Doctoral Dissertation

Doctoral Program in Energy Enginering (29.th cycle)

Writing your Doctoral Thesis

with LATEX
This document is an example of what you can do
with the TOPtesi class

Mario Rossi
******

Supervisors
Prof. A.B., Supervisor
Prof. C.D. Co-supervisor

Doctoral Examination Committee:

Prof. A.B., Referee, University of …
Prof. C.D., Referee, University of …
Prof. E.F., University of …
Prof. G.H., University of …
Prof. I.J., University of …

Politecnico di Torino
February 29, 2123
 This thesis is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution - Noncommercial-
NoDerivative Works 4.0 International: see www.creativecommons.org. The text may
be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original
author.

I hereby declare that, the contents and organisation of this dissertation constitute my
own original work and does not compromise in any way the rights of third parties,
including those relating to the security of personal data.

........................................
Mario Rossi
Turin, February 29, 2123
Summary

This is where you write your abstract … (Maximum 4000 characters, i.e. maximum
two pages in normal sized font, typeset with the thesis layout).
The abstract environment is also available, but \summary is preferred because it
generates an un-numbered chapter. The abstract environment is more suitable for arti-
cles and two column typesetting without a separate title page.

iii
Acknowledgements

And I would like to acknowledge …

Acknowledgements are mandatory when people outside the academic institution
supported the development of the research that was performed in order to reach the
conclusion of the doctorate program.

v
I would like to dedicate
this thesis to my loving
parents
The dedication very seldom is a proper thing
to do; in some countries it is very common,
while in other countries it is done for
imitation of other people habits.
The sentence used above clearly is an
example of something very common, but it
is useless. Of course we all love our beloved
parents, but it is not necessary to “engrave it
in stone”.
Contents

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

1 My third chapter 1
1.1 First section of the third chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 First subsection in the first section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Second subsection in the first section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Third subsection in the first section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Second section of the third chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 In Closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A How to install LATEX 7

B Title of the second appendix 11

Bibliography 13

viii
List of Tables

ix
List of Figures

x
Chapter 1

My third chapter

You should break your thesis up into nice, bite-sized sections and subsections. LATEX
automatically builds a table of contents by looking the \chapter{}, \section{} and
\subsection{} commands you write in the source.
The Table of Contents should only list the sections to three (3) levels. A chapter{}
is level zero (0). A \section{} is level one (1) and so a \subsection{} is level two
(2). In your thesis it is likely that you will even use a subsubsection{}, which is
level three (3). The depth to which the table of contents is formatted is set within the
TOPtesi.cls class. If you need this changed, you can do it in the example source file
toptesi-scudo-example.tex model.

1.1 First section of the third chapter

And now I begin my third chapter here …
As any dedicated reader can clearly see, the Ideal of practical reason is a represen-
tation of, as far as I know, the things in themselves; as I have shown elsewhere, the
phenomena should only be used as a canon for our understanding. The paralogisms of
practical reason are what first give rise to the architectonic of practical reason. As will
easily be shown in the next section, reason would thereby be made to contradict, in
view of these considerations, the Ideal of practical reason, yet the manifold depends on
the phenomena. Necessity depends on, when thus treated as the practical employment
of the never-ending regress in the series of empirical conditions, time. Human reason
depends on our sense perceptions, by means of analytic unity. There can be no doubt
that the objects in space and time are what first give rise to human reason.
Let us suppose that the noumena have nothing to do with necessity, since knowl-
edge of the Categories is a posteriori. Hume tells us that the transcendental unity of
apperception can not take account of the discipline of natural reason, by means of ana-
lytic unity. As is proven in the ontological manuals, it is obvious that the transcendental
unity of apperception proves the validity of the Antinomies; what we have alone been

1
 1 – My third chapter

able to show is that, our understanding depends on the Categories. It remains a mys-
tery why the Ideal stands in need of reason. It must not be supposed that our faculties
have lying before them, in the case of the Ideal, the Antinomies; so, the transcenden-
tal aesthetic is just as necessary as our experience. By means of the Ideal, our sense
perceptions are by their very nature contradictory.
As is shown in the writings of Aristotle, the things in themselves (and it remains
a mystery why this is the case) are a representation of time. Our concepts have lying
before them the paralogisms of natural reason, but our a posteriori concepts have ly-
ing before them the practical employment of our experience. Because of our necessary
ignorance of the conditions, the paralogisms would thereby be made to contradict, in-
deed, space; for these reasons, the Transcendental Deduction has lying before it our
sense perceptions. (Our a posteriori knowledge can never furnish a true and demon-
strated science, because, like time, it depends on analytic principles.) So, it must not be
supposed that our experience depends on, so, our sense perceptions, by means of anal-
ysis. Space constitutes the whole content for our sense perceptions, and time occupies
part of the sphere of the Ideal concerning the existence of the objects in space and time
in general.

1.1.1 First subsection in the first section

…and some more
As we have already seen, what we have alone been able to show is that the objects
in space and time would be falsified; what we have alone been able to show is that,
our judgements are what first give rise to metaphysics. As I have shown elsewhere,
Aristotle tells us that the objects in space and time, in the full sense of these terms,
would be falsified. Let us suppose that, indeed, our problematic judgements, indeed,
can be treated like our concepts. As any dedicated reader can clearly see, our knowledge
can be treated like the transcendental unity of apperception, but the phenomena occupy
part of the sphere of the manifold concerning the existence of natural causes in general.
Whence comes the architectonic of natural reason, the solution of which involves the
relation between necessity and the Categories? Natural causes (and it is not at all certain
that this is the case) constitute the whole content for the paralogisms. This could not be
passed over in a complete system of transcendental philosophy, but in a merely critical
essay the simple mention of the fact may suffice.

1.1.2 Second subsection in the first section

…and some more …
Therefore, we can deduce that the objects in space and time (and I assert, however,
that this is the case) have lying before them the objects in space and time. Because of
our necessary ignorance of the conditions, it must not be supposed that, then, formal
logic (and what we have alone been able to show is that this is true) is a representation

2
 1.1 – First section of the third chapter

of the never-ending regress in the series of empirical conditions, but the discipline of
pure reason, in so far as this expounds the contradictory rules of metaphysics, depends
on the Antinomies. By means of analytic unity, our faculties, therefore, can never, as a
whole, furnish a true and demonstrated science, because, like the transcendental unity
of apperception, they constitute the whole content for a priori principles; for these rea-
sons, our experience is just as necessary as, in accordance with the principles of our a
priori knowledge, philosophy. The objects in space and time abstract from all content
of knowledge. Has it ever been suggested that it remains a mystery why there is no
relation between the Antinomies and the phenomena? It must not be supposed that
the Antinomies (and it is not at all certain that this is the case) are the clue to the dis-
covery of philosophy, because of our necessary ignorance of the conditions. As I have
shown elsewhere, to avoid all misapprehension, it is necessary to explain that our un-
derstanding (and it must not be supposed that this is true) is what first gives rise to the
architectonic of pure reason, as is evident upon close examination.

First subsub section in the second subsection

…and some more in the first sub-sub section otherwise it all looks the same doesn’t
it? Well we can add some text to it …
Remember: each level may contain sublevels, but the latter must be al least two,
otherwise subsectioning is useless The things in themselves are what first give rise to
reason, as is proven in the ontological manuals. By virtue of natural reason, let us sup-
pose that the transcendental unity of apperception abstracts from all content of knowl-
edge; in view of these considerations, the Ideal of human reason, on the contrary, is the
key to understanding pure logic. Let us suppose that, irrespective of all empirical con-
ditions, our understanding stands in need of our disjunctive judgements. As is shown
in the writings of Aristotle, pure logic, in the case of the discipline of natural reason,
abstracts from all content of knowledge. Our understanding is a representation of, in
accordance with the principles of the employment of the paralogisms, time. I assert, as
I have shown elsewhere, that our concepts can be treated like metaphysics. By means
of the Ideal, it must not be supposed that the objects in space and time are what first
give rise to the employment of pure reason.

Second subsub section in the second section

And this indeed is another subsection, so they are at least two.

1.1.3 Third subsection in the first section

…and some more …

3
 1 – My third chapter

First subsub section in the third subsection

…and some more in the first sub-sub section otherwise it all looks the same doesn’t
it? well we can add some text to it and some more …
As is evident upon close examination, to avoid all misapprehension, it is necessary
to explain that, on the contrary, the never-ending regress in the series of empirical con-
ditions is a representation of our inductive judgements, yet the things in themselves
prove the validity of, on the contrary, the Categories. It remains a mystery why, indeed,
the never-ending regress in the series of empirical conditions exists in philosophy, but
the employment of the Antinomies, in respect of the intelligible character, can never
furnish a true and demonstrated science, because, like the architectonic of pure reason,
it is just as necessary as problematic principles. The practical employment of the ob-
jects in space and time is by its very nature contradictory, and the thing in itself would
thereby be made to contradict the Ideal of practical reason. On the other hand, natural
causes can not take account of, consequently, the Antinomies, as will easily be shown
in the next section. Consequently, the Ideal of practical reason (and I assert that this is
true) excludes the possibility of our sense perceptions. Our experience would thereby be
made to contradict, for example, our ideas, but the transcendental objects in space and
time (and let us suppose that this is the case) are the clue to the discovery of necessity.
But the proof of this is a task from which we can here be absolved.

