1

R: reason, cause
E: effect, result, consequence
H: hazard Under populated:
M: management Australia
S: solution, plan
O: opportunities, potential Area – just over 7.6 million km2
population - 24 million; only 3 people per sq km
similar land area to USA, but over 10x fewer people –
Topic 1.1 Population Dynamics majority around SW & E coast
main industries- mining, agriculture, steel
Over populated: export surplus food, energy and mineral resources
Bangladesh 13th largest economy; 5th highest per capita income
2 on HDI
158 million - population
Pop. Growth: 1.1%
1.6% - population growth rate
1020 people per sq km – population density 6% unemployed only
City of Dhaka: 15000 per sq km 99% are literate
40% unemployed  R: vast arid areas in central and NW Australia:
142 on HDI (human development index) extreme temperatures (over 40°C),
5.7 death rate infertile soil
5.07% infant mortality rate
periodic droughts
R: lack of knowledge about contraception
R: uneducated - 48% access to water difficult and expensive
R: majority of pop. work in primary sector especially E: 90% of land uninhabited
subsistence farming which large families are useful for E: net migration of 5.74
R: lack of proper health system and vaccinations O: resources not fully exploited Australia can support a
R:high death rate much higher population
R:high infant mortality rate O: high educational standards -> universities in large
E: increasing pop.
cities can attract graduates from around the world
E: over-cultivation -> loss of soil fertility; farmers poor,
cannot replace nutrients in the soil -> insufficient O: space! although majority of land is desert there are
supply of food -> malnutrition, a constant issue in rural vast areas of suitable land for living
areas S: Govn. encouraged immigration by relaxing visa
E: migration from rural to city -> pressure on resources regulations and targeting skilled workers from Asia
like housing, healthcare, education etc. S: Govn. offered financial incentives to foreign
E: more competition for jobs -> high unemployment -> companies to set-up in Australia ->more jobs for
elevated crime rate & drug trafficking
Aussies and immigrants
E: inadequate water supply; unhealthy living conditions
E: Increased levels of pollution in air, water, noise, soil S: 2011 Govn. funded a parental leave scheme for 18
S: improve general education weeks for parents earning less than $150,000/year
S: provide family planning education
S: encourage use of contraception - make condoms
widely available
S: give incentives for having fewer children
S: develop health care
S: develop industry
S: develop infrastructure in rural areas that will improve
access to schools and health care
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High natural population growth: Population policies:

