Ict and Research Methology
Ict and Research Methology
Ict and Research Methology
The question you ask should be developed for the discipline you are studying. A
question appropriate for Biology, for instance, is different from an appropriate
one in Political Science or Sociology. If you are developing your question for a
course other than first-year composition, you may want to discuss your ideas for a
research question with your professor.
Unclear: How should social networking sites address the harm they cause?
Clear: What action should social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook
take to protect users’ personal information and privacy?
The unclear version of this question doesn’t specify which social networking sites
or suggest what kind of harm the sites might be causing. It also assumes that this
“harm” is proven and/or accepted. The clearer version specifies sites (MySpace
and Facebook), the type of potential harm (privacy issues), and who may be
experiencing that harm (users). A strong research question should never leave
room for ambiguity or interpretation.
The simple version of this question can be looked up online and answered in a
few factual sentences; it leaves no room for analysis. The more complex version is
written in two parts; it is thought provoking and requires both significant
investigation and evaluation from the writer. As a general rule of thumb, if a quick
Google search can answer a research question, it’s likely not very effective.
Dependent
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These
variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation
of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
Independent
The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are
trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is
systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
Circuit Switching establishes a physical path between the sender and receiver of
the message before a message is delivered.
ensuring that all parties to the research are made aware of the nature and
scope of confidentiality agreements;
protecting the intellectual property rights of the institution, the researcher,
research trainees and sponsors of the research, as appropriate;
ensuring in sponsored research arrangements that the sponsors of research
understand the importance of publication in research and do not delay
publication beyond the time needed;
protecting intellectual property and other relevant interests;
ensuring that researchers are aware of contractual arrangements that
restrict, delay or limit publication;
assisting researchers in effective communication through the mass media
by the provision of advice, guidance, information resources and training
opportunities;
supporting communication of research findings to the wider public by, for
example, assistance through the University's policy, Public statements by
members of University staff; and
making every effort when reporting research results for publicity purposes
to acknowledge partner institutions and sponsors involved in collaborative
research.
Circuit Switching is connection oriented that means a path is established
between source and destination before the transmission occurs. On the
other hand, Packet Switching is Connectionless that means a dynamic route
is decided for each packet while transmission.
Circuit Switching was originally designed for voice communication whereas,
Packet Switching was originally designed for data communication.
Circuit Switching is inflexible as once a path is established for transmission,
it doesn’t change while the duration of the session. On the other hand,
Packet Switching is flexible as each packet may travel through a different
route to reach its destination.
In packet switching, as each packet travels a different path hence, the
packet are received out of order at the receiver side and later arranged in
order. On the other hand, in circuit switching the entire message is received
as it is as sent from a sender to receiver.
Space Division Switching or Time-Division Switching can be used to
implement Circuit Switching whereas, Packet Switching can be
implemented using two approaches Datagram Approach and Virtual Circuit
Approach.
Circuit Switching is always implemented at physical layer whereas, Packet
Switching is implemented on the network layer.
For Data transmission, Packet Switching is the more efficient than Circuit
Switching whereas, when it comes to voice transmission Circuit switching is
more efficient than packet switching.
IP address
A MAC (or Machine Access Control) address is best thought of as kind of serial
number assigned to every network adapter. No two anywhere should have the
same MAC address. (I’ll talk about that “should” more in a moment.)
The Internet has many important applications. Of the various services available
via the Internet, the three most important are e-mail, web browsing, and peer-to-
peer services . E-mail, also known as electronic mail, is the most widely used and
successful of Internet applications. Web browsing is the application that had the
greatest influence in dramatic expansion of the Internet and its use during the
1990s. Peer-to-peer networking is the newest of these three Internet
applications, and also the most controversial, because its uses have created
problems related to the access and use of copyrighted materials.
Whether judged by volume, popularity, or impact, e-mail has been and continues
to be the principal Internet application. This is despite the fact that the underlying
technologies have not been altered significantly since the early 1980s. In recent
years, the continuing rapid growth in the use and volume of e-mail has been
fueled by two factors.
Web Browsing
Peer-To-Peer Computing
One of the fastest growing, most controversial, and potentially most important
areas of Internet applications is peer-to-peer (P2P) networking. Peer-to-peer
networking is based on the sharing of physical resources, such as hard drives,
processing cycles, and individual files among computers and other intelligent
devices.
The Future
The remarkable developments during the late 1990s and early 2000s suggest that
making accurate predictions about the next generation of Internet applications is
difficult, if not impossible
Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
1. Specify the Null Hypothesis.
2. Specify the Alternative Hypothesis.
3. Set the Significance Level (a)
4. Calculate the Test Statistic and Corresponding P-Value.
5. Drawing a Conclusion.
Hypothesis Testi ng