❖ Contents :- Pg.

No

Acknowledgement………………………………………. 2

Details of Sewage Treatment Plants sanctioned in the

five Ganga main-stem States……………………………. 4

Sewage treatment plant capacity……………………… 8

Projects of KMW&SA visited…………………………... 9

Sewage treatment………………………………………... 12

Schematic of sewage treatment plant……………………. 13

Bhatpara Waste water treatment plant…………………... 14

Chandannagar sewage treatment plant………………….. 22

Kalyani sewage treatment plant………………………… 26

Conclusion……………………………………………… 29

Bibliography……………………………………………. 29

Page 1 of 29
❖ Acknowledgement

This training wouldn’t have been possible without the constant help and guidance
of a few individuals whose support has been vital to the completion of the report.
This report is written with intent to provide the honorable faculty of Kolkata
Metropolitan Water and Sanitation Authority (KMWSA) as well as the teachers
of my Chemical Engineering Department with a comprehensive report of the
internship classes attended by me.
The report has a complete overview of KMW&SA sewage treatment plants visited
by me. It has complete information about the processes involved in the treatment of
waste water for making it safer for the environment. The report has complete flow
diagram of processes involved in waste water treatment, process flow diagrams, details
of different equipments with complete specifications, product with production capacity
and energy consumed per unit of product.
I want to thank the plant training head of our college Swami Vedajananda for
offering us with such an opportunity of visiting a government corporation to complete
our course in plant internship.
I also want to thank the KMW&SA faculty for providing us with the knowledge of
waste water treatment and the various techniques used for making the waste water
safer for the environment and treat the sludge before disposal or applicable for land.
My internship would not have been possible without their guidance nor could I have
completed my report.

Page 2 of 29
PICTURES OF THE ANCIENT DAYS WASTE WATER
TREATMENT

Page 3 of 29
❖ Details of Sewage Treatment Plants sanctioned in the five Ganga
main-stem States:

STP
STP
Capacity to be
Name/Nature Capacity
Sl. No. State/ Town created /
of works created
rehabilitated
(mld)
(mld)

Sewage
1 Badrinath Treatment Plant 3.00
(STP)
Sewage
2 Karanprayag Treatment Plant 1.40
(STP)
Sewage
3 Deoprayag Treatment Plant 1.40
(STP)
Sewage
4 Rudraprayag Treatment Plant 3.00
(STP)
Sewerage
Tapovan
5 system and STP for 3.50 3.50
(Tehri)
Tapovan area
Construction of
6 Haridwar 18 mld STP at Sarai, 18.00 18.0
Haridwar
Sewerage
7 Gangotri System and STP for 1.00
GangotriDham
Sewerage
Muni
8 scheme and STP at 7.50
kiRetiDhalwala
Muni kiRetiDhalwala
Sewage
Jagjeetpur,
9 Treatment Plant 40.00
Haridwar
(STP)
Sewerage &
Non-Sewerage
schemes for Pollution
10 Allahabad 85.00 85.0
abatement of River
Ganga at District-'B'
& 'E' of Allahabad

Page 4 of 29
 STP
STP
Capacity to be
Name/Nature Capacity
Sl. No. State/ Town created /
of works created
rehabilitated
(mld)
(mld)
Sewerage &
Non-Sewerage
schemes for Pollution
abatement of River
11 Allahabad 20.00 20.0
Ganga at District-'A'
of Allahabad EAP-
World
Bank/Retroactive)
Sewerage
12 Garmukteshwar 9.00
system & STP works
Sewerage
Moradabad
13 system & STP works 58.00
(Ramganga)
(Phase I )
Sewerage
14 Kannuaj (Kali) system & STP works 1.00
(Phase II)
JICA assisted
Ganga Action Plan
15 Varanasi 140.00
Phase-II Project at
Varanasi
14 mld STP at
16 Allahabad Salori, Allahabad 14.00
(EAP-World Bank)
Sewerage
scheme and STP at
Bithoor,
17 BithoorKanpurnagar, 2.40
Kanpurnagar
(UP) (EAP- World
Bank)
Sewerage
scheme at Narora,
18 Bulandsahar 4.00
Bulandshar (EAP-
World Bank)
Sewerage
Works in
19 AnupShahar AnupShahar, 2.50
BulandShahar (EAP-
World Bank)