Uganda Anti-Natalist - China’s One Child Policy

35 million pop. Introduced in 1979 by Chinese leader to limit

105 dependency ratio population growth
• Marriageable age for men = 22, for women = 20
48.7% (in 2014) under 15 – young dependents
• Couples had to apply to get married and again for
77% under 30 having a child
3.1% growth rate  • If they conformed they received:
high fertility rate: 5.96 Free education
High birth rate: 44/1000 Priority housing
18 years pop. doubling time Family benefits
58.65 years life expectancy • If they didn’t conform, punished by receiving:
No benefits
R: low use of contraception
Heavy fines
R: uneducated • Women pregnant for 2nd time forced to get abortions
R: gender inequality – women have low status • Persistent offenders were sterilized
R: Children considered social and economic asset E: Birth rate fell from 31 to 19 in 20 years
R: High infant mortality rate encourages more births in E: Fertility rate has fallen to 1.7 births per woman.
hope that some will survive E: Reduced severity of problems with overpopulation
R: High death rate increases % of young dependents
Pro-Natalist - Italy
E: increasing younger pop.
Italy has long had a problem with declining birth rates
E: increased number of dependents Low fertility rates of 1.33 children per family
E: burden on resources and tax payers R: Young professionals’ preference luxury goods
E: possible future unemployment delays marriage and babies
O: large labour force in the future R: Women don’t want to interrupt career to have
S: improve general education children
S: provide family planning education R: High fees charged by nurseries
S: encourage use of contraception - make condoms R: Shortage of affordable housing for
widely available young people
S: empowering of women S: Italian government offers a one-time payment of
1000 euros to couples who have a 2nd child
S: develop industry
S: develop health care HIV/AIDS:
S: develop infrastructure to improve access to schools Botswana
and health care
Land-locked country, north of South Africa
Low pop. Growth/pop. decline: In 2005, 24.1% of total population living with HIV/Aids
Japan HIV/AIDS is transferred through bodily fluids, mainly
during sexual intercourse or child birth
127.3 million pop., expected to be 41.1 million in 2060 LEDCs are particularly vulnerable to HIV:
Average age is 45, oldest population in the world R: low use of contraception
26% over 65, only 13.5% under 15 R: low levels of education
R: gender inequality – women have low status
Declining birth rate since 1975
R: limited access to medical facilities
Fertility rate only 1.25 R: poverty
1.45% migrants E: increased death rate
R: increased life expectancy: 79 men, 86 women E: decreased birth rate – fear of falling pregnant
R:healthy diet E: decreased labour force -> food shortages, low
R: high quality living economic growth
R: affluent/wealthy country Policy:
• initially only screening of blood to eliminate the risk of
R: good healthcare and welfare systems
HIV transmission through blood transfusion.
R: Working late hours – career-driven • soon followed by supplying information, education
R: less couples marrying, people getting married older and communication programs
R: women have children later: age 29.2 in 2006 • for last 20 years HIV Prevention program include:
E: increasing old population free condom distribution,
E: pressure on healthcare, pension and elderly support public education and awareness,
E: reduced economy education of youth (using mass media)
improvement of safety for blood transfusion,
S: Encourage pregnancy – offer incentives
HIV testing and anti-retroviral drugs availability
S: Raise retirement age  in government clinics
S: encourage immigration provision of treatment for 19,000 people.
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TOPIC 1.2 Migration

International migration: TOPIC 1.4 Population density and distribution

Mexico to USA
Brazil
12.5% ppl living in America are foreign-born population: 200 million
of these, 11.6 million are Mex-born, 10% of Mex. area: 8.5 million km²
population avg. population density: 24 people/km²
83% in 10 US states, mainly California, Texas, densely pop. all along the coast (over 150 people/km²)
Georgia, N Colorado sparsely pop. inland in Amazon basin in NW (fewer
legal immigrants have formal work, pay taxes, allowed than 5 people/km²)
to enter for short periods
illegal immigrants have no legal rights and are Densely populated coast:
detained if discovered São Paulo, SE Brazil - 10 million 
R-push: poor medical facilities Rio de Janeiro - 6 million
poor education (55% adult literacy rate) R: largely urban region
low life expectancy (72 yr, lower in rural) R: regular levels of rainfall, moderate temperatures ->
40% unemployment comfortable to live, good water supply
low minimum wage R: economic core of Brazil (golden triangle=Belo
crime: 42000 violent drug deaths past 10 years Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo)
R-pull: excellent medical facilities R: deep fertile soil=large scale agriculture (Sao Paulo),
well paid jobs with higher minimum wage R: nearby minerals provide 1/3 of Brazil's GDP
good education (99% adult literacy rate) R: Natural harbours along coast for ports ease trade
higher life expectancy (76 yr) R: Portuguese settled along coast in 1800's
many jobs available for low paid labourers E: slums/favelas -> poor quality of life (Rio&São Paulo)
E: pos. Mexicans benefit to US businesses E: high unemployment in cities
Low-skill jobs filled S: govn. -> resettlement programmes to balance pop.
Cultural enrichment distribution -> financial incentives for families to
E: neg. Illegal migration – mill. of $ for border patrols. relocate to underpopulated areas (Carajas, Amazon)
Drain on US econ - migrants keep wages low.
Cultural and racial issues – segregation
Unemployed Americans annoyed with Sparsely populated: Amazonia, Brazil
employed Mexicans. R: remoteness - far from coast
E: pos. Migrants send $6 billion/year back to Mex in R: inaccessibility of dense tropical rainforest restricts
remittances. development
Less pressure on over-populated cities like R: poor infrastructure and services (communications,
Mexico City -> less pressure on resources roads, health care, education, electricity)
E: neg. Shortage of economically active people (rural) R: over-farming of rubber caused infertile soils
Men emigrate – women don’t find marriage R: lack of known natural resources
partners R: lack of govn. investment
Younger people migrate – old and very young R: tropical diseases (malaria), humid conditions
remain -> increase dependency ratio E: Govn. determined the area can be used for living
*See separate file in My Drive and so relieve overpopulated areas -> initiated
resettlement programmes (high density to low density
areas) -> negative effect on environment: indigenous
TOPIC 1.3 Population Structure deforestation

