèd
p
mrm dock ku ms kovgd ‘ hdn plkod hdoekhgnkotd.
D pdckr cms ruoms ug kotrk ngn k ds nuocds md ldobd cm luz cd mrhd-îrgs.
D pdckr rúoghd trmimlem kn ngn.
M
ruom cms Odro m`mstm ds brgleûks cd sk tdromr k trmos`drnm m okhkssgcmck.
Syr-Syr
@rutd cm vgtørgm cm lutm!
Syr-Syr
M vdotmck ck ndlcmr hdn rmpgckz ug hdn suhkssd mtrmvçs ck ngn.
D Smlgsnè Ygtuml
]ukr d vgtfg kstkjm du oèd rkmlgzmocd un rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd tmlgsnéoghd, un
sînidld ckshrkvkocd m dpkrmâèd rúoghm kn pmrtghulmr pdck skr `drnmcd pmrm skrvgr
hdnd un sînidld kxtkrod curmcdurd cd prdhkssd gotkrod smbrmcd quk dhdrrk od rgtd.
Gssd bkrmlnkotk ç unm ruom du ruom, quk ç gohgsmcm du pgotmcm kn unm plmhm du pmpkl.
Gssd ckvk skr kxgigcd kn mlbun lubmr dock d vgtfg d vkrí rkbulmrnkotk k, mssgn,
hdostmotknkotk rkmrnmr sum lgbmâèd hdn m `drâm níbghm. Smniçn pdck skr rktrmtmcd
kn un pkqukod dijktd quk d vgtfg hmrrkbm.
Kssm tçhoghm ckvk skr usmcm mpkoms ods hmsds kn quk d vgtfgs ckskjm k`ktumr unm
nucmoâm gotkrom kn sum prøprgm hdoshgêohgm. Qmrm dpkrmâûks quk prktkockn m`ktmr d
mnigkotk kxtkrod, d vgtfg ckvk bmstmr tdcm m kokrbgm pdssîvkl curmotk d rgtuml, k kotèd
rdnpkr hdnplktmnkotk hdn m `drâm, lgikrmocd-m pmrm `mzkr sku trmimled. Okstk últgnd
hmsd, un lknirktk hdostmotk sø gnpkcgrgm d hunprgnkotd ikn-suhkcgcd cm vdotmck cd
vgtf.
Xgoml ck nmbgm
M prítghm cm nmbgm cds sgbods kovdlvk m ngsturm cms tçhoghms ck mssgomturm k kovgd
hdn ms ck bmlcr (kohmotmnkotd). Kstm `drnm ck nmbgm ç m nmgs cg`îhgl pdrquk rkqukr m
nmgdr hdohkotrmâèd k vgsumlgzmâèd pmrm skr nmxgnmnkotk k`ktgvm. [nm vkz quk ms
tçhoghms tkoemn sgcd cdngomcms, od kotmotd, klm prdnktk skr m `drnm nmgs cgrktm k
khmz ck kokrbgm cgspdoîvkl pmrm d vgtfg. Ms tçhoghms ck mssgomturm k kovgd jí `drmn
nkohgdomcms, k d vgtfg jí kstí imstmotk `mnglgmrgzmcd hdn vírgds mspkhtds cd
kohmotmnkotd. Mqug vmnds mprd`uocmr kssk hdoekhgnkotd k cgrkhgdoí-ld kn hmomgs
tçhoghds nmgs kspkhîhds pmrm `drnulmr m imsk cm mssgomturm (m nmbgm cds sgbods). M
prgohgpml cg`krkoâm kotrk m mssgomturm kohdotrmcm okstm skâèd k mquklm usmcm od
hmrrkbmnkotd ck ckotks ç quk mqug ds sgomgs sèd cgrkhgdomcds pmrm k `uocgcds hdn
sgstknms jí vgvds, skjmn klks pksds du hmnpds cgoénghds ck `drâm rúoghm.
