Causes and Consequences of Suburbanization Presentation

Causes and consequences of Sub-urbanization, Counter-
urbanization and Re-urbanization in MDC’s
Causes and consequences of sub-urbanization in MDC’s;
Suburbanization is the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. Sudden and
extreme relocation out of urban areas into the suburbs is one of the many causes of urban
sprawl.
Suburbanization is caused by many factors, i.e., push and pull factors. Push factors are
those that push people out of urban areas into suburban areas. Pull factors are those that
attract people. The main push factors in encouraging suburbanization are; weariness of city
life, the perception that urban areas are overpopulated, over-polluted, and attract crime. An
example of sub-urbanization in an MDC, is in the United States. In the mid-twentieth
century, the “white flight” movement significantly contributed to the rise of the suburbs.
White flight refers to the large-scale migration of whites from racially mixed urban regions to
more racially homogenous suburban areas. Many of the families that fled the city believed
that the racially diverse urban areas are lower-class and crime-ridden
Pull factors for suburbanization at the turn of the century included more open spaces,
the perception of being closer to nature, lower suburban house prices and property taxes in
comparison to cities. Certain infrastructure changes encouraged families to leave urban areas
for suburban ones, primarily the development of the Interstate Highway System and
insurance policies favouring suburban areas.
The mass movement of families from urban to suburban areas has had a serious
economic impact with changes in infrastructure, industry, real estate development costs and
fiscal policies. This caused the mass residential migration out of urban centres; many
industries have followed suit. Companies look to build in industrial parks in less populated
areas to match the desires of employees to work in more spacious areas closer to their
suburban homes. Residential wealth and corporations continue to leave urban zones in favour
of suburban areas, the risk of urban decline increases.
Development in the London suburbs before and after the 2012 Olympics
Development in the suburbs in Whales

Causes and consequences of counter-urbanization in MDC’s;
Counter-urbanization has the opposite effect of urbanization and
suburbanization. It is when large numbers of people move from urban areas into rural areas.
Causes of counter-urbanization in MDC’s;
Economic problems in city areas. For example, the collapse of inner-city industries
resulted in large scale unemployment and a cycle of decline and deprivation in Britain in the
1950’s. Another cause is heavy industries. Heavy industries such as ship building led to
dereliction of inner-city communities along the river side in Newcastle. Poor quality of life,
housing and low environmental quality can also force people away from the inner city.
Pull factors also cause counter-urbanization. People want a better quality of life and
they want to be able to live in a clean and quiet area. An area without air and noise pollution,
crime and the lack of opportunities found in some parts of cities are also causes. People also
wish of having larger homes with more land for cheaper prices compared to that of large
towns and cities. Also, government polices attribute to re-urbanisation. The Government of
the UK promoted this movement through its green belt and New Towns policy (New Towns
Act of 1946). The green belt policy restricted growth within the city boundaries, and forced
developers to look just outside of the city boundaries for other villages to develop.
Consequences of counter-urbanization in MDC’s;
 Cities can become smaller in size.
 Country villages become increasingly suburbanised, meaning they grow quickly and
lose their ties to nature.
 House prices can be pushed up locally as migrants sell expensive city properties and
earn higher city wages.

 Supermarkets and other businesses can have a massive impact on local services.
 Public transport goes into decline because the new residents are car owners.
 Traffic congestion increases as a large percentage of the migrants will be commuting
to work.
 Counter-urbanisation affects the layout of rural settlements, modern housing is built
on the outside of the area and industrial estates are built on large main roads leading
into the settlements.
 Inner city areas are left with derelict buildings, struggling shops and a cycle of
decline.
 Middle class immigrants cause social structure changes that may lead to improvement
in services – e.g., gas mains, cable TV and local facilities.
 Housing quality improved.
 Light industry may develop.
Buildings left by owners that became overgrown and derelict

Causes and consequences of re-urbanization in MDC;
Re-urbanisation refers to the movement of people back into an area that has been
previously abandoned. An example of re-urbanization is in England. The rise of the motorcar
and the cheapness of land at the edge of the city led to a rise in out-of-town shopping centres
from the 1960's to 1980's. At the same time, a lack of investment in the CBD led to a decline
in city shopping, crowding, poor air quality, a crime ridden image and poor parking
availability.
Therefore, Initiatives were put into place in order to try and protect and revitalise the CBDs
of many cities;
 Pedestrianisation, restricting motor vehicle access along shopping streets and allow
shoppers to feel safe and have good air quality.
 Shopping centres were covered to prevent people being exposed to adverse weather.
 Money was spent on development.
 Grants were made available to retailers to take on derelict buildings.
 Investment was made in Gentrifying.
 Introduction of major government policies.
 Major city centre and inner-city planning initiatives to re-urbanise British City
centres.
 Enterprise Zones, areas of high unemployment were designated as Enterprise zones in
1981, which offered lower taxes to businesses and companies and eased planning
restrictions.
 UDC’s – Urban Development Corporations were established to completely redevelop
areas that had suffered from Britain’s rapid deindustrialisation in the 1960’s and
1970’s.
An example of a government policy was the Local Government Planning and Land Act
1980. UDC’s had to;
 create an attractive environment.
 ensure the regeneration of an area achieved by bringing land and buildings into
effective use.
 encourage the development of existing and new industry and commerce.
 ensure housing and social facilities are available to encourage people to live and work
in the area.
Consequences of re-urbanisation include the development of infrastructure in once
abandoned cities, an increase in population and the development of new CBD’s. Rapid
and uncontrolled re-urbanisation can lead to crime, overcrowding and pollution.
Re-urbanisation in Bilbao, Spain, a once abandoned city.

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What are some of the causes and consequences of suburbanization?

What are some of the causes and consequences of suburbanization?

What are some of the causes and consequences of counter-urbanization?

What are some of the causes and consequences of counter-urbanization?

Causes and consequences of Sub-urbanization, Counter-

urbanization and Re-urbanization in MDC’s

Causes and consequences of sub-urbanization in MDC’s;

example of sub-urbanization in an MDC, is in the United States. In the mid-twentieth

insurance policies favouring suburban areas.

of suburban areas, the risk of urban decline increases.

Development in the suburbs in Whales

Counter-urbanization has the opposite effect of urbanization and

Causes of counter-urbanization in MDC’s;

Consequences of counter-urbanization in MDC’s;

 Cities can become smaller in size.

lose their ties to nature.

earn higher city wages.

 Traffic congestion increases as a large percentage of the migrants will be commuting

 Counter-urbanisation affects the layout of rural settlements, modern housing is built

into the settlements.

in services – e.g., gas mains, cable TV and local facilities.

 Housing quality improved.

 Light industry may develop.

Buildings left by owners that became overgrown and derelict

previously abandoned. An example of re-urbanization is in England. The rise of the motorcar

shoppers to feel safe and have good air quality.

 Money was spent on development.

 Grants were made available to retailers to take on derelict buildings.

 Investment was made in Gentrifying.

 Introduction of major government policies.

 Enterprise Zones, areas of high unemployment were designated as Enterprise zones in

 UDC’s – Urban Development Corporations were established to completely redevelop

1980. UDC’s had to;

 create an attractive environment.

 encourage the development of existing and new industry and commerce.

Consequences of re-urbanisation include the development of infrastructure in once

and uncontrolled re-urbanisation can lead to crime, overcrowding and pollution.

Re-urbanisation in Bilbao, Spain, a once abandoned city.

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