High dependency population:

Japan (old) or Uganda (young)
 4

TOPIC 1.5 Settlements and service provision

Description of an area: Environmental successes:

Weald of Kent -200,000 trees planted
-760 hectares of derelict land reclaimed
High order settlement: Londen -150 hectares of open space created
Linear settlement pattern, along the Thames -17 conservation areas made
Londen City: pop. of 8.5 million
Londen metropolitan area: 13million+ Social successes:
Less than 60 min travel from central Londen, in Kent: -22,000 new homes built
Several lower order settlements, eg. -10,000 council houses refurbished
Sevenoaks - commuter settlement, nucleated -shopping centres
Ightam - dispersed village -sports centres
Kemsing - small rural village -new colleges
Factors that lead to these settlements: -$160 mil spent on education, health care and job
Aspect: face favourable direction retraining
Wet point site: reliable source of water
Spring line: settlements along water Economic successes:
E: improved distribution of population -Docklands Light Railways built
Retail and Leisure services in Kent: -over 135km roads built
out-of-town development, Bluewater Shopping Centre, -London City airport opened
largest in UK -underground line extended
Opened in 1999 -no. of businesses doubled
35 km from central Londen -no. of jobs tripled
Good supply of transport links -major businesses moved in (HSBC, Citigroup)
30 million visitors/year -O2 arena built
• Built on a brownfield site in a disused chalk quarry -Stratford was developed for Olympics 2012
just outside the M25 (ring road around Londen)
• 14 hectares of retail space and almost 1.5 hectares Drawbacks:
for indoor leisure use. -skills/qualifications mismatch for local residents
• What's there? -the poor lose out->new housing very expensive
320 shops -tension between rich and poor
Parking for 13,000 cars -some families lose homes->compulsory purchase
Cafes and restaurants
50 acres of lakes and parkland, playgrounds and Change in CBD?
cycle ways Westminster and London historically the center of
12 screen cinema administration, banking and commerce
Open till 9pm daily Investment and growth in Docklands -> possibly the
E: Increased congestion and accidents with light new center of business
pollution in immediate vicinity
M: Developers improved public road network Urban sprawl
E: eased congestion in central Londen Londen City: pop. of 8.8 million; area 1570km2
E: new jobs created – 5000 between 2011 and 2015, pop. grew at 2x the rate of
E: trees planted – 1 million the whole UK (5.7%) –> results in urban sprawl
Range of goods: how far people will travel for product (expanding into rural areas – rural-urban fringe)
Sphere of influence: how far people will travel for relocation of businesses to suburbs for cheaper land
settlement and better accessibility

Social Problems:
TOPIC 1.6 Urban Settlements -Increased congestion -> increased pollution ->
health problems
Urban area – London: -Increased travel time
Capital of United Kingdom, along the River Thames -More cars –> increased frequency of accidents
-More traffic jams -> increased frequency of road rage.
Changing land use - East Londen Docklands -development on greenfield sites -> conflicts with user
Formerly one of the world's most important docks groups (e.g. dog walkers & farmers), and high demand
-containerization->cargo ships too big to navigate the on amenities (e.g. Epping forest)
Thames Environmental Problems:
-many factories closed & moved overseas (offshoring) -loss of habitats, reduce biodiversity
-Docklands->declined->unemployment->whole area -Increased amount of air and noise pollution
became deprived -> a twilight zone on edge of CBD -Air pollution can -> acid rain and greenhouse effect
with derelict land, high crime -Increased development -> destroy greenfield sites
London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) -Concrete and removal of trees -> a heating effect –
set up in 1981->regenerate docklands of East London 10oC higher than in the countryside
 5

Economic Problems:
-loss of farmland to development
-Increased government expenditure on infrastructure
-Workers arrive late to work
Solutions:
-Congestion charge: Drivers are now charged to drive
into the center of London.
TOPIC 2.1 Earthquakes & Volcanoes
-Bike hire scheme: Borrow bikes for a short period at
minimal cost & bike lanes created
Earthquake: Japan 2011
-Trams (buses that run on train tracks) reintroduced
-Removing cars from certain roads and making them
walking-only areas. -8.9 earthquake on Richter Scale
-Park-and-ride facilities on outskirts -2:46pm(local time) Friday 11th March 2011
-Extended rail & underground decrease travel times -72km East of Tohoku (East coast of JPN)
-The amount of buses has been increased and -depth 24km below surface
hydrogen-powered cell buses were introduced -Oceanic Pacific plate subducted under Eurasian plate
-Encourage carpooling and building dedicated lanes
(a slip of 50m)
-Increased car tax and petrol duty

TOPIC 1.7 Urbanization Short term effects:

-10m tsunami reached Jpn's east coast within an hour
Rapidly growing urban area and migration to it: -15,891 confirmed deaths (most by drowning)
Mumbai + its Dharavi Slums (squatter settlement) -wave travelled 10km inland and flooded 561km²
(roads, rail systems hit -> rescue difficult & dangerous)
Mumbai is a mega city on the west coast of India.
-closure of all JPN's sea ports (huge impact on imports
Capital of India and biggest city with 18 million people.
Of these, about half (more than 8 mill) people migrated and exports)
there from surrounding countryside. -4.4 mill houses w/o electricity
R: port was known as “The gateway to India”. Area -total failure of mobile and communication networks
around it became industrialized; import/export hub. -76,000 buildings damaged or destroyed
Variety of services grew around the port -> city grew -200,000 people stranded at rail stations (main lines
rapidly during British rule, and even more so after they closed)
left in 1947.
-oil refinery caught fire E. of Tokyo; burned for 10 days
• Banking, finance and insurance associated with the
ports -> Mumbai became financial center -> economy -tsunami -> cooling system failure at Fukushima (a
grew -> Mumbai developed into a world city nuclear power plant) -> nuclear meltdown -> release of
R: varied work available – skilled and unskilled radioactive materials
R: people hope for improved quality of life in the city
E: little land available -> high land value -> Long term effects:
unaffordable, so people live in illegal shanty towns.
-Radioactive chemicals leaked from Fukushima was
E: Asia’s second largest slum is Dharavi, Mumbai -
home to 800,000 people. Characterized by cheap, detected as far as along Californian coast
poorly built structures of low quality materials and with -over 5,000 aftershocks hit JPN a year later (largest
no foundations, high pop. density, high birth rate, 7.9 magnitude)
disease, poverty, unemployment   -neg. psychological effects for ppl (especially children)
E: no waste disposal systems in slums -rebuilding cost around $122 billion
E: water pollution; river Mithi flows through slums
E: traffic congestion because of limited roads/space
Responses:
E: air pollution caused by factories, cars
E: insufficient health & transport services, schools and -Well prepared for earthquake, but not for tsunami
housing -warning of tsunami was issued 3min after quake
E: health problems -prime minister urged citizens to remain calm
S: project: Vision Mumbai -10km exclusion zone around Fukushima reactor (incr.
S: $2 billion made available to 24km) was set up
S: demolish slums and sell land to developers -116 countries, 28 intl. organizations helped
S: build affordable good quality housing
-Specialist search and rescue teams from Aus, NZ,
S: improve sanitation 
S: diesel cars banned SKO and USA
S: new Mumbai Metro (rapid transit system) developed - Modern comms such as Twitter brought updates on
S: generating $39 million a year the situation far earlier than the media.
-Earthquake engineers examined damage ->
developed ways to build more earthquake and tsunami
resistant buildings
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Volcano: Eyja-fjalla-jokull Iceland (Geothermal Power)

Location: south coast of Iceland • 5 GT power stations; 24% energy needs
Caldera width: 2.5 km • Heats buildings, pools and their water supply
When: 14th April 2010 • Large tourism industry has developed
Type: Fissure eruption • Hot springs - world famous, eg. Blue Lagoon
How did it happen? Mt. St. Helens (Natural Beauty)
Constructive plate boundary between North American • Beautiful area, mountains & lake
plate in west, Eurasian plate in east • Home to people who like outdoor/nature
Mid Atlantic Ridge runs through Iceland, north to south • Tourist destination
Molten magma found weak point near summit; 150m • Volcano monitored for safety
under thick ice of a glacier Colombia & San Salvador (Space)
Primary effects: • Fertile soil on slopes, coffee farming
floods from melted glacier • Shortage of space downtown
livestock killed • Cooler, safer & less congested
ash plume rose 11km into the air
ash clouds blocked out sun -> crops damaged Living in earthquake-prone areas:
Secondary effects: Japan – buildings now built with earthquake-proof
High velocity jet stream distributed ash over Europe methods
ash coats windshield, erodes navigation equipment, China – poverty prevents people moving to the east
clogs jet engines when fine-grained ash turn into glass California – people buy earthquake insurance to
6 flightless days – airspace over Europe closed protect against losses
95,000 flights cancelled Existing buildings can be modified to be more resistant
From 25000 flights per day down to 500 to seismic activity
thousands of passengers stranded
$200 million per day lost for airlines TOPIC 2.2: Rivers - opportunities, hazards,
$2 billion lost overall management
£100 million tourist income lost in London
Oil price fell as less fuel was needed by planes Brahmaputra Delta, Bangladesh, South Asia:
Sporting events delayed Formed by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in
Import of fresh food halted Bangladesh.
Wide global effects: Flat low lying land over 80% of Bangladesh.
Kenya was unable to transport 400,000 tonnes of Most populous river delta in the world.
perishable flowers costing their economy millions O: fertile soils -> rice cultivation well-developed
Response: O: provides jobs - 30% of pop. work in agriculture
20 farming families evacuated near volcano prior to O: distributaries contain shrimp -> fishing prominent
eruption H: heavy rainfall during monsoon season (80% falls
In total, 700 people evacuated June-Sept)
No human lives lost H: increased ice-water runoff from Himalaya slopes
Face masks worn to prevent inhalation of ash due to global warming and deforestation
Insurance companies helped businesses and people H: urbanization – building on floodplains
handle the financial costs H: Flooding is a major threat
Management: Flooding in 1998: both rivers peaked at same time
Iceland well-prepared – Worsened by poorly maintained embankments and silt
high tech monitoring equipment used, that had been deposited near the mouth, blocking the
signs detected early, main channel
they have good warning systems, E: affected 70% of the country’s land and 66% of pop.
emergency services well prepared. E: 2 mill. Tonnes rice destroyed
Education centres set up E: 1300 deaths
Changed plane flying laws during an eruption E: 25 mill homeless
Construction of flood defences E: $1.5 bill damages
M: building of 7 large dams
Living near Volcanoes: M: building of 5000 flood shelters
Mt. Arenal, Costa Rica (Tourism) M: building of 350km of levees
• Hundreds of jobs created M: developing a flood warning system
• 100 hotels M: reduction of rates of deforestation
• Among 10 most active volcanoes in world M: Control water with sluice gates and water pumps
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TOPIC 2.3: Area of a coastline – opportunities, Summary:

