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Environna CEnvironmentaSle
Environmental Studies (MSBE)
EMKL
are gradually Deginning to materials and make them available for redistribution or 0
Printer cartridges and toners reuse
packaging regulabons, nature (e-8. removal and reuse ot mereuy rom Vanos
reverse the Situation. sale.
Printer ink cartridges can be reused. The companies tems).
Vitual excnanges alow uSers to pOst listings of
1.8.2.1 Advantages that created these cartridges can refill and sold back to Recycling is a key component of modem waste
materials available and wanted on an online materials
consumersS. Toner cartndges are recycied the same wy reductionand is the third component of the "Reduce,
) Reuse help save tume, money, energy, and resources. exchange website without taking physical possession of
as ink cartndges. Reuse, Kecycle waste hierarchy.
naterial.
() Reuse reauced dsposal neeos and cos This method is highly efficient as there is no energy
1.8.3.1 Advantages
sustainable, 6) Deposit programs
(i1) Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, spent on meiting and recreating the cartridges.

well paid jobs to underdeveloped economics. 0 Recycing reduces the consumption of fresh raw
Oters Custonesa nancia incentve to retum () Repurposing
(v) Reusable producCts are orten cheape than the many packaging for reuse. Statistics show that, on average, a
materials.

Repurposing means using a t0ol usuiaiy ror a puup

Singie use prouucts it tepiaces. milk bottle is returned 12 times.
unintended by the original tool-maker.
) t reduce energy usage.
Sainsbury Ltd. have operated a plastic carrier bag cash (i) It reduce air pollution (from incineration).
1.8.2.2 Disadvantages
rerund scheme that saved y70 tonnes of plastic per Examples of epurposing include using tires as boat
(iv) It reduces water pollution by reducing the need for
reuse taxes une, wich fenders and steel drums as feeding troughs.
0 Sorung ana prepatnng etms Tor
conventional waste disposal.
may be ncOnvenient 10r cosumets nd COSts money In India and Pakistan, manufacturers collect and refill Similarly ty-ash produced by power plants is used
extensively as an additive to concrete, providing
owes greenhouse gas emisSsions as compared to
old glass Dotues tor seling cola and other drinks. Vigin production.
buy old newspapers trom the readers creased strength.
(1) Reuse olten requires cleaning or ransport, which have "Kabadiwalas
According8 to a study 1ollowing is the cost eftectiveness
cnvironmenlal costs. TOr scrap vaue and reuse them as packagimg or recycle
1.8.3 Recycling ot recycing8
to be more durable hem.
(in) In general, reusable products need Table 1.L8.1
Recyching is breaking down of an item into raw
than Single-USe products, and nence reguue mo
() Closed-loop programs
maternals which are then used to make new potentialy MaterialEnergy savings Air polhution savings
material per item.
-This method applies primarily to tems ot packaging, useful materials. Recyclable materials include many
Aluminium 95 95%
1.8.2.3 Heuse Techniques where a company is involved in the regular kinds ot glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and
transportation ot goods Trom a central manutactunng clectronics. Recyclingtums materials that would Cardbou

