XTRA Final Punch
XTRA Final Punch
XTRA Final Punch
Psychiatry
IQ Range Level of Intelligence
0-24 Idiot
25-49 Imbecile
50-69 Moron
70-79 Borderline
80-89 Low Normal
90-109 Normal
110-119 Superior
120-139 Very Superior
140& over Near Genius
Phobia Description
Acrophobia Height of Fear
Nyctophobia Fear of Darkness
Zoophobia Fear of Animals
Xenophobia Fear of Strangers
Algophobia Fear of Pain
Claustrophobia Fear of closed places
Trypanophobia Fear of Medical Procedures
Agraphobia Fear of Sexual Abuse
Arachnophobia Fear of spiders
Necrophobia Fear of Death
Aquaphobia Fear of Water
Iatrophobia Fear of Doctors
Pharmacophobia Fear of Taking medicines
Thanatophobia Fear of Death
Acrophobia Fear of Height
1
Substance Halflife
Iodine-132 2.3 hrs
Technetium-99 6 hrs
Iodine-123 13 hrs
Gold-198 2.7days
Gallium-67 3.3 days
Iodine-131 8days - 12 days
Phosphorus-32 14.3days
Iodine-125 59days
Iridium-192 74days
Cobalt-60 5.3 yrs
Strontium-909 29.1 yrs
Casieum-137 30yrs
Radium-226 1600yrs
Uranium-238 4.5 billion yrs
66. Most sensitive & specific screening test for Breast Ca - Mammography
67. Most commonly used radio-isotope in Bone scan & imaging - Tecnetium-99
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68. Best view to detect minimal(15ml) pleural effusion on CXR - Lateral decubitus view
69. Most Radio sensitive Tissue/Blood cell/Organ - Bonemarrow/Lymphocyte/Skin
70. Right border of heart on CXR is formed by - Rt.Atrium,SVC,IVC
71. Trapped air sign in upper abdomen on plain x-ray is due to - chronic duodenal ulcer
72. Stack of coins in x-ray in acute abd - Mesentric thrombus
73. Plain x-ray of an infant with Abdomen pain show airless abdomen diagnosis is
- Midgut volvulus
74. Initial investigation for Amoebic liver abscess is -USG
75. Multiple Rain drop like osteolytic lesions in skull is seen in - Litterer-siwe disease
76. Frankel's line on radiology of long bones is seen in - Scurvy
77. Best route for cerebral Angiography - Trans femoral route
78. USG finding of chronic renal disease-Normal/Shrunken/Enlarged kidney
79. Filament in x-ray machine is composed of - Tungsten
80. Roentgen is the unit of - Radiation exposure
81. Most radio sensitive ovarian tumour - Dysgerminoma
82. Most radio sensitive tissue is - Bone marrow/Gonads
83. Most radiosensitive cells are - lymphocytes
84. Most sensitive structure in cell for radiotherapy - DNA
85. Cells r most radiosensitive in - M-phase
86. Most radio sensitive satage is - G2M phase
87. Most chemosensitive tumour - Choriocarcinoma
88. Most common malignant bone tumour post irradiation is - Osteosarcoma
89. Radiation exposure does not occur in - MRI
90. Substance of choice for thyroid scan is - I-131
91. View used to visualise PNS - Water's view
92. Cerebral calcification is a feature of - Toxoplasmosis
93. Bead cystogram is used for diagnosis of - Stress incontinence
94. Earliest sign in Rheumatoid arthritis is - periarticular osteoporosis
95. Gold std for the diagnosis of Osteoporosis - Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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ORTHOPAEDICS
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Anaesthesia
Cylinder Colour
Oxygen -------------------------------------------- Black body with white shoulders
Nitrous oxide --------------------------------------- Blue
Air --------------------------------------------------- Grey body with black & white shoulders
Carbon di oxide ------------------------------------ Grey
Cyclopropane ------------------------------------- Orange
Helium --------------------------------------------- Brown
Entonox --------------------------------------------- Blue body with blue & white shoulders
Ethylene -------------------------------------------- Red/purple
Halothane bottle ---------------------------------- Amber
Thiopentone -------------------------------------- Yellow
Poisons Antidotes
Organophosphates ------------------------------------------------ Atropine
Carbonates -------------------------------------------------------- Atropine
Cyanide ------------------------------------------------------------ Amyl nitrate,Hydroxycobalamine
Digitalis ------------------------------------------------------------- Digibind
Methanol ----------------------------------------------------------- Ethanol,Fomepizole
Ethyl glycol -------------------------------------------------------- Ethanol,Fomepizole
Carbon monoxide ----------------------------------------------- O2 therapy
Opioid -------------------------------------------------------------- Naloxone
Paracetomol ------------------------------------------------------- N.acetyl cysteine
Heparin --------------------------------------------------------- Protamine sulphate
Warfarin ---------------------------------------------------------- Vit.K / FFP
Methohexitone
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Midazolam
Bupivacaine is a local anasthetic agent having high cardiotoxicity
Inflammable inhalational anasthetics - Ether/Ethylene/Ethyl chloride/Cyclopropane & can
be made non inflammable by adding fluorine.
