Citation: Whether You Use A Quotation or Paraphrased Material You Must Cite The Source That Gave You That Material

CITATION Dizon (2020) argued that “many of the creatures
in tide pools love to swim” (p.280).

WHY DO I USE RESEARCH?
Research is there to support your argument not to

make it for you. 2. Parenthetical citation – includes the author’s name
in parenthesis rather than within a sentence.
 Use materials you find in books, journals. And
websites as evidence that your Paraphrased:
conclusions/arguments are reasonable and valid. The marine animals that inhabit tide pools enjoy
 Always give credit to those sources of evidence by swimming (Dizon, 2020).
including in-text citations in your paper.
 Summarize- condensed the text Quoted materials:
 Paraphrase- putting someone else’s ideas into your In contrast to the inhabitants of larger bodies of
own words. water, “many creatures in tide pools love to swim”
 Anything in your paper that does not have (Dizon, 2020, p.280).
quotation marks around it is assumed to be your
original work– your own words… Difference: citation placement
 If there is no clear source for your information Do not mix these two methods into one sentence
either within the sentence itself, it is presumed to
be your idea Which is to use:
 Narrative Citation
- highlight the author- for example, if the writer is
If there are no quotation marks or parenthesis, and you making an argument about the author.
have not stated your source anywhere in the sentence,  Parenthetical Citation
- highlight the information rather than the writer.
You are telling your audience that YOU wrote it and
YOU thought it  If the writer is using the same source multiple times
throughout the paragraph, the writer might choose
to vary the different methods to improve readability
and add sentence variety
In-text citation
Introduce source materials with signal phrases or
 gives the appropriate details about the source of signal verbs.
the information you have just presented in your
sentence. That information can be a grammatical  According to Lyons and Fitzgerald (2019)
part of your sentence and/or enclosed in “individuals with autism/Asperger syndrome with
parenthesis at the end of the sentence. highly developed linguistic and computational
abilities approach humor from a more cognitive
Whether you use a quotation or paraphrased material intellectual perspective” (p. 27).
you must cite the source that gave you that material.
 Lyons and Fitzgerald (2019) argue that “individuals
………………” (p. 27).
1. Narrative citation appears within the grammatical When the author is neutral:
structure of the sentence. Put simply, narrative
citation occurs when you use the author’s name comments describe explains illustrates
within the sentence. notes
Paraphrased: When the author argues:
Dizon (2020) studied the swimming habits of argues claims contends

marine animals in tide pools.
maintains insists
Quoted materials:
When the author suggests or infers: Trillanes and Colmenares (2021) argue it was a
massacre.
concludes finds predicts proposes
Trillanes and Colmenares (2021) argue “it was a
reveals speculates suggests considers massacre” (pp.5-8).
Parenthetical
Generally, use the present tense. It was a massacre (Trillanes and Colmenares, 2021).
- If you are referring to a specific part of a clinical ………”it was a massacre” (Trillanes and Colmenares,
study, or a discovery, result of an experiment, or 2021, pp.2-7).
even what that study found, use the PAST TENSE.
 One work by three or more authors
Ex. Shore (2018) found that school-identified gifted
girls considered peer teaching to be enjoyable at a Narrative:
much higher rate than school identified boys.
Trillanes et al. (2020) argue that it was a massacre.
Trillanes et al. (2020) argue that “it was a massacre”

REMINDERS: (p.3).
>Use quotations sparingly. Parenthetical:
>When you paraphrase, don’t just replace a few It was a massacre (Trillanes et al., 2020).
words with synonyms. Truly put it in your own
words. “It was a massacre (Trillanes et al., 2020, p.7).
 After you introduce your source material, make sure  If there is no author: (Title, 2021)
you comment on why it is relevant to your thesis
Title: Bloody Sunday- 2021
or paper, or elaborate on it further.
 MAKE SURE YOUR SOURCES ARE CREDIBLE AND Narrative:
SCHOLARLY
(Bloody Sunday, 2021) argues that it was a
massacre.
APA citation (Bloody Sunday, 2021) argues that “it was a
massacre” (p.1).
 One work by one author
Parenthetical:
Narrative
It was a massacre (Bloody Sunday, 2021).
Trillanes (2020) argues that it was a massacre.
“It was a massacre” (Bloody Sunday, 2021, p.1).
Trillanes (2020) argues “it was a massacre” (p.2).
Parenthetical
 If there is no date: (Ramos, n.d.)
It was a massacre (Trillanes, 2020).
Narrative:
“It was a massacre” (Trillanes, 2020, p.2).
(Trillanes, n.d.) argues that it was a massacre.
 One work by two authors
(Trillanes, n.d.) argues that “it was a massacre (p. 1).
Narrative:
Parenthetical: don’t =do not
It was a massacre (Trillanes, n.d.). etc. and its variant and so on, and so forth, and others
“It was a massacre (Trillanes, n.d., p.1).
3. Typing and spelling.

- Do not be lazy about proof-reading
ACADEMIC WRITING
4. TONE CONVENTION
STYLE CONVENTIONS
- Write formally. The tone should be formal, not
chatty.
o also= in addition but=however
1. Numbers and dates
- 1-99 – WORDS - Use of brackets should be kept to a minimum
- 100--- NUMBERS
- Avoid cliché (an expression that has been so
o The reporter included ten students. overused that it has lost its force of meaning)
o There are 400 databases available. o at the touch of a button
o at their fingertips
- Dates are usually given in the conventional o at the end of the day
combinations of numbered day, named month and o last but not the least
numbered year. Punctuation is not required.
- Avoid jargon
o The service was set up on 11 April 2020. o script as used by doctors
- References to centuries are spelt out, without - Impersonality

capitals. Do not use personal pronouns: I, we, you to remove
personal bias in your arguments.
o During the twentieth century many o I conducted a survey on the use of social media
communications technology was developed. in schools.
o The author conducted a survey on the use of
- Decades may be referred to by name or number. social media in schools.
The numbered form is not followed by apostrophe. o A survey was conducted on the use of social
media in schools. – impersonal
o In the 1990s the term “Internet” became a
media buzz word. - Avoid the use of emotive language.
o It’s pretty obvious …
o Imagine our surprise …
o I cannot accept …
 Print enhancement should be used sparingly o my regret …
- Limit the use of two-word prepositional verbs (verb

preposition)
2. Abbreviations and contractions are NOT used in
o used up-consumed put up with-tolerate
formal English. They should be written in full.
o look into-investigate
e.g. Or ex.= example o gathered around- assembled
i.e.= that is - No rhetorical questions

o Are you sure? Do you believe that …
altho=although
aren’t= are not

- Do not use expletives or start a sentence with
expletives.
o There is There are There was There were
o it is it was
o unless it or there is a thing or a place
- Do not use the phrase and/or as these words are

considered “legalese” and inappropriate in
academic writing, remove the slash and write it out.
- People with names are never “that” but “who”
- Be specific
o move-walk, jump, run, glide, hop
- Use formal language

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CITATION Dizon (2020) argued that “many of the creatures

in tide pools love to swim” (p.280).

Research is there to support your argument not to

Paraphrased: When the author argues:

Dizon (2020) studied the swimming habits of argues claims contends

Trillanes et al. (2020) argue that “it was a massacre”

>Use quotations sparingly. Parenthetical:

“It was a massacre (Trillanes, n.d., p.1).

3. Typing and spelling.

- References to centuries are spelt out, without - Impersonality

- Limit the use of two-word prepositional verbs (verb

i.e.= that is - No rhetorical questions

aren’t= are not

- Do not use the phrase and/or as these words are

- People with names are never “that” but “who”

- Use formal language

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