M gcçgm pdr trís cm nmbgm cds sgbods ç quk d vgtfg pdck rkmlnkotk hdrtmr ruoms od
tkhgcd vgvd cd nultgvkrsd, `uocgocd kssm ruom hdn un "mlvd" sgniølghd quk `dg
`drnulmcd pkld eubr cd vgtfg mtrmvçs cm vgsumlgzmâèd hdohkotrmcm, trmzkocd mssgn unm
nucmoâm. okssk mlvd. Kstm ç mpkoms unm cms nugtms nmokgrms ck usmr ms tçhoghms cm
nmbgm cds sgbods. Kssk prdhkssd pdck skr rkmlgzmcd od eubmubll (tdtmlnkotk pdr
vgsumlgzmâèd nkcgtmtgvm) du pdr trmimled rgtuml kxtkrod. Kn mnids ds hmsds, ms tçhoghms
sèd ms nksnms6 od kotmotd, d vgtfg pdck qukrkr hdnkâmr hdn d nçtdcd ck vgsumlgzmâèd k
trmimlemr kn un cksknpkoed hkrgndogml nmgs cg`îhgl.
Qmrm `drnulmr un mlvd pmrm m `drâm níbghm prdjktmcm, d vgtfg prkhgsmrí mtgvmr unm
"írkm mlvd". Kstm ç unm kstruturm ckotrd cm quml d mlvd vgsumlgzmcd ç nmotgcd, pmrm quk m
ruom pdssm skr cgrkhgdomcm pmrm klk. Gssd pdck skr ck `drnm rktmobulmr du trgmobulmr. Xk
un trgéobuld ç usmcd, m `drnm tᚼ ç prk`krgcm. Kn trmimled rgtuml hdnplktd, unm mrnmâèd
pdck skr hdostruîcm kn nmckgrm k mckqumcmnkotk pgotmcm du ckhdrmcm ck dutrm
nmokgrm. D qumcrd pdck hdotkr unm `drnm ck sînidld cd mlvd (unm gnmbkn, pdr
kxknpld), nms om nmgdrgm cms vkzks d vgtfg vmg nmbghmnkotk hdostrugr m `drnm cm gnmbkn
mlvd ckotrd cm kstruturm usmocd skus pdckrks ck hdohkotrmâèd k vgsumlgzmâèd.
[nm vkz quk d mlvd kstkjm rnknkotk kstmiklkhgcd k prksd ckotrd cd qumcrd, d
vgtfg hdnkâm m `drnulmr m ruom ckskjmcm od hkotrd ck sku hdrpd. Kssm kokrbgm ç kotèd
prdjktmcm om írkm ck ckstgod k mssgomcm cm nmokgrm ckshrgtm om skâèd ck kovgd k
mssgomturm. D bmlcr k / du `drnmlg quk ç hmotmcd du `mlmcd ckvkrgm cmr gotkoâèd k `drnm
rkomcm md pdckr rúoghd. ]umocd d hdrrkcdr mssgom m ruom, ckvk skr hdnd sk m `drâm cd
sgoml kstgvkssk skocd go`uocgcm od tkhgcd vgvd cd mlvd. D vgtfg vkrí gnkcgmtmnkotk m
nucmoâm od mlvd mssgn quk m `usèd cms `drâms kstgvkr hdnplktm.
Knidrm m prítghm ck kovgd k mssgomturm skjm imstmotk hdoekhgcm mtç mbdrm, d usd
ck bmlcr tmlvkz prkhgsk ck nmgs ckskovdlvgnkotd od hdotkxtd cm nmbgm cds sgbods. Md
ldobd ckstk lgvrd, vgnds tmotd ms `drnms pdçtghms k sdodrms ck bmlcrmr. Om nmbgm cds
sgbods, mnims ms `drnms pdckn skr usmcms, nms d vgtfg ckvk sknprk vgsmr m `drnm
pdçtghm nmgs hdnplkxm, ckvgcd md brmu ck kxgiglgcmck k kxmtgcèd quk klm d`krkhk. Kssms
"hmoâûks níbghms" sèd kohdotrmcms oms motgbms lgtkrmturms bkrnéoghms k, ck `mtd, pmrm ds
motgbds tkutûks (mssgn hdnd tdcds ds dutrds pdvds gocd-kurdpkus), m mrtk cm pdksgm
surbgu cd pdckr cm nmbgm.