Vecuronium - choice in cardiac pts
Safe in Hepatic failure
Causes polyneuropathy on long term use
On overdose antidote - Neostigmine
Pancuronium-Avoid in CRF/Useful in Asthma patients/Increases cardiac arrythmias
Atracurium-choice in Hepatic fail/Renal fail/Myasthenia gravis/New Borns & Oldage
Drugs used in CPR - Vasopressors-Adrenaline,Noradrenaline,Ephedrine,Mephentramine
Ionotropes-Dopamine,Dobutamine
Betablockers-propranolol,Esmolol
Anticholinergics-Atropine.Glycopyrolate
Analeptics(Respiratory stimulants)-Doxapram,Ethamivan
Vasodilators-NTG,Nifedipine,potassium chloride,sodiumnitroprusside
Antiarrythmics-Amiodarone,Xylocard,Bretylium,Adenosine
Calcium is contraindicated during CPR.excess calcium worsens cell death
Indications of calcium-Hypocalcaemia,Hyperkalemia,overdosage of Ca.ch.blockers
Nahco3 without ABG should be avoided in CPR,As it worsens neuronal
injury ,increases ICT,worsens intracellular acidosis,cause hypertonicity.
Indications-Metabolic acidosis,Hyperkalemia,CPR after ABG
Indications of Tracheostomy -
Elective procedure-fro prolonged ventilation
Switch over procedure from Intubation- after 21days
Excessive secretions blocking ET tube
If Intubation is not possible/Laryngeal surgeries
Upper Airway obstruction-Laryngitis/Trauma/Edema/Vocal cord paralysis/Impacted foreign
bodies/Tumours-congenital/Abscess-peritonsillar/Ludwig's angina/Ca head&neck
Complications of massive Blood Transfusion :
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Hypocalcemia,Hypothermia,Hyperkalemia,Hyperammonemia,Metabolic alkalosis,ARDS,DIC
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(MCC of death)
1. MC Thermal disturbance in Anaesthesia - Hypothermia
2. Pulse oximetry measures - Sao2 of Hb
3. Inhalational anaesthetic with highest nephrotoicity - Methoxyflurane
4. MC cause of airway obstruction in unconscious pt. - Tongue fall
5. Most definitive method to maintain airway - ET Tube
6. Most reliable & best indicator of CPR - Capnography
7. Most effective clinical indicator of CPR - Palpation of carotid pulse
8. Best way to maintain airway in cervical cord injury - Tracheostomy
9. Muscle relaxant of choice for cardiac patients - Vecuronium
10. Non-depolarising muscle relaxant of choice for intubation - Rocuronium
11. MC post operative complication of intubation - Sore throat
12. Inhalational anaesthetics are made non inflammable by - addition of fluorine
13. Inhalational agent causing hyperglycemia - Chloroform
14. Inhalational agent for choice in Asthmatics - Halothene
15. Inhalational agent for cardiac pt/hypotension - Isoflurane
16. Severe hypotension is caused by - Halothane
17. Hyperglycemia is caused by - Ether
18. Laughing Gas - Nitrous oxide
19. Only complete anaesthetic agent - Ether
20. Pin index of oxygen is - 2,5
21. Needle used for spinal anaesthesia - Tuohy's needle
22. MC used IV agent for induction - Thiopentone
23. Agent of choice for cerebral protection - Thiopentone
24. IV agent of choice for day care surgery - Propofol
25. Inhalational agent of choice in shock pts - Cyclopropane
26. MC risk factor for spinal epidural abscess - DM
27. IV agent causing max Nausea & vomiting - Etomidate
28. Agent of choice for pre operative sedation - Midazolam
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FORENSIC MEDICINE
Long Bones:80%
Abrasion:Destruction of skin involving superficial layers of epidermis caused by a lateral
rubbing action.
Contusion/Bruises:Effusion of blood into tissues due to rupture of blood vessels due to blunt
trauma.
Incised wounds:Clean cut through tissues caused by a sharp-edged weapon.
Stab/Punctured wounds:Penetrating wound:When wound enters a acvity of the body.
Perforating wound:Wound enters body from one side & comes out of other side.
Hara kiri:Unusual type of suicide where victims falls on a short sword leading to evisceration
of intestines.
Lacerations:Tears or splits of skin/mucous membranes/organs caused by application of blunt
force
Colour Poisoning
Cherry red Carbon monooxide
Bright red Hydrocyanic acid
Red brown Nitrites,Aniline,Potassiumchloride,HCO3
Dark Brown Phosphorus
Sign's of foetal/Intra uterine death:Stopped foetal movements-heart sound not heard on
auscultation-fundal height not as per gestational age-
Spalding sign - Overlapping of bones of skull-Hyperflexion of spine-
Gas in great vessels
Fat Pesticides,Insecticides
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1) Juvenile age (boy or girl) less than 18yrs.
2) Conduct money is paid to expert witness with summons from - Civil court
3) Leading questions r permitted during - Cross examination
4) Time limit for cross examination - No time limit
5) Subpnoea is akind of - Document compelling attendance of witness in court
6) MCC of sudden death is - CAD
7) Suspended animation is not seen in - Throttling & seen in -
sunstroke,anasthesia,cholera,electrocuction,drowning,insanity,newborns,shock,
hypothermia,cerebral cocussion.
8) Immediate stiffness postmortem occurs in - cadaveric spasm
9) Cadaveric spasm - Occurs immediately after death
10) 1st sign of decomposition in dead body - Green discolouration skin over Lt iliac fossa
11) Casper's dictum is for evaluation of - Time since death.
12) Post mortem staining gets fixed after - 6-7hrs
13) Davidson body is useful in - sexing the individuals
14) Davidson's body is absent in males
15) Dactylography is (Thumb printing sign) - Surest sign of identification
16) Least common type of finger print is - Composite
17) Tattoo is useful in identifying a body which is - Dead
18) Preauricular sulcus is useful in determination of - Sex
(Narrow,shallow in males & Broad,deep in females)
19) Bestbone specimen for sex determination is - Pelvis
20) