The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides information on the structure and examples of each biomolecule, as well as their functions in living organisms. The document also includes an activity with multiple choice questions to test the reader's understanding of examples of biomolecules and which macromolecule they belong to.
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides information on the structure and examples of each biomolecule, as well as their functions in living organisms. The document also includes an activity with multiple choice questions to test the reader's understanding of examples of biomolecules and which macromolecule they belong to.
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides information on the structure and examples of each biomolecule, as well as their functions in living organisms. The document also includes an activity with multiple choice questions to test the reader's understanding of examples of biomolecules and which macromolecule they belong to.
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. It provides information on the structure and examples of each biomolecule, as well as their functions in living organisms. The document also includes an activity with multiple choice questions to test the reader's understanding of examples of biomolecules and which macromolecule they belong to.
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The module will focus on discussing the general structure and
functions of the biomolecules as well as the common samples or
material where it can be seen. The learners are expected to: (a) explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins determine their properties and functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify the four macromolecules according to its general structure; 2. Describe the properties of each macromolecule; and 3. Explain the functions of each macromolecule as well as the common samples where it can be seen. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which biomolecule has a biological function as
‘source of energy’? A.Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids B.Lipids D. Proteins Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which biomolecule has a biological function as
‘source of energy’? A.Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acids B.Lipids D. Proteins 2. Which represents a carbohydrate? A. CnH2n+2 C. CnH2n B. (CH2O)n D. (C2HO)n 2. Which represents a carbohydrate? A.CnH2n+2 C. CnH2n B.(CH2O)n D. (C2HO)n 3. The following samples are simple carbohydrates except . A.Cellulose C. Glucose B.Fructose D. Sucrose 3. The following samples are simple carbohydrates except . A.Cellulose C. Glucose B.Fructose D. Sucrose 4. Which statement below best describes a lipid? A.It is insoluble to water. B.It is always in gaseous form. C.Its general structure is only made up of carbon and hydrogen. D.It can form ionic compounds due to its ability to become ionic. 4. Which statement below best describes a lipid? A.It is insoluble to water. B.It is always in gaseous form. C.Its general structure is only made up of carbon and hydrogen. D.It can form ionic compounds due to its ability to become ionic. 5. Which structure below is rich in lipid as manifested by its function? A. Human muscle fibers B. Rigid cell wall of plant cells C. Semi-permeable cell membrane D. Enzymes catalyzing substances 5. Which structure below is rich in lipid as manifested by its function? A. Human muscle fibers B. Rigid cell wall of plant cells C. Semi-permeable cell membrane D. Enzymes catalyzing substances 6. Which one is NOT a lipid? A. Cholesterol C. Triglyceride B. Lactase D. Waxes 6. Which one is NOT a lipid? A. Cholesterol C. Triglyceride B. Lactase D. Waxes 7. What is primarily the function of a nucleic acid? A. As storage of energy of the body B. As source of energy of the body C. As structural molecules of most living organisms D. For storage and expression of genetic information 7. What is primarily the function of a nucleic acid? A. As storage of energy of the body B. As source of energy of the body C. As structural molecules of most living organisms D. For storage and expression of genetic information 8. What does DNA mean? A. Dinucleotide adenine C. Deoxyribonucleic acid B. Dinucleic adenine D. Diribonucleic acid 8. What does DNA mean? A. Dinucleotide adenine C. Deoxyribonucleic acid B. Dinucleic adenine D. Diribonucleic acid 9. Which of the molecules below DOES NOT constitute a nucleic acid? A. Amino acid C. Phosphate group B. Nitrogenous base D. Sugar 9. Which of the molecules below DOES NOT constitute a nucleic acid? A. Amino acid C. Phosphate group B.Nitrogenous base D. Sugar 10. What group is attached to the left side of the central Carbon?
A. Amino group
B. Hydrogen group
C. Carboxyl group
D.Side Chains/Functional Groups
10. What group is attached to the left side of the central Carbon?
A. Amino group
B.Hydrogen group
C.Carboxyl group
D.Side Chains/Functional 11. What makes an amino acid unique from one other?