Reuse Techniques facility to wyheuses or warebouses to retail outiets. DtnerwiSe become waste into valuable resources. Glas 5-306
For example cold drinks, ulk, vegetabies, etc. are Collecting used bottes, cans, ana newspupeis ana
(a) Reuse centres and virtUal 8xcnT9
ransported in reusaoie plastic crates or paliets. taking them to the curb or to a collectuon taciny 1s
JuS Plastics
Flasucs 706
Progra3 tne ist in a Senes oT Sieps that generales a bost ot
(d) Refnling programs
financial, environmental, and socinl retums. Steel 606
1C 0S80-00P progras
encourages packaging reuse by customers. For Recycling of a material may proxduce a ea sup
(d)
L
Hefling programs example refils of lhquid soups and cleaning materials, the same malenal-for example used office paper would 1.8.3.2 Disadvantages
insects killers, cooking o1ls etc.
(e) Hegiving tre9mng c converted nto new ofice paper, or used foamed Cnucs dispute the Det economic and environmental
This saving in packing being passed onto the CuStomer polysityrene into new poiystyrene.
Denetits of recycling Over its costs. According to critics we
() Printer cartnioges and toners reuse Dy lower shelt prices. This avoids the transport cost and
Sometimes recycling 1s difficult or too expensive so must considet touowing points.
emissions of returming the reusable package to the
Renumno recycling" of many products or materials may involve
factory. 1he costs and energy used in collection and
their reuse in producing different materials
Flg. 18.2 : Reuse techniques Regving (regifting) rinspoirtaton detnct rom (and outwelgh) the costs
e-g puperoourd) instead.
n coergy saved in the production process.
(a) Keuse centres and virtual exchange lems, sUCh as clothes and children's toyt, often become Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain
un wanted De1ore they wear out due to changes in their (i) The jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a
Reuse centres facilitate the redistribution of unwanted, materials from complex products, cither due to heir
Owners needs or prererences, these can be reused by poor trade for the jobs lost in logging. mining. and
yet perlecty usable, materials and equipment from one selling or giving them to new owners. intrinsic value c-8, lcad ron car oantenes, o gola other industries associated with virgin production.
cnuly o noner. 1hey take possession ot the 0onalea rom computcr components, or due to their hazardous
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Envic
Eivionment Environmental Studies (MSBTE
e2 Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-11 a.11 The rofrigeration industries contribute one of
a.3 Hecycle ot plasbc can also minimize air polubon. following gas which adds to green house effect.
a few
(1il) Materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled Review Cuestions res
Chloro iuoro carbon [CFC]
times before material degradation prevents urdher 0
.1 Detine Environment. (Heler Secbon 1.1) ( Notner yes nor Taise Non
nuoro cniornde [cFGC
recycling hioro
Ans. :
a.2 bo ( () Chloro fuoro carbonate (CFC)
1.8.4 Recover ()Atmosphere
(D) Hyalospnono
. ecycling is tDest procesS to control polluton. W NOno of the above
R's "Recover provides an ccologically sound
The 4 rue False Ans. :
0
(o)uhospnere
and environmentally fnendiy approach to
minimizing and
(a)BiOpnere (Herer Secton 1.2) (0 Neitner true nor talso () None a. 12 CFC, if added at a partcular level or atmosprore
Sureams. RECOVER is to
wse and wStC
heat, g Or ENVonment.
(RHoter Section 1.2)
Ans
e to resouroes (such as eloctricity, p awareness about Environmental gner level () Middle level
biological means. a.5 O, is known as
compost aa ruei) through thermal and Frotecton is 6s8ential How is it created ? (u) Lower level (iv) None of the above
Atmosphere ) Ozone
Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, reuse and
recycie 0
(Refer Section 1.3) Ans.:
have becn attemplea. Oxygen (v) All OT inese

a.5 Ust Environmental 1ssues. (Reter Secton 1.4) a. 13 Which of the following tem descrbes rise in
Ans.
:
() temperature of to gregn nouso
Q.6 Green Hous0 gases. (Heler Secton 1.4.1(A))
Lust atmosphere due
MO8 Prevenuo
ruprure oy or No wn gases t
Q.7 Explain Groen House Effocts. (Heler Sechon 1.4.2) a.6 Ozone g0t reaicton
Opbon Paradoxical waming
Minimisaion
a.8 Wnte a note on Giobal waming (eler Section
1.4.2) 0
on Water ) Global warming
Reuse Q.9 What is climate change? Explain its effect () Sunlight
Onment. (Hefer Section 1.4.3) None (00) Sun strok

avoured
Recycling

nery recovery
ree
. 10 Wnte a note on Acid Rain. (Refer
Section 1.5)
Ans.
(H) Volatile organic compounds
(V) None of the above

ootion a.11 Wnite a note On Ozone Layer DepiouOn. Ans.

DRSposa hird wornld war have impact.
a.7
(Reler Sechon 1.8)
Lithosphere (i) Hydrospnero a. 14 Due to global warming, there is meting of snow in
a. 12 What are nuclear accidents 7 GIve oxamples.
1.8.3 All the above Arbc Hegion. During 100 years lo. 1901 to 2001,
() BiO-Spnere (0)
(Reler Section 1.7) o pproxina average nse in Sea leverr
each in contra With Environmental Ans.
a. 13 List 4R and oxplain cms
2 cms (0) 10
wDea host or tne matetial thrown as lssues. (Refer Section 1.8)
Kecovery a.8 Environment consist of
() 20 Cms (V) None of the above
ways other than being
garbage is used and processed in (0) Hydrosphere
0 iospnere
destroyed. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (iv) All the above
Ans.

3i0-sphere
not possible to reuse or recycie oDjects
it is
-
a. 16 when S0 HNO, and HCi are releasod trom
When ((
Ans. mx
such as mobile phones, computers, televisions and
Which of these causos the sea level chango
over
Q.9LIthosphere, yorospnere, here d
chernicalnoustnes, hese
wnaina
may contain toxic moisiure n atmosphere wnich o olowing enect
other electronic gadgets, all of which ooding due to proc8ss of melting of snowT atmiosphere Torm-
elements, recovery is the last option. occurs 7
0 Giooul warming 0 Environment Pollution
manufacturing Acid Rain (0) Green House efect
means turming waste into a fuel for None
(0) Ozone layer damaging () Pollutant
(v) None of the above
processes arter removing all the ndividual components Both () and ()
(0) Global waning
() Ans.
hat may be used again. i 9
V) None of these. wicn gas 9ets deposited in lower layer of
scrap dealers, can be a source d. 10 Duo to acid rain, how pH of soll gets affected
7
eg.The waste 1s sent to atmosphere due to decompositon of organica. 16
contacts, copper Ans. () pH increas09
to recover gold and silver from tbe matter 0 pH decreases

from the PCBs, all the metal from the casings, e piugQ.2 Which of them can be recycled? Ethane () None of he above
Mothane ) () pH is unafected
all be re-used. Plastic
and sockets elc. which can ) Paper (0) (v) None of the above
() Nitrogen Ans.
Metal (V) All of those :
Ans.
Ans.
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Environmental stuoles (bD -6