Second subsub section in the third subsection

…and some more in the second sub-sub section otherwise it all looks the same
doesn’t it? well we can add some text to it …
Thus, the Antinomies exclude the possibility of, on the other hand, natural causes,
as will easily be shown in the next section. Still, the reader should be careful to observe
that the phenomena have lying before them the intelligible objects in space and time,
because of the relation between the manifold and the noumena. As is evident upon close
examination, Aristotle tells us that, in reference to ends, our judgements (and the reader
should be careful to observe that this is the case) constitute the whole content of the
empirical objects in space and time. Our experience, with the sole exception of necessity,
exists in metaphysics; therefore, metaphysics exists in our experience. (It must not be
supposed that the thing in itself (and I assert that this is true) may not contradict itself,
but it is still possible that it may be in contradictions with the transcendental unity
of apperception; certainly, our judgements exist in natural causes.) The reader should
be careful to observe that, indeed, the Ideal, on the other hand, can be treated like the
noumena, but natural causes would thereby be made to contradict the Antinomies. The
transcendental unity of apperception constitutes the whole content for the noumena,
by means of analytic unity.

4
 1.2 – Second section of the third chapter

1.2 Second section of the third chapter

and here I write more …
By virtue of natural reason, our ampliative judgements would thereby be made to
contradict, in all theoretical sciences, the pure employment of the discipline of human
reason. Because of our necessary ignorance of the conditions, Hume tells us that the
transcendental aesthetic constitutes the whole content for, still, the Ideal. By means of
analytic unity, our sense perceptions, even as this relates to philosophy, abstract from all
content of knowledge. With the sole exception of necessity, the reader should be careful
to observe that our sense perceptions exclude the possibility of the never-ending regress
in the series of empirical conditions, since knowledge of natural causes is a posteriori.
Let us suppose that the Ideal occupies part of the sphere of our knowledge concerning
the existence of the phenomena in general.
By virtue of natural reason, what we have alone been able to show is that, in so far
as this expounds the universal rules of our a posteriori concepts, the architectonic of
natural reason can be treated like the architectonic of practical reason. Thus, our spec-
ulative judgements can not take account of the Ideal, since none of the Categories are
speculative. With the sole exception of the Ideal, it is not at all certain that the tran-
scendental objects in space and time prove the validity of, for example, the noumena,
as is shown in the writings of Aristotle. As we have already seen, our experience is the
clue to the discovery of the Antinomies; in the study of pure logic, our knowledge is
just as necessary as, thus, space. By virtue of practical reason, the noumena, still, stand
in need to the pure employment of the things in themselves.
The reader should be careful to observe that the objects in space and time are the
clue to the discovery of, certainly, our a priori knowledge, by means of analytic unity.
Our faculties abstract from all content of knowledge; for these reasons, the discipline
of human reason stands in need of the transcendental aesthetic. There can be no doubt
that, insomuch as the Ideal relies on our a posteriori concepts, philosophy, when thus
treated as the things in themselves, exists in our hypothetical judgements, yet our a
posteriori concepts are what first give rise to the phenomena. Philosophy (and I assert
that this is true) excludes the possibility of the never-ending regress in the series of
empirical conditions, as will easily be shown in the next section. Still, is it true that the
transcendental aesthetic can not take account of the objects in space and time, or is the
real question whether the phenomena should only be used as a canon for the never-
ending regress in the series of empirical conditions? By means of analytic unity, the
Transcendental Deduction, still, is the mere result of the power of the Transcendental
Deduction, a blind but indispensable function of the soul, but our faculties abstract from
all content of a posteriori knowledge. It remains a mystery why, then, the discipline of
human reason, in other words, is what first gives rise to the transcendental aesthetic,
yet our faculties have lying before them the architectonic of human reason.

5
 1 – My third chapter

1.3 In Closing
You have reached the end of this mini-guide. You can now rename or overwrite
this PDF file and begin writing the rest of your thesis. The easy work of setting up the
structure and framework has been taken care of for you. It’s now your job to fill it out!