Page 5 of 29
 STP
STP
Capacity to be
Name/Nature Capacity
Sl. No. State/ Town created /
of works created
rehabilitated
(mld)
(mld)
Sewer Network,
20 Begusarai 17.00
SPS and STP
Sewer
21 Buxar Networks, SPS and 16.00
STP
Sewer
Hajipur
22 Networks, SPS and 22.00
(Gandak)
STP
Sewer
23 Munger Networks, SPS and 27.00
STP
Sewage
24 Patna (Pahari) Treatment Plant at 60.00
Pahari - Patna, Bihar
Sewage
25 Patna (Beur) Treatment Plant - 43.00
Beur for Patna, Bihar
Sewage
Patna Treatment Plant -
26 37.00
(Karmalichak) Karmalichak for
Patna, Bihar
Saidpur STP
and adjoining
27 Patna (Saidpur) 60.00
Network for Patna,
Bihar
Sewerage
28 Sahibganj scheme and STP at 12.00
Sahibganj
Sewerage
29 Gayeshpur 8.23
system & STP
Sewerage
30 Kalyani 5.00
system & STP
Sewerage
31 Bhatpara 31.00
system & STP
Sewerage
32 Halisahar scheme & STP 16.00
Halishar

Page 6 of 29
 STP
STP
Capacity to be
Name/Nature Capacity
Sl. No. State/ Town created /
of works created
rehabilitated
(mld)
(mld)
Sewerage
33 Budge-Budge System and STP at 9.30
Budge-Budge
Sewerage
34 Barrackpore system with Sewer 24.00
network and STP
Total 802.23

Page 7 of 29
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY

UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASE - I

S.No Town NO.OF CAPACITY REVISED

STPs (MLD) SANCTIONED
COST
(OLD) (NEW) (Rs. in lakhs

I Uttar Pradesh
Hardwar-
1 Rishikesh STP-I -- 18 764.21
STP-I -- 0.33 19.10
STP-II -- 6 74.29
2 Farrukhabad STP-I -- 3.96 146.31
3 Kanpur STP-I -- 36 1246.05
STP-II -- 0.0045 5.31
STP-III -- 130 3033.66
STP-IV -- 5 11.63
4 Allahabad STP-I -- 60 1654.81
5 Mirzapur STP-I -- 14 356.37
6 Varanasi STP-I 1.8 8 313.62
STP-I -- 80 2524.84
STP-II -- 12 75.00
Sub Total : 13 1.8 373.2945 10225.20

II Bihar
1 Chapra STP-I -- 2 95.72
2 Patna STP-I -- 4 151.93
STP-II 28 17 449.15
STP-III 20 15 374.97
STP-IV -- 25 395.41
3 Munger STP-I -- 13.5 236.02
4 Bhagalpur STP-I -- 11 198.42
Sub Total : 7 48 87.5 1901.62
III West Bengal
1 Chandannagar STP-I 4.54 18.16 278.38
2 Behrampore STP-I -- 4 37.73
3 Nabadwip STP-I -- 4 43.17
4 Kalyani STP-I 11 6 131.80
5 Bhatpara STP-I -- 10 180.73
STP-II 8.5 10 383.28
6 Titagarh STP-I 4.5 14 277.09
7 Panihati STP-I 4.5 12 229.38
Baranagar-
8 Kamarhati STP-I 4.5 40 1420.47
9 Garden Reach STP-I -- 47 1762.16

Page 8 of 29
 South
10 Suburban(E) STP-I -- 30 451.13
11 Howrah STP-I -- 116.88
12 Serampore STP-I -- 180.13
13 Bally STP-I 45 30 484.03
Cossipore-
14 Chitpur STP-I 18.9 45 1384.36

Sub Total : 15 101.44 270.16 7360.72

882.1945 say 882 mld

PROJECTS OF KMW&SA VISITED :-

31 MLD FIXED – BED BIOFILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE (FBAS)

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (BHATPARA)

Page 9 of 29
18.16 MLD CAPACITY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AT
KHALISANI ,CHANDANNAGAR, HOOGHLY
11 MLD CAPACITY KALYANI SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT, KALYANI.

Page 10 of 29
Page 11 of 29
❖ SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,
primarily from household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are
used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent)
that is safer for the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-
solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application to land.

Page 12 of 29
❖SCHEMATIC OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT :
Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment.
However, the latter is a broader term which can also refer to industrial
wastewater. For most cities, the sewer system will also carry a proportion
of industrial effluent to the sewage treatment plant which has usually
received pre-treatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant
load. If the sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban
runoff (stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage water can
travel towards treatment plants via piping and in a flow aided
by gravity and pumps. The first part of filtration of sewage typically
includes a bar screen to filter solids and large objects which are then
collected in dumpsters and disposed in landfills.

Page 13 of 29
❖ BHATPARA WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT:-

Introduction:

Organica Water, Rejuvenation of the Ganga River!