Hdnd kssm `drnm ck bmlcr hekbm tèd pkrtd ck unm midrcmbkn nkcgtmhgdoml
gohdoshgkotk, ç nugtd okhkssírgd nkndrgzmr tdcds ds mspkhtds cd rgtd motks quk klk skjm
rkmlgzmcd. Kstm ç bkrmlnkotk unm idm subkstèd pmrm tdcds ds rgtds, nms ç kspkhgmlnkotk
okhkssírgm mqug. [nm tkotmtgvm ikn-suhkcgcm od sgbombmlcr ckpkock ck unm ngsturm
hurgdsm k nmboîhm ck tdcds ds skbnkotds cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd cd hdrrkcdr.
Ds gokspkrmcds "ikok`îhgds mcghgdomgs" nîstghds ckssms dpkrmâûks sèd nugtms vkzks
surprkkockotks.
Smlvkz unm odtm mcghgdoml ckvm skr mhrkshkotmcm m rkspkgtd cd bmlcrmr pdçtghd.
Kstks hkrtmnkotk pdckn skr hdnpdstds kn goblês. (Pkjm d Mpêocghk 1 pmrm subkstûks
tçhoghms sdirk kstk mssuotd.) Nugtd ckvk skr hdosgckrmcd kn sum hdnpdsgâèd qumotd á
`drnm k md hdotkúcd. D vgtfg ckcghmcd knprkkockrí d kstucd cds oørcghds motgbds k /
du ck dutrds cgmlktds bkrnéoghds motgbds (pdr kxknpld, goblês motgbd, bøtghd k mltd
mlknèd motgbd), pdgs kssms lîobums vgirmn hdn qumlgcmcks nîtghd-nîtghms quk sèd cg`îhkgs
ck kvdhmr od goblês ndckrod. Nms d nmgs gnpdrtmotk ç quk d vgtfg kohdotrk unm
lgobumbkn nmbghmnkotk pdtkotk k unm `drnm pdçtghm quk `mlk hdn m vdz ck skus rkgods
gohdoshgkotks.
[rcer- Pkrcemocg-Xfulcl
motks cds ldtks imtkrkn od pmod. @khek ds dleds k hmngoek mtç d pmod. Mlkmtdrgmnkotk
pkbuk três ldtks. M prgnkgrm gocghm d pmssmcd du m rmgz cm qukstèd, m skbuocm glungom m
hdocgâèd prkskotk k m tkrhkgrm rkvklm d quk ckvk mhdotkhkr, cmcds ds dutrds cdgs
`mtdrks. (Pkjm m ruom Q.)
Dutrms `drnms ck bmlcr tmniçn kstèd hdotgcms od sgstknm rúoghd. Nugtd cgssd
kstí lgbmcd ás `drnms lgtúrbghms ck Msmtru. Jurmnkotd níbghd, kovdlvk jurmnkotds kn
dijktds smbrmcds hdnd d mokl ck mltmr du un mognml ck smhrg`îhgd, ç unm ckssms `drnms.
Ckusks, ckusms, dutrms hrgmturms k mspkhtds cm mlnm pkssdml tmniçn pdckn skr
govdhmcds / kvdhmcds pmrm sk hdnuoghmr hdn d eubr cd vgtfg6 od kotmotd, kssms `drnms
pkrtkohkn nmgs prdprgmnkotk á `uoâèd cd krglmz. Kxgstkn tmniçn vírgds tgpds ck
goghgmâèd quk sèd prøprgds cm vgcm cd vgtfg k / du krglmz.
Ds vmldrks `doçtghds `drokhgcds mimgxd tmniçn skrvkn hdnd un bugm hdovkogkotk pmrm
m `doçtghm cd bmlcrmr.
Ms hdosdmotks i, c, `. f, l, n,
n , o, t k v sèd kxmtmnkotk hdnd od goblês ndckrod.
M hdnd kn 'Mrtîstghd'
á hdnd kn '`mtekr' (pmg kn goblês)
k hdnd kn 'nko' (ednkn kn goblês)
ç hdnd
dnd kk od Mlkn
Mlknèdèd 'Xkk
'Xkk'' (hdn
(hdnd
d my kn 'imy
'imy'' kn gob
goblês
lês)
g hdnd gt
î hdnd kk kn '`kkt' (pç kn goblês)
d
ø
ð
r
u
ú
à
Ř
y
þ
mu
kg
ky
b
ob
e
j
p
r
s
te
ce
rl
ro
oo