BiOdivesIy and tS Conservabon
Bliodiverslty and Its Consevaton
EMrOnmental Sudies (MSBE
First sub-montane or lower region (tropical and I his region receives heavy raintall and has four types
Biogeographic Classification subtropical), extends from plain to foot of hills upto of vegetations
of India S000-6000 ft. altitude, and dominated by treesof
Wopical north evergreen forests
Shisham in river rain areas, Kutch or Kathaa, Jamun,
ii) Subtropical or temperate evergreen forests
Dhaak, KAdamb, Cedrelatoona, CtC.

ii) Mixed deciduous forests and

Second the temperature or montane 20nc, ranEng

between 5,500-12000 feet altitudes, has vegetation (iv) The mangrove torests.

dominated by Kail and Chir, Deodar etc. in the upper Deccan PFeninsula zone his area 1s in south and

egion. south-central plateau towards, south of the river Tapi,

comprises five biotic provinces viz. Deccan Plateau
Third alpine zone above 12000 ft. altitude, is the limit
-

(south), Central Plateau, Eastem Plateau, Chota Nagpur

of tree growth (known as timber or tree line) where
Plateau and Central Higniand. Tne zone 1s Sem-and
shrubby growth ot khododendron is tound in grassy
Tegion and lies in the raun shadow of western ghats.
areas. At about and above 13000 t altitude, snow-line,
The Gangeuc plan Uangeuc plain, aOng Uanga
plant growth 15 almost nil.
river system, lies in the north extending upto
Desert-zone Himalayan foothills. This region is the most fertile

This arid area, west of the Aravali hill range comprises region due to alluvial soi.

of biotic provinces, viz, Kutch (salt desert of Gujarat), The North- East India: lt comprises non-imalayan
1 har (5ant desert of Kajasthan and Ladakn). Hill ranges and is one of the nchest flonistic regions in
the country. This region receves the hcavicst
The north-west desert region (Kuch and Thar)
precipitation with Cheerapuni that uscd to have as
ncorporates parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana much as more than 10,000 mms of rainfall. The
wth climate which is very hot and dry (in summers) temperature and wetness are also very high, resulting in
nd very cold (in winters) and rainfall less than the dense tropical evergreen forests.
108
T00 mms. The Islands: The Islands of Lakshadweep in the

The region has extensive grassland with mosuy Arabian sea and Andaman and Nicobur in the Bay or
xerophytic plants such as Babool, Salvadoraoleoides, Bengal, have a wide range of spreading coastal
ch M tns. Deccan P eninsula-Chots-Negpu
18: Trens-Hin sia ya-Tibeten P leteou BC eccan Peninsauld-asemgnano etc vegetauon Ke mangroves, DeaCn Torest and in the
ye BE Deceen Depina.
P enin
Deecan South
-
The Grear Indian Bustard, a higiy endangered speciCs
ntenor some ot the best preserved evergreen forests of

Deserf--Thar
T e Peinwer Gnogetin Plein of animals, is tound in this north-west desert region.
tall trees.
A: BA: Coasts-West Coast
The Ladakih region, the cold desert region, on the other The Coasts: India has a coastiine of about 7516.6 km.
Plains ep
Aon-eo0renmapu veiley nand, nas Sparse vegetauon. Mangrove vegetation 1S the charactenistuc of the
S 8: Semi-wt-uererROpu
we wetam Gbetes Mins. 10A: Ialands-Andem sos estuarin tracts along- the coast, such as at Oichvaram
SA: Deccan Peninsule-centa hgrona Sem-Arid zone
near Chennai and RatnaGiri in Maharashtra.
This area, hetween desert and Decean P
FIga.l :1en regions ln india 4.4.2 Indian Biodiversity
including Aravali range, comprisesMadhya Pradesh,

Trans-Himalayan Zone (Upper Reglon) Himalayan zone Chhattisgarh, parts of Orissa and Gujarat.
1.Speciesdiversity of India
nortnwest, west, Western Ghatzone : This area is of hill ranges and 2.
It is an extension of Tibetian Platcau including the There are tour biotic provinces Endemic Species of India
plains, running along western coastline, comprising the
high-altitude cold desert in Ladakh and LahulSpiti. tcentral and east Himalayas, Based on altitude, nere are 3. Endangered species ot India
range wnicn Malabar coast and westerm Ghat mountains ot India,
posseses richest wild sheep and goat community in the three zones of vegetation in Fimalayan
nd extends from Gujarat in the north to the Cape of
world. The snow leopard and migratory black necked crancs corresponds to three climatic Deits
Camorin in the South. )
found here.
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