Organica Water is pleased to announce the successful start-up of its 31 MLD

Bhatpara Wastewater Treatment Plant, built by Larsen & Toubro

Company. This treatment plant will process wastewater needs for 52,000 households

and supply industrial and farming water in various developing industries. The

ultimate goal is

for proper

mitigation of

pollution and the

rejuvenation of

the Ganga

River. The

Ganges, also

known as Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of

India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas

in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain

of North India.

Organica's wastewater treatment processes the water with the use of living

organisms, specifically a 'Fixed-Bed Biofilm Activated Sludge' process. The

Page 14 of 29
organism's ability to self-organize maximizes biological degradation of

contaminants.[4] The treatment plants enhance the natural forces used to purify water

by harnessing the metabolic processes of living organism's ability to digest organic

pollutants.[5] The diversity of self-managing organisms provides a highly robust

system resulting in a stable system. The clean water can be reused

for irrigation, cooling towers, toilet usages, and other non-potable needs.

Page 15 of 29
 ❖ The Project Synopsis:

Organica Water takes great pride in developing wastewater treatment

plants internationally. We are excited to continue to help India push for
pollution control and environmental sustainability throughout the country.

Page 16 of 29
 “At Organica, we see that the National Mission for Clean Ganga initiative is
leading the way in India towards more Public Private Partnership projects.” says
Ari Raivetz, CEO of Organica Water – “Thus driving more efficient capital
deployment and more rapid project development cycles.”

Sewage Treatment Plant with a treatment capacity of 31 Million Litres per Day (31
MLD) is functional now on Ganga at Bhatpara in West Bengal. This Plant now treats
about 3.1 crore litres of waste water generated from households. The treated water
will be later used for industrial use and agriculture.

❖Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors(MABR):

This revolutionary aerobic wastewater treatment solution is modular
and reduces energy usage by up to 90% compared to conventional
treatment. Activated sludge treatment has long been used for aerobic
wastewater treatment, but its aeration stage is particularly energy-
intensive, which makes it less cost-efficient as a step in decentralized
water reuse. At Fluence, our self-respiring membrane aerated biofilm
reactors (MABR) provide an energy-efficient alternative. MABR is based
on passive aeration, that is, the diffusion of oxygen through membranes.

Page 17 of 29
 Food chain reactors(FCR) at Bhatpara STP

The Organica FCR is a complete wastewater treatment solution

including solids removal, biological treatment/nutrient removal, phase
separation, and final treatment for reuse quality (if required), all
incorporated into a compact, single structure. Following primary treatment,
the influent travels through the biological cascade, and in doing so the
nutrient content is consumed by biofilm cultures that live on both the
engineered (Organica’s proprietary biofiber media) and natural (plant roots)
media in each reactor.

Page 18 of 29
 As a result of the cascade design the composition of the ecosystem
fixed in the biofilm changes from reactor to reactor, adapting itself to the
decreasing nutrient concentrations, thus maximizing the decomposition of
contaminants and enabling Organica FCR WWTPs to treat wastewater in
the least amount of space, using as little energy as possible.

Biofilms were used for the treatment of municipal water and

wastewater before the invention of the activated sludge process, and long
before they were called biofilms; for example, in slow sand filters and
trickling filters.

Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material that is

produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or
municipal wastewater. The term septage is also referring to sludge from
simple wastewater treatment but is connected to simple on-site sanitation
systems, such as septic tanks.

Page 19 of 29
❖ Project Cost:

Page 20 of 29
❖ Guide map of the Bhatpara Sewage Treatment Plant Bhatpara,
Jagaddal:

Page 21 of 29
❖ CHANDANNAGAR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, KHALISANI,
HOOGHLY

Introduction:
The river is toxic in West Bengal, where it collects almost half its total
waste from towns and factories along its bank.

Chandannagar, a former French colony, sits on a moon crest bend of the

Hooghly, a distributary of the Ganga River in West Bengal. The town’s
sewerage treatment plant doubles up as a “wonderland park” where visitors
come to picnic among the green foliage and quiet backdrop of the trickle
filter, among waste pipes and sculptures of Hindu gods.

But the pleasant environment belies its larger shortcomings. The plant, set
up under the government push to clean the Ganga, treats only 10% of the
town’s sewerage. Most households aren’t connected to the sewerage system
and so untreated raw effluents flow directly into the holy Ganga.

Just north of Kolkata, this is one of the most polluted stretches of the
Ganga, but receives less attention than the iconic ghats of Varanasi and the
toxic tanneries of Kanpur.

Over 7 billion litres of raw sewerage are dumped into the Ganga every
day from hundreds of towns along the river and its tributaries, and almost
half comes from West Bengal, says Kalyan Rudra, chairman of the West
Bengal Pollution Control Board and a hydrologist who has been tracking
the state of the river for many years.

