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    William Gilbert and Magnetism

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    Phương Linh
    William Gilbert was an English physician in the 16th century who made important discoveries about electricity and magnetism. He conducted experiments for nearly 20 years to understand magnetism and published seminal works on the topic. Gilbert discovered that the Earth itself acts like a giant magnet and explained various magnetic phenomena. He is considered the father of electricity and magnetism for his pioneering scientific work using experimentation rather than pure reasoning.

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    William Gilbert and Magnetism

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    Phương Linh
    59 views9 pages
    William Gilbert was an English physician in the 16th century who made important discoveries about electricity and magnetism. He conducted experiments for nearly 20 years to understand magnetism and published seminal works on the topic. Gilbert discovered that the Earth itself acts like a giant magnet and explained various magnetic phenomena. He is considered the father of electricity and magnetism for his pioneering scientific work using experimentation rather than pure reasoning.

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    William Gilbert was an English physician in the 16th century who made important discoveries about electricity and magnetism. He conducted experiments for nearly 20 years to understand magnetism and published seminal works on the topic. Gilbert discovered that the Earth itself acts like a giant magnet and explained various magnetic phenomena. He is considered the father of electricity and magnetism for his pioneering scientific work using experimentation rather than pure reasoning.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    59 views9 pages

    William Gilbert and Magnetism

    Uploaded by

    Phương Linh
    William Gilbert was an English physician in the 16th century who made important discoveries about electricity and magnetism. He conducted experiments for nearly 20 years to understand magnetism and published seminal works on the topic. Gilbert discovered that the Earth itself acts like a giant magnet and explained various magnetic phenomena. He is considered the father of electricity and magnetism for his pioneering scientific work using experimentation rather than pure reasoning.

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    of 9

    William Gilbert and Magnetism

    The 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and
    Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert was the first modern scientist,
    also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of
    learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of
    electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the
    lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would
    attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less
    well known than he deserves.

    Gilbert’s birth pre-dated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester County in


    the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at St
    John’s College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he travelled in the continent and
    eventually settled down in London.

    He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the
    president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed personal physician to
    the Queen (Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her until
    her death. However, he didn’t outlive the Queen for long and died on November 30,
    1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King James.

    Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large
    portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal). He
    gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient,
    particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange
    minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain became a major
    seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to
    British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no
    one understood why it worked. Did the Pole Star attract it, as Columbus once
    speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey,
    which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out
    all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years, William Gilbert conducted ingenious
    experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet, Magnetic
    Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth.

    Gilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of


    magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric”. Though the early beliefs
    of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic
    on lodestone can neutralise its magnetism, one example being that sailors even
    believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is
    why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship’s compass. Gilbert also found that
    metals can be magnetised by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them.
    He named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. The magnetic poles can
    attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always
    attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the relationship between magnetism
    and electricity, sadly he didn’t complete it. His research of static electricity using amber
    and jet only demonstrated that objects with electrical charges can work like magnets
    attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It is a French guy named du Fay that
    discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.

    He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Copernican, he didn’t


    express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the centre of the universe or
    in orbit around the sun. However, he believed that stars are not equidistant from the
    earth but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth itself is like a
    giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis
    that is aligned with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the
    polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In his
    explanation, magnetism is the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone,
    when aligned with the earth’s poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he
    also believed that the sun and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a
    crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its
    magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might
    cause a heavenly orbit.

    His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure
    logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude
    towards scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion. It
    was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of
    magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was
    named Gilbert in his honour. His approach of careful observation and experimentation
    rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others had laid the very
    foundation for modern science.

    Questions 1-7

    Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.


    Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. 

    Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.


    List of headings

    i Early years of Gilbert

    ii What was new about his scientific research method

    iii The development of chemistry

    iv Questioning traditional astronomy

    v Pioneers of the early science

    vi Professional and social recognition


    vii Becoming the president of the Royal Science Society

    viii The great works of Gilbert

    ix His discovery about magnetism

    x His change of focus

    1 Paragraph A
    2 Paragraph B
    3 Paragraph C
    4 Paragraph D
    5  Paragraph E
    6  Paragraph F
    7  Paragraph G

    Questions 8-10

     Show Notepad 

    Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? 

    In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write


    TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

    FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

    NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

    8 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     He is less famous than he should be.


    9 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by
    the Queen.
    10 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN   He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
    Questions 11-13

     Show Notepad 

    Choose THREE letters A-F.

    Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

    Which THREE of the following are parts of Gilbert’s discovery?


     A Metal can be transformed into another.
     B Garlic can remove magnetism,
     C Metals can be magnetised.
     D Stars are at different distances from the earth.
     E The earth wobbles on its axis.
     F There are two charges of electricity

    LISTENING

    Questions 1-8

    Complete the notes below.

    Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

    Fairview Lake Camping Centre

    The customer wants to bring children who have 1 


    The three functions of the SPORTS: Sailing, windsurfing, volleyball, rowing, and a sport most children
    centre are: have never tried which is 2 
    - conference centre

    - Example: educational
    institution

    - place for fun-filled


    weekends

    Accommodation Facilities

    • The Birch Unit - sleeps 3 

    • Greenback Row - sleeps the same number of people

    • Cabins 1 - 3: sleep 10 people


    • Cabins 4  : sleep 12 people each

    Mr Bryson's booking arrangements

    • The customer would bring 5  students for the course.


    • He would like to book the course starling Sunday 6 
    • The cost for one week would be £7  per child.
    • The school’s telephone number is 8 

    Questions 9-10

    Choose the correct letter A, B or C.


    9
    The receptionist suggests Mr Bryson’s group eat with the other groups because
     A it works out cheaper that way.
     B it’s more sociable.
     C you can do your own cooking.
    10
    Before he decides whether to accept the course or not, Mike Bryson will
     A check with a higher authority.
     B ask for lower prices.
     C see what the children have to say.
    PART 2 : QUESTIONS 11-20

    Questions 11-15

    Label the map below. 

    Write the correct letter, A - G, next to questions 11 -15.

    11  Petting Zoo
    12  Toddler’s Play Pool
    13  Bouncy Castle and Fairy Palace
    14  Winter Wonderland
    15  Craft Zone

    Questions 16-20

    Label the diagram below. 

    Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

    16 
    17 
    18 
    19 
    20 

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