hazards, management Rapid erosion along Holderness coastline creates
many management issues
Holderness Coast, UK HARD engineering techniques needed to combat
erosion where it is economically viable
Where: coastline of north-east England Incr. sea levels -> expensive coastal protection, may
north of Spurn Point not be sustainable in future
North: chalk
Rest of coastline: soft boulder clay TOPIC 2.5 – Climate & Vegetation
Geographical landforms:
wave cut platforms, arches, stacks, sea caves. Tropical Rainforest: Amazon – northern South America
One of England’s LONGEST spits, Spurn Head, is a
Hot Desert: Sahara - North Africa; Kalahari – South-
sand and shingle ridge that extends from the headland
west Africa
south of Easington. Formed along the Holderness
coast due to prevailing winds from the north which TOPIC 3.1: Transnational Corporation & its Global
result in wave refraction. Then longshore drift links
transports the coastal sediments and deposit in the
sheltered mouth of the Humber estuary. NIKE
-employs 25,000 directly
Opportunities offered by coastline: -employs 1 million indirectly
Scenic location, popular with hikers -in 2012 NIKE made $1.4 billion
Salt marsh behind Spurn Head provides nesting for -in 2012 NIKE spent $8.5 million on ads
thousands of migratory birds
Many settlements (e.g. Bridlington) provide tourist Location
accommodation -HQ: Beaverton, Oregon, West Coast of the US
Land used for agriculture -shops mainly in: South and West Europe, Asia and
Large gas terminal at Easington supplies 25% of UK's North America
natural gas from North Sea -few shops in South America and Africa
-sales highest in Canada, US and Europe
Threats to coastline (hazards): -China fastest growing market
Presence of soft boulder clay -> coastline v easily -765 factories in 93 countries in 2013, most in SE Asia
eroded -> 1-2 metres of coastline lost each year --no NIKE footwear or clothing made in USA
Fastest eroding land in Europe
29 settlements lost due to erosion since Roman times Why manufacturing is in LEDCs?
Land loss means homes, businesses destroyed -minimum wage for worker is lower, thus greater profit
Battered by strong storms from North Sea by reducing manufacturing costs
Low-lying area around Spurn Point experiences -land is cheaper to buy or rent
coastal flooding -factories can be sub-contracted
Slumping, that is when rain water enters soft rock, -less likelihood of industrial action, e.g. workers on
weight causes rock to slump in a rotational slip type strike
fashion -fewer environmental restrictions, so costs can be cut

Management and protection of coastline: Positive Impacts NIKE has on LEDCs (benefits)
Groynes: of rip-rap (loose stone) or timber, built -provides jobs that develops country's economy
perpendicular to beach to interrupt longshore drift -healthcare benefits for workers
Sea walls – of concrete or stone, to separate land and -managers/skilled personnel trains locals=upskilling of
water areas and prevent coastal erosion and flooding workforce
due to wave action -incr. countries exports=raises GDP
Gabions – wire cage filled with stone for erosion -improve infrastructure (building roads, electricity
control supply)
Revetments – of steel or rock, sloping structures -May attract other companies to set up in area
placed on dunes or at foot of cliffs to absorb the energy
of incoming water Negative Impacts NIKE has on LEDCs (drawbacks)
at Easington, need of strong protection (revetments) -noise, water air pollution=result of production
due to gas terminal -low wages to workers=exploiting locals
-little incentive to provide good working conditions
 8

-can pull out of country anytime=can have devastating Processes:

effect on economy -Ploughing
-take work away from local sportswear manufacturers -Planting
-workers have few rights can be fired w/o notice -Weeding
-sweat shops can develop=crowded, confined -Harvesting
factories, with long work hours for low pay -Threshing
Received bad publicity everywhere because of this Outputs:
Came up with sustainable initiative in 2008 to improve -Rice
-Rice seeds
TOPIC 3.2: Food Production -Buffalo manure for fertilising
Problems:
Livestock farming in New Zealand – commercial, -Weather conditions such as flooding or drought may
pastoral, extensive: threaten rice yields
sheep and dairy farming. -Monopoly of land: best farmland owned by few
Sheep farming inputs: wealthy people, other land owners struggle to farm on
Sheep less fertile soil and plots of land too small for large
mild climate and rich pasture, particularly on the yields.
mountainous slopes of South Island. - lack technology and/or training to improve soil
Processes: -poverty - they do not have funds to buy more land
Feeding -Little use of machinery and modern methods
Drenching -Food shortages: Overpopulation results in over-
Shearing (wool) cultivation on flood plains, leading to soil exhaustion
Milking and lower yields
Slaughtering
Sheep farming outputs: Region suffering from food shortage – South
Meat Sudan:
Wool In North-east Africa, 15o north of equator
Milk 4 million / 40% short of food in South Sudan
Sheep manure for fertilizing Causes:
Dairy farming inputs: -Physical - Drought: Long-term decline in rainfall over
Cow breeds last 50 yrs. Poor soil due to years of misuse.
Mild climate with high rates of precipitation -Social - High population growth -> increased demand
Alluvial and volcanic soils on the flat planes of NZ. for food. Ill health due to waterborne diseases.
Special facilities like milking machines Reliance on food imports from neighbors: Uganda,
Labour Kenya and Sudan
Dairy farming processes: -Political - Civil war (50 years!)
Grazing disrupts planting and harvesting
Milking insecurity along transport routes hampers
Drenching delivery of food and other supplies
Calving -Lack of government and political will
Slaughtering Effects:
Dairy farming outputs: - poor farming practices like overgrazing and over-
Milk cultivation. This causes land degradation & soil erosion
Calves -malnutrition -> stinted development of children
Meat -70,000 hunger-related deaths during civil war
-aid workers stopped WFP assistance - too dangerous
Rice cultivation in Ganges Valley, India – -low availability of food -> increased food prices
Subsistence, arable, intensive: Solutions:
Inputs: -globally: curb climatic change by investing in clean
-Rice seeds energy
-Alluvial (silt) soils -government policies & sustainable projects, such as
-Flat flooded land •UN food programme delivers food
-Large labour force •Red Cross Emergency Relief air drops food
-Temperatures: >21°C •FAO project - improves watermelon growth
-Monsoon rainfall (>2000mm) & dry spells for harvests along the river Nile
-Water buffaloes for ploughing •hold camps to teach women fish preservation
 9

