Biology 11 Notes
Biology 11 Notes
Biology 11 Notes
CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Metabolism
● Secondary Metabolites
● Chapter Questions
● Sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism
● Energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material
● Continuous process of breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules through chemical reactions
● Two types of pathways
○ Catabolic pathways – Formation of simpler structure from a complex biomolecules
○ Anabolic pathways – Biosynthetic pathway that involves formation of a more complex
biomolecules from a simpler structure
● Reservoir of biomolecules in the cell on which enzymes can act to produce useful products as
per the need of the cell
● Small organic molecules produced by organisms that are not essential for their growth,
development and reproductions
● Bacteria, fungi and plants produce secondary metabolism
● Terpenes
● Phenolics
● Nitrogen-containing compounds
Biology - Metabolism and Secondary Metabolites and Chapter Questions Source: MH Board Textbook 10
Answer the following questions
A. What are building blocks of life?
B. Explain the peptide bond.
C. How many types of polysaccharides you know?
D. Enlist the significance of carbohydrates.
E. What is reducing sugar?
F. What is the basic difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Biology - Metabolism and Secondary Metabolites and Chapter Questions Source: MH Board Textbook 13
Solve the following questions
B. Answer the questions with
reference to the following figure
Biology - Metabolism and Secondary Metabolites and Chapter Questions Source: MH Board Textbook 14
C. Match the following items given in column I and II
Biology - Metabolism and Secondary Metabolites and Chapter Questions Source: MH Board Textbook 15
Long answer questions
A. What are biomolecules? Explain the building blocks of life.
B. Explain the classes of carbohydrates with examples.
C. Describe the types of lipids and mention their biological significance.
D. Explain the chemical nature, structure and role of phospholipids in biological membrane.
E. Describe classes of proteins with their importance.
F. What are enzymes? How are they classified? Mention example of each class.
G. Explain the properties of enzyme? Describe the models for enzyme actions.
H. Describe the factors affecting enzyme action.
I. What are nucleic acids? Enlist the point of differences among DNA and RNA.
J. What are the types of RNA? Mention the role of each class of RNA.
K. What is metabolism? How metabolic pool is formed in the cell.
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Cell division
● Mitosis
● Karyotype
● Representation of condensed chromosomes in pairs
● Analysis indicates whether the individual has a normal set of chromosomes or abnormalities
Centrifugal Centripetal
● Equational division
● DNA equally distribute
● Growth and development
● Replacement and repair
● Asexual reproduction
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Cell division
● Meiosis
● Reductional division
● Number of chromosome is reduced to half
● Displacement of chiasmata
● Terminalization
● Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappear
● Spindle fibres appear
● Haploid number of
chromosomes becomes uncoiled
and elongated
● Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus reappear
● Two daughter nuclei formed
Centrifugal Centripetal
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CLASS XI
1
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● Primitive
● Extremophiles – found in extreme environmental condition
● Halophiles – withstand high salinities
● Thermophiles – withstand extreme temperature
● Methanogenic bacteria - found in gut of ruminants , used in biogas
● True bacteria
● Autotrophs – photosynthetic e.g. Chlorobium (green sulphur bacteria) and Chromatin
● - chemosynthetic bacteria e.g. sulphur bacteria
● Multicellular filaments
● Have mucilaginous sheath
● Photosynthetic pigments like chl –a, chl –b, carotent. Xanthophylls
● Cyanobacteria(Nostoc)
Bacteria Use
Methanogens Biogas
Bacteria Disease
● Smallest cells
● Lack cell wall
● Pathogenic
● Resistant to common antibiotics because they lack cell wall
● Unicellular eukaryotic
● Phytoplanktons
● Microscopic
● Photosynthetic
● Major producers in oceans
● Diatoms – body wall like soap box of silica
● Diatomaceous earth
● Use -polishing and filtration
Protozoans Feature
● Aquatic
● Photosynthetic
● Stiff cellulosic plates
● Pair of flagella
● Photosynthetic pigment – yellow, red, blue, brown
● Gonyaulax – makes red tide
● Saprophytes
● Plasmodium – cell aggregation
● Spores - tough
Other name Algal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Imperfect fungi
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Viruses
● Viroids
● Prions
● Lichens
Ascolichens Ascomycetes
Basidiolichens Basidiomycetes
Deuterolichens Deuteromycetes
Usnea Antibiotics
bacteria.