Good luck and have fun!

6
Appendix A

How to install LATEX

These installing instructions are typical, but who prepared this file did not check
their validity; the author of this example uses a Mac with OS X; he can confirm that the
instructions given below for this platform are correct, but he cannot honestly guarantee
the same correctness for the other platforms.

Windows OS
Complete TeXLive TEX distribution
1. Download the TeXLive ISO from
https://www.tug.org/texlive/
and open it by simply double clicking on its name in an Explorer window.

2. If you don’t have Win8 or higher do the following.

(a) Download WinCDEmu from

http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/download/
(b) To install Windows CD Emulator follow the instructions at
http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/tutorials/install/
(c) Right click the iso and mount it using the WinCDEmu as shown in
http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/tutorials/mount/

3. If you have Win8 or higher open your the ISO image as if it were a real mounted
disk, and run setup.pl.

Complete MikTeX - TEX distribution

1. Download Complete-MiKTEX (32bit or 64bit) from
http://miktex.org/download

7
 A – How to install LATEX

2. Run the installer

Textudio - TEX editor

1. Download TexStudio from
http://texstudio.sourceforge.net/#downloads
2. Run the installer

Mac OS X
MacTeX - TEX distribution
1. Download the file from
https://www.tug.org/mactex/
2. Double click to run the installer and answer its questions. It does the entire con-
figuration, sit back and relax.

TeXShop or TexStudio - TEX editors

1. Installing MacTeX gives you the opportunity to work with a Mac specific TEX ed-
itor, TeXShop; double click on its app in ~/Library/TeX/; configure the launch
bar to keep its icon to remain in the launch bar; set the TeXShop Preferences so
as to have the UTF-8 encoding as the default one for editing and saving source
files.
2. If you are accustomed to different styled editors, download TexStudio from
http://texstudio.sourceforge.net/#downloads
3. Extract, Start, configure the launch bar so as to permanently keep its icon.

Unix/Linux
Complete TeXLive - TEX distribution
Getting the distribution:
TexLive can be downloaded from
http://www.tug.org/texlive/acquire-netinstall.html. Or a TexLive ISO file may be down-
loaded from the same location. Follow the instructions given in the same Web site; Linux
distributions are too different to give here a single set of instructions valid for any in-
carnation of Linux.
For Debian compliant Linux versions see the next section.
8
 A – How to install LATEX

Debian
A Debian compliant TexLive is provided by most Linux operating systems; you can
use (rpm, apt-get, yum, dots) to get TexLive packages; pay attention to download the
complete set of different packages into which the Debian compliant Linux TexLive dis-
tribution is subdivided.

Fedora/RedHat/CentOS:

sudo yum install texlive

sudo yum install psutils

SUSE:
sudo zypper install texlive

Debian/Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install texlive texlive-latex-extra

sudo apt-get install psutils

Pay attention to this substantial difference; TeXLive is a very lively maintained dis-
tribution; there are daily upgrades of existing packages and some new packages every
week. The TeXLive distribution installed from a CTAN archive or mirror is updated al-
most every day; nobody needs to upgrade his/her installation everyday, but it is a good
policy to do this simple operation (by means of the installed program tlmgr GUI) every
week or so; twice a month is the suggested upgrading frequency.
The Debian compliant installation gets upgraded by the Debian consortium before
being released to the users; this takes place every few months, in any case at least once
a year. The Debian installation therefore lacks the tlmgr GUI and the user can only
explore the Debian repositories to find out if there exists an updated TeXLive version.
In any case there is an article on TUGboat (the official magazine of the interna-
tional TEX Users Group) that explains how to install the CTAN TeXLive version ([2]1 )
on Linux platforms, with particular attention to the Debian compliant operating sys-
tems. This CTAN installation can live side by side with the Debian one; the former

1
In spite of being published in 2011, the article is till valid, even if sometimes a few details on
Linux platforms have changed. You can download this article from this link: https://www.tug.org/
TUGboat/tb32-1/tb100gregorio.pdf. An Italian version of this article can be downloaded from:
http://profs.sci.univr.it/~gregorio/texlive-ubuntu.pdf

9
 A – How to install LATEX

for actual typesetting, the latter for satisfying certain Debian dependencies. It is not
mandatory to use the CTAN installation on Debian platforms, but it is strongly sug-
gested in accordance with the different updating/upgrading policies followed by the
CTAN maintainers compared to the Debian ones.