Page 22 of 29
 The state contributes 48% of wastewater produced in the Ganga basin
and only treats 42% of this – leaving 1,779 MLD (million litres a day) of
untreated waste flowing from the 54 drains throughout the state.

PLANT DESCRIPTION:

PRIMARY GRIT CHAMBER

Page 23 of 29
BIOFILTER

Page 24 of 29
Plant Capacity:
The Chandannagar Sewage Treatment Plant has an overall capacity
of 18.16 MLD(Million of Litres per Day).The old capacity was 4.54 MLD.

PUMP HOUSE OF CHANDANNAGAR, STP

Project Objective:

To intercept the sewage and then divert the same to STP for treatment
and then discharging into the River Hooghly. For the purpose, 3 I & D
schemes with one main lifting station and 1 STP have been provided under
the project.

Plant Location:

Page 25 of 29
 This city is located at a distance of 31 km. north of Calcutta on the
right bank of the Hooghly river. It has now become a subdivisional
headquarter, thereby necessitating setting up of various government offices.
The civic administration has now been elevated from the status of
municipality to that of. a Municipal Corporation (December 1994). The area
of the Corporation has also been increased with the recent amalgamation of
adjoining Khalisani within its limit. As a result the total area of the city has
now been increased by 2.35 sq.km, and the population by about 20,000.

❖ KALYANI SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, KALYANI

Introduction:

Approximately 38,254 million liters per day (MLD) of waste water is produced
by urban agglomerates consisting of Class I and Class II cities, each having a
population of 50,000 each, which constitute about 70% of the total urban population
in India. In India, 27 cities have only primary treatment facility, while 49 cities have
both primary and secondary treatment facilities, with the efficiency of treatment
ranging from 2.5% to 89%. About 23% of waste water generated comes from the state
of Maharashtra, while the Ganga river basin contributes to about 31% of the generated
waste water, which in total is 54% of all the waste generated in India. Only 74% of the
generated waste water is collected. Presently, India can treat up to 31% of the total
waste water generated by these cities, which amounts to 11,787 MLD. It is projected
that by 2051, waste water generated from these urban agglomerate may increase to
120,000 MLD and the waste water generated by rural India will not be less than 50,000
MLD. According to studies by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), out of 269
sewage treatment plants in India, only 231 are optional, causing only 21% of the
sewage generated to be effectively treated. The untreated waste water is the main cause
of water pollution in India.

Page 26 of 29
 Project Synopsis:

The purpose of this project is to visit the sewage treatment plant (STP) at Kalyani
in West Bengal, India, and try to collect as much information as possible, on the
various aspects of the treatment plant, such as demographic significance, sewerage
conditions of surrounding areas, total area and individual areas of the various treatment
and handling methods, plant capacity, energy requirements, treatment methods
employed and number of such facilities, performance of the equipment and processes,
quality (both chemical and physical), volume and location of the discharged water,
presence of quality control mechanisms, methods of sludge disposal and so on.

The treatment capacity of the sewage treatment plant (STP) in Kalyani Block
B2, B3 is 11 MLD while at the STP in Kalyani Town area has a treatment capacity of
6 MLD. The sewage treatment plant (STP) in Kalyani is under the administration of
Kalyani Municipality and receives water from Kalyani town area which is a Class II
town in West Bengal, with an area of 29.14 square kilometers and a population of
100,602 according to the 2011 census. The sewage treatment plant (STP) at Kalyani
was chosen because it provided a perfect opportunity to assess the developments being
commissioned by the central government and various state government in order to
improve the efficiencies and treatment capacities of such treatment plants, through
technological installation of modern developed systems and retro-fitting equipment
with enhanced efficiencies to the already existing set ups.

Page 27 of 29
SEWAGE PUMPING STATION AT KALYANI

Guide Map of The Kalyani Sewage Treatment Plant,Kalyani

Page 28 of 29
❖ CONCLUSION:-

We are hereby grateful to all the people who have helped us in our internship.
We have got to know a lot about what a particular integrated sewage treatment plant
contains. It was a wonderful opportunity for me to visit such a reknowned plant as an
intern.

Most of the units viewed in the plant have a great deal of similarity of what is
required for our stream chemical engineering.

❖ BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1. http://kmwsa.gov.in/home.php -Official website of Kolkata Metropolitan Water

& Sanitation Authority.

2. https://www.kmdaonline.org/home/ws_sector_info - Website for water &

sanitation projects of KMDA.

3. http://lntecc.com/homepage/Water/profile.html -L&T Construction of water &

effluent treatment.

4. Photos clicked at sites.

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