a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
b. Lactobacilli
c. Methanogens
d. Antibiotic production
Kingdom Examples
Monera Lichen
Protista Cyanobacteria
Plantae Rhizopus
Fungi Spirogyra
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Thallophyta
● Bryophyta
● Aquatic
● Thalloid – undifferentiated into root, stem and leaves
● Cell wall – polysaccharides / cellulose
● Reserve food material - starch
● Photosynthetic pigments - Chl- a, chl –b, chl – c, chl – d, carotene, xanthophyll
● Reproduction – vegetative, asexual, sexual
● Life cycle – alternation of generation , dominant haploid and dependent reduced diploid
Agar Gracillaria
● Amphibians of plant kingdom – they survive on land but need water for fertilization and
completion of their life cycle
● Show alternation of generations – gametophyte and saprophyte
● Plant body –gametophyte - thalloid or leafy
● sporophyte – capsule which producing spores
● Rhizoids – root like structure which absorbs water and minerals
○ Fixation of thallus on the substratum
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Pteridophyta
● Gymnospermae
Pinnate
Scaly Equisetum
Simple and sessile Lycopodium
Microphylls Selaginella
Macrophylls
Pinnately compound Ferns
● Evergreen, woody
● Imperfect vascular tissues- xylem with tracheids and phloem with sieve cells
● No flower
● Naked seeds
● Body – sporophyte , with root, stem and leaves
● Root- tap root system
● Stem – aerial , erect, solid, unbranched, cylindrical
● Secondary growth present (due to cambium)
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Cellular
● Cell- tissue
● Tissue-organ
● Acoelomates
● Pseudocoelomates
● Coelomates
Asymmetrical Porifera
● Sponges
● Habitat - Aquatic , mostly marine, some fresh water
● Forms – sedentary
● Body plan – cell aggregate
● Symmetry – asymmetrical
● Cavity – spongocoel
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1
What we are going to learn
● Phylum Echinodermata
● Phylum Hemichordata
● Habitat – marine
● Body covering – tunic made up of tunicine
● Notochord- present in tail in larval state, which is lost during metamorphosis
● Respiration - pharyngeal gill slits
● Circulation – closed
● Reproduction – indirect
● For example, Herdmania, Doliolum
● Epithelial tissue
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Phylum Chordata
Exoskeleton – minute scales called placoid scales Large, flat, overlapping cycloid or ctenoid scales
Scoliodon (dogfish), pristis (sawfish) Exocoetus (flying fish), hippocampus (sea horse)
● Habitat
○ omnipresent
● Locomotion - 2 pairs of limbs
● Homeotherms
● Exoskeleton- hair, fur, nails, hooves ,
● Skin is sweta , sebaceous glands
● Mouth - heterodont
● Epithelial tissue
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Epithelial tissue
● Cell Junctions
● Simple epithelium
○ Single layer of cells
● Compound epithelium
○ Composed of several layers
● The epithelial cells are connected to each other laterally as well as to the basement
membrane by junctional complexes called cell junctions
● Types
○ Gap Junctions (GJs)
○ Adherens Junctions (AJs)
○ Desmosomes (Ds)
○ Hemidesmosomes (HDs)
○ Tight Junctions (TJs)
● Muscular tissue
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CLASS XI
1
What we are going to learn
● Connective tissue
● Supporting connective tissue
Grade 11 – Biology – Connective Tissue and Supporting Connective Tissue Source: MH Board Textbook 3
● White fibres
● Yellow fibres
● Fibroblast
● Mast cells
● Macrophages
● Adipocytes (fat cells)
● Functions
○ Packing material
○ Helps in healing process
○ Connects different organs and layers of tissues
Grade 11 – Biology – Connective Tissue and Supporting Connective Tissue Source: MH Board Textbook 8
Supportive Connective Tissue
Grade 11 – Biology – Connective Tissue and Supporting Connective Tissue Source: MH Board Textbook 11
Cartilage Bone
Flexible Rigid
Grade 11 – Biology – Connective Tissue and Supporting Connective Tissue Source: MH Board Textbook 13
Thank You
Over the next three days, we are going to learn about:
● Muscular tissue
● Nervous tissue
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