TOPIC 3.3: An Industrial Zone Or Factory TOPIC 3.4: Area where Tourism is important

International Industrial Business Zone, Bangalore: Zanzibar:

-In SE of India, known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India
- industry type: high technology manufacturing Tropical island in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of
Range of products: Tanzania, east coast of Africa
•heavy industries from earlier - Toyota & Volvo Attractions:
•aerospace industries - Boeing and Airbus • Climate – temperature always 28-38 oC
•500 IT companies e.g Hewlett-Packard, Oracle, -easy access via air or sea from mainland Tanzania
Siemens • surrounded by coral reefs – snorkelling and SCUBA
•Huawei - creating software • Unspoilt white sandy beaches
-consultancy services e.g from Tata -all-inclusive vacation packages
Factors that influence distribution & location: • Swimming with dolphins, spotting whales
Transport: • Jozani Forest Reserve home to endangered Red
•close to the airport 51km Colobus monkey
•1km from the Goods Loading Terminal train station -deep sea fishing
•Outer Ring Road surrounding city centre 8.7km away - Mnarani Marine Turtle Conservation Pond – swim
•heliport is close by with and feed turtles
Land: -Old Stone Town is a World Heritage Site
• on the rural-urban fringe -unique cuisine, rich culture
•optimum climate for scientific exploration Benefits:
•very flat land - mountains West and North -many beach hotels are built with local and natural
•dust-free environment materials to blend with the environment, e.g. in Nungwi
•land allows room for expansion • Job opportunities created – 15,000 directly employed,
Labour: 50,000 indirectly engaged in tourism
•50 dedicated IT universities, e.g Bangalore University, • creates a more diverse economy
and 21 engineering colleges -fastest growing economic sector
•high number of skilled ICT staff available -largest source of foreign revenue
•cheaper labour -community and cultural tourism activities (e.g. Safari
Properties/Methods of Organization: Blue and Spice Tours) bring visitors in touch with local
-large scale production communities and create opportunities to sell farm
•highly innovative produce, crafts, etc.
-capital intensive, e.g. Hewlett-Packard’s high tech Disadvantages:
manufacturing • heavy use of resources by tourists
•received large-scale foreign investment in high -Raw sewage flow into Indian ocean
technology • Littering all over island – no waste disposal system
• labour intensive service sector - provides scientific • Lack of drinking water
research and development • Loss of fishing stocks
-many TNCs, also startups • Loss of beach access – hotels developed on beach
-quick expansion was enabled from foreign front properties
outsourcing companies due to cheap labour • Many jobs for locals are menial and low paid, while
Advantages of the growth of Bangalore’s industry: expat managers have high-paid jobs
•increasing employment rate in technological centres • Cost of food has risen locally
•more jobs are being created, improving wealth • Economy becoming too dependent on tourism
New skyline, e.g 120m UB Tower, attract westerners - inappropriate behaviour of tourists with regard to
•increased demand in apartments culture & religion of locals
•rental value increase Management for sustainability:
Disadvantages of the growth of Bangalore’s industry: •entry fees to reserves and conservation areas for the
•increased urbanization - 60% population increase in preservation of local wildlife
the last decade •marine parks conserve coral reefs
•rental value increase -> slum expansion •landscaping in Stone Town tries to be more attractive
• discrimination against the ‘Dalits’ (untouchables) -conservation of culture by annual festivals like Sauti
• traffic congestion due to its poorly laid out roads za Busara Music Festival