A.The form of attachment
B. The different side chains
C. The manner of peptide bond
D. The presence of acids and bases
11. What makes an amino acid unique from one other?
A. The form of attachment
B. The different side chains C. The manner of peptide bond D.The presence of acids and bases 12. Which is rich in protein? A. Plant leaves C. Vegetable oil B. Human hair D. Table salt 12. Which is rich in protein? A. Plant leaves C. Vegetable oil B. Human hair D. Table salt 13. Which constitutes a plant fiber? A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid B. Lipid D. Protein 13. Which constitutes a plant fiber?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein 14. Which is a component of grease?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein 14. Which is a component of grease?
A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipid D. Protein 15. Which has amino acids as its building blocks? A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid B. Lipid D. Protein 15. Which has amino acids as its building blocks? A. Carbohydrate C. Nucleic Acid B. Lipid D. Protein THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Living organisms are basically made up of
organic compounds. The process of building organic molecules by living organism is called as biosynthesis. Biomolecules (also known as macromolecules) are organic compounds that make up all living organisms. It is produced through the process of biosynthesis. Organic compounds are carbon-rich molecules usually in association with hydrogen and oxygen. Organic and nature-based materials we are using today are primarily rich in these four macromolecules. What is the role of the biomolecules? Biomolecules are the most important organic compounds that promote the functioning of living organisms. These molecules promote essential functions, including the source of energy, hemoglobin responsible for carrying oxygen in the body, and so on. In simple terms, life would be impossible without biomolecules. The four macromolecules are: 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. nucleic acids 4. proteins Activity 1 The objective of this activity is to determine how familiar you are with the different macromolecules and their examples. Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer. Given the samples below, determine if they are made from:
A. Carbohydrates C. Nucleic Acid
B. Lipids D. Proteins Have you ever thought what makes up a living organism? Biologically, they are made up of cells, tissues, organs, and body systems. But if we will look closely, all forms of life are considered matter, hence, made up of compounds. Molecules that make up a living organism is called biomolecules. It is also known as macromolecules as they large organic molecules. A process called biosynthesis is needed in order to produce biomolecules. There are four types of biomolecules, namely: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates is the one of the most abundant macromolecule on Earth. Literally, it means “hydrates of carbons” because of its 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Molecular formula which is represented as (CH2O)n, wherein it refers to the number of carbons present in the molecule. This biomolecule is generally classified as simple or complex. Table 1 shows the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates. Table 1 Simple and Complex Carbohydrates Glucose comes from the Greek word for "sweet." It's a type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. As it travels through your bloodstream to your cells, it's called blood glucose or blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage. Lipids, also known as the fat molecule, it is made up of hydrocarbons with non-polar functional groups. A fat molecule is composed of glycerol bonded to fatty acids. Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl groups, Fatty acids have long chains of hydrocarbons with carboxyl group. Can you identify these parts in Figure 1? Lipids is made up of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are double-bonded hydrocarbons, liquid at room temperature and commonly extracted from plants. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids are single-bonded hydrocarbons, solidifies even at room temperature, and is present in animal fats. There is also trans fats in which is artificially hydrogenated, making them partially solid at room temperature. This makes it more useful and desirable in many processed foods. Can you name some examples of these kinds of lipids? What are 5 examples of lipids? 1. butter 2. ghee, 3. vegetable oil 4. cheese 5. cholesterol and other steroids, waxes, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins. All these compounds have similar features, i.e. insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, etc. Nucleic acids are the most important biomolecule in the continuity of life. It functions as the storage of genetic information in the cells. It could be in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Table 2 shows the features of each nucleic acid.
Table 2 Features of DNA and RNA PROTEINS
Proteins are one of the most complex macromolecules when it comes
to their function. Like carbohydrates, proteins are also very abundant in living organisms. The building blocks of proteins are the amino acids and there are 20 known of them. Each amino acid has different R group or side chain, which determines the uniqueness of each amino acid. Figure 3 below shows the parts of the amino acid molecule. The different types of proteins are classified based on its function. Keratin in the hair is an example of structural protein, while hormones like insulin are regulatory proteins. Actin and myosin proteins are for movement, hence, called as contractile proteins. Antibodies that are produced by the white blood cells are protective proteins, while hemoglobin which carries oxygen gas is a transport protein, and an egg albumin is a storage protein as nourishment for the developing embryo Nucleic acids are the most important biomolecule in the continuity of life. It functions as the storage of genetic information in the cells. It could be in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). What are the important points of DNA? An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.