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    Scoliosis: Prepared By: Mary Ann Atienza

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    mhean azneita
    Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often occurs in pre-pubescent children aged 10-15, with girls being more commonly affected than boys, and it can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy or genetic factors. The document discusses the history, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of scoliosis including bracing and surgery depending on the severity of the curvature. Types of scoliosis include congenital, adolescent idiopathic, degenerative, and neuromuscular forms.

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    Scoliosis: Prepared By: Mary Ann Atienza

    Uploaded by

    mhean azneita
    49 views13 pages
    Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often occurs in pre-pubescent children aged 10-15, with girls being more commonly affected than boys, and it can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy or genetic factors. The document discusses the history, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of scoliosis including bracing and surgery depending on the severity of the curvature. Types of scoliosis include congenital, adolescent idiopathic, degenerative, and neuromuscular forms.

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    Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often occurs in pre-pubescent children aged 10-15, with girls being more commonly affected than boys, and it can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy or genetic factors. The document discusses the history, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of scoliosis including bracing and surgery depending on the severity of the curvature. Types of scoliosis include congenital, adolescent idiopathic, degenerative, and neuromuscular forms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    49 views13 pages

    Scoliosis: Prepared By: Mary Ann Atienza

    Uploaded by

    mhean azneita
    Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often occurs in pre-pubescent children aged 10-15, with girls being more commonly affected than boys, and it can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy or genetic factors. The document discusses the history, causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of scoliosis including bracing and surgery depending on the severity of the curvature. Types of scoliosis include congenital, adolescent idiopathic, degenerative, and neuromuscular forms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Scoliosis

    Prepared by:

    Mary Ann Atienza

    Submitted to:

    Mrs. Zaida Zaracena


    Definition
     Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during
    the growth spurt just before puberty.

     Idiopathic Scoliosis accounts for 85% of all scoliosis cases.

     Condition detected in children between ages of 10 and 15 years.

     Girls affected more often than boys.

     A person with scoliosis will have a C- or S-shaped curve in their spine.

    History:

    Spinal Deformities in the work of Hippocrates and Galen

    The most well-known physician of antiquity was Hippocrates (460-


    370 BC). He is recognized as the founder of scientific medicine. Hippocrates'
    wrote almost as many as 60 medical books. Information about spinal deformities is
    incorporated in his books.

    Galen

    Another eminent Greek physician wrote numerous medical books. Galen described
    four types of spinal deformities, namely kyphosis when they spinal column moves
    backward, lordosis when it moves forward, scoliosis when it moves to the side and
    succession, where there is no spinal deformity but the intervertebral
    articulations still have moved. Where he served as the physician of the emperor,
    Marcus Aurlius.
    Causes of Scoliosis
    Below are some of the possible causes of scoliosis:

     Neuromuscular conditions: These affect the nerves and muscles and


    include cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, and muscular dystrophy.

     Nonstructural scoliosis:

    o Postural scoliosis
    o Compensatory scoliosis
     Transient structural scoliosis:
    o Sciatic scoliosis
    o Hysterical scoliosis
    o Inflammatory scoliosis
     Structural scoliosis:
    o Idiopathic (70-80%mof all cases)
    o Congenital
    o Neuromuscular
     Poliomyelitis
     Cerebral palsy
     Syringomyelia
     Muscular dystrophy
     Amyotonia congenital
     Fredreich’s ataxia
    o Neurofibromatosis
    o Mesenchymal disorders
     Marfan’s syndrome
     Morquio’s syndrome
     Rheumatoid arthritis
     Osteogenesis imperfect
     Certain dwarves
    o Trauma
     Fractures
     Irradiation
     surgery
     Congenital scoliosis (present at birth) this is rare and occurs because the
    bones in the spine developed abnormally when the fetus was growing inside
    the mother.

     Specific genes: At least one gene is thought to be involved in scoliosis.

     Leg length: If one leg is longer than the other, the individual may develop
    scoliosis.

     Syndromic scoliosis: Scoliosis can develop as part of another disease,


    including neurofibromatosis and Marfan's syndrome.

     Osteoporosis: This can cause secondary scoliosis due to bone degeneration.

     Other causes: Bad posture, carrying backpacks or satchels, connective


    tissue disorders, and some injuries.