•large garbage problem - 3000 tonnes solid waste/yr -preservation of architectural style in Stone Town
•sanitation & clean water under pressure - 43% live in • Improve infrastructure: roads, ferry port, airport, etc
poverty
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TOPIC 3.5: Energy Supply In A Country Or Area -no network to transmit power from North Sea
windfarms constructed yet
Germany:
•largest consumer of electricity in Europe
•main sources (>80%): coal, nuclear and gas TOPIC 3.6: Water Supply In A Country Or Area
-all renewable energy sources produce <20%
Location of largest power stations: Lesotho/South Africa:
•next to rivers, coasts and coalfields Lesotho is a land-locked country completely bordered
•this saves transport costs - coal transported on rivers by South Africa.
•rivers supply cooling water Country with highest average elevation in the world.
•near coasts, keep air pollution away from settlements LEDC with pop. of 2 million.
•large areas of flat land for construction Receives high rainfall - a water surplus country.
-e.g. River Ems, River Elbe and River Neckar • Most of Lesotho consists of highlands which receive
Coal (45%) e.g. Schwarze Pumpe Power Station high rainfall, so valleys are ideal for building dams and
Advantages – reservoirs
-Germany has large reserves of brown coal in the east The Lesotho Highlands Water Project is the largest
-import black coal cheaply civil engineering project and water transfer scheme in
-coke can also be used for making steel Africa
Disadvantages – -it is an ongoing project
•air pollution – green house gases • After taking for own use, Lesotho will sell water to
•transport can be costly, but Germany -> use rivers South Africa where demand is greater than supply
-deep mining dangerous, but Germany has open-cast • When completed, it will divert 40% of Senqu
-open-cast -> visual polution (Orange) River’s water through 5 large-scale dams and
Nuclear (23%) e.g. Isar 2 Nuclear Power Plant a series of tunnels to deliver water to the Vaal River
Advantages – System in South Africa.
•very little uranium needed to make lots of electricity Advantages -
•no greenhouse gases means no acid rain • long term income for Lesotho
•no global warming Climate friendly! - infrastructure was developed where there was none
•highly regulated -improved communication for villages in mountains
Disadvantages – • Generates HEP from Katse dam – 100% of demand
decommissioning costs are very high • Lakes attract tourism
•security always a concern – terrorist target -job creation
•capital costs were very high -royalties paid to Lesotho government have reached
•radioactive waste is hard to dispose of much of the population
•large disasters could happen Disadvantages –
-comes to an end in 2020 Only 9% of Lesotho is arable. Where the dams are
built was farmland which a few hundred households
Germany is currently investing in renewable sources relied upon for subsistence agriculture. They were
•obtains from solar, wind and hydro power compensated and relocated. Finding suitable and
•plans to add 5000mW of solar capacity available land was difficult.
•largest wind-power producer in EU (9% of total energy Managagement –
produced in Germany) -water is rerouted to supply Maseru (capital of L) in
- wind turbines in the Black Forest and off-shore in times of shortage.
Baltic Sea and North Sea - water is discharged from the dams to preserve
•Black Forest elevation is suitable for wind turbines ecological balances down-stream
Advantages –
-nuclear disasters avoided
-security problems decreased
-no pollution, climate friendly
•300,000 jobs created in renewable energy
Disadvantages –
-less energy produced than from non-renewables
- expensive technology and high capital input
-consistent power production not reliable
-considered visual pollution by some Germans (hence
off-shore windfarms)