10
Appendix B

Title of the second appendix

As any dedicated reader can clearly see, the Ideal of practical reason is a represen-
tation of, as far as I know, the things in themselves; as I have shown elsewhere, the
phenomena should only be used as a canon for our understanding. The paralogisms of
practical reason are what first give rise to the architectonic of practical reason. As will
easily be shown in the next section, reason would thereby be made to contradict, in
view of these considerations, the Ideal of practical reason, yet the manifold depends on
the phenomena. Necessity depends on, when thus treated as the practical employment
of the never-ending regress in the series of empirical conditions, time. Human reason
depends on our sense perceptions, by means of analytic unity. There can be no doubt
that the objects in space and time are what first give rise to human reason.
Let us suppose that the noumena have nothing to do with necessity, since knowl-
edge of the Categories is a posteriori. Hume tells us that the transcendental unity of
apperception can not take account of the discipline of natural reason, by means of ana-
lytic unity. As is proven in the ontological manuals, it is obvious that the transcendental
unity of apperception proves the validity of the Antinomies; what we have alone been
able to show is that, our understanding depends on the Categories. It remains a mys-
tery why the Ideal stands in need of reason. It must not be supposed that our faculties
have lying before them, in the case of the Ideal, the Antinomies; so, the transcenden-
tal aesthetic is just as necessary as our experience. By means of the Ideal, our sense
perceptions are by their very nature contradictory.
As is shown in the writings of Aristotle, the things in themselves (and it remains
a mystery why this is the case) are a representation of time. Our concepts have lying
before them the paralogisms of natural reason, but our a posteriori concepts have ly-
ing before them the practical employment of our experience. Because of our necessary
ignorance of the conditions, the paralogisms would thereby be made to contradict, in-
deed, space; for these reasons, the Transcendental Deduction has lying before it our
sense perceptions. (Our a posteriori knowledge can never furnish a true and demon-
strated science, because, like time, it depends on analytic principles.) So, it must not be

11
 B – Title of the second appendix

supposed that our experience depends on, so, our sense perceptions, by means of anal-
ysis. Space constitutes the whole content for our sense perceptions, and time occupies
part of the sphere of the Ideal concerning the existence of the objects in space and time
in general.
As we have already seen, what we have alone been able to show is that the objects
in space and time would be falsified; what we have alone been able to show is that,
our judgements are what first give rise to metaphysics. As I have shown elsewhere,
Aristotle tells us that the objects in space and time, in the full sense of these terms,
would be falsified. Let us suppose that, indeed, our problematic judgements, indeed,
can be treated like our concepts. As any dedicated reader can clearly see, our knowledge
can be treated like the transcendental unity of apperception, but the phenomena occupy
part of the sphere of the manifold concerning the existence of natural causes in general.
Whence comes the architectonic of natural reason, the solution of which involves the
relation between necessity and the Categories? Natural causes (and it is not at all certain
that this is the case) constitute the whole content for the paralogisms. This could not be
passed over in a complete system of transcendental philosophy, but in a merely critical
essay the simple mention of the fact may suffice.

12
Bibliography

[1] Simon Fear. Publication quality tables in LATEX. 2005.

[2] Enrico Gregorio. “Installing TeX Live 2010 on Ubuntu”. In: TUGboat 32.1 (2011),
pp. 56–61.
[3] Peter Hertel. “Writing Articles with LATEX”. In: (2010).
[4] Leslie Lamport. Latex. Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[5] A. Simonič. “A Construction of Lomonosov Functions and Applications to the In-
variant Subspace Problem”. In: Pacific J. Math. 175 (1996), pp. 257–270.
[6] A. Simonič. “An Extension of Lomonosov’s Techniques to Non-Compact Opera-
tors”. PhD thesis. Dalhousie University, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, &
Computing Science, 1994.
[7] A. Simonič. “Grupe Operatorjev s Pozitivnim Spektrom”. MA thesis. Univerza v
Ljubljani, FNT, Oddelek za Matematiko, 1990.
[8] A. Simonič. “Matrix Groups with Positive Spectra”. In: Linear Algebra Appl. 173
(1992), pp. 57–76.
[9] A. Simonič. “Notes on Subharmonic Functions”. Lecture Notes, Dalhousie Univer-
sity, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, & Computing Science. 1991.

13
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

This Ph.D. thesis has been typeset by

means of the TEX-system facilities. The
typesetting engine was LuaLATEX. The
document class was toptesi, by Clau-
dio Beccari, with option tipotesi
=scudo. This class is available in every
up-to-date and complete TEX-system
installation.

14