    Risk factors

    The risk factors for scoliosis include:

     Age: Signs and symptoms often start during a growth spurt just


    before puberty.

     Gender: Females have a higher risk.

     Genetics: People with scoliosis may have a close relative with the condition.
    Types of Scoliosis

    The Scoliosis describes five main types of scoliosis:

     Congenital scoliosis, when the spine does not form correctly before birth

     Early-onset scoliosis appears between birth and 10 years

     Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which occurs as the child grows, leading to


    a curving and twisting of the spine

     Degenerative scoliosis can affect adults due to wear and tear of the skeletal
    system, whether or not they already have scoliosis

     Neuromuscular scoliosis stems from a problem with the muscles or nervous


    system

     Scheuermann's kyphosis, where the front sections of the vertebrae grow


    more slowly than the back sections, making them smaller

     Syndromic scoliosis is linked to one of a range of syndromes, including


    Marfan's syndrome and trisomy 21.

    Marfan Syndrome Scheuermann's Disease


    Signs and Symptoms
     One shoulder blade that is higher than the other.
     One shoulder blade that sticks out more than the other.
     Uneven hips.
     A rotating spine.
     Problems breathing because of reduced area in the chest for lungs to
    expand.
     Back pain.
    Diagnosis
     A doctor will carry out a physical examination of the spine, ribs, hips,
    and shoulders.
     With the aid of a tool called an inclinometer, or scoliometer, the
    doctor can measure the degree of scoliosis.
     The patient may be referred to an orthopedic specialist.
     Imaging scans such as x-rays, CT scans and MRIs can help assess the
    shape, direction, location, and angle of the curve.

    The types of idiopathic scoliosis can further be categorized according to the


    child’s age at which a spinal curve is detected:
     Adolescent (10 to 18 years of age)
     Infantile (birth to 3 years old)
     Juvenile (3 to 9 years old)

    Treatment
    The following factors will be considered by the doctor when deciding
    on treatment options:
     Sex
     Severity of the curve
     Curve position
     Bone maturity
    When the bones stop growing, braces are no longer used. There are two
    types of braces:

     Thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) - the TLSO is made of plastic


    and designed to fit neatly around the body's curves. It is not usually
    visible under clothing.
     Milwaukee brace - this is a full-torso brace and has a neck ring with
    rests for the chin and the back of the head. This type of brace is only
    used when the TLSO is not possible or not effective.

    Back Braces for Scoliosis

    There are three main types of back braces used for scoliosis treatment:
     Boston Brace (Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis, or TLSO)
     Charleston Bending Brace, or “nighttime” brace
     Milwaukee Brace, (Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral-Orthosis, or
    CTLSO),
     Total Contact TLSO
    Anatomy

    • Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-


    dimensional deformity affecting the
    orientation and position of the
    spinal elements in space.
    • The regional and global changes
    are characterized by a deviation in
    the frontal plane, a modification of
    the sagittal profile, and alterations in
    the shape of the rib cage.
    • The most characteristic feature of
    scoliosis is the coronal plane
    curvature of the spine, the most
    common being a convex right
    deviation of the thoracic spine.
    • Maximal at the apex, vertebral
    rotation alters the shape and
    orientation of the ribs, creating the
    rib prominence that makes the trunk
    appear kyphotic.
    Pathophysiology

    Congenital and
    degenerative problems

    Diminished chest Crowding of abdominal


    expansion organ with disturbances

    Shortness of
    breath

    Pain or backache

    Pulmonary function
    compromised

    Neurologic
    complications
    Patient’s Data

    Name: Patient X

    Age: 16 yrs. old

    Gender: Female

    Status: Single

    Birthdate: Nov. 12, 2002

    Address: Brgy. Paraiso Tarlac City, Tarlac

    Religion: Catholic

    Nationality: Filipino

    Doctor’s In-charged: Dr. Joshua Joseph Nocom, MD

    Admission: May 24, 2019

    Admitting Diagnosis: Idiopathic Scoliosis (Adolescent)

    Ward: Female Ward

    S.O: Neighbor

    Chief Complaint: Back Deformity


    Physical Assessment

     poor posture

     curvature of the spine (42 degrees)

     back pain as verbalized by the patient

     body malaise

     Tired feeling

     DOB

    Diagnostic Test

     Chest X-ray

     2D Echo with Doppler


    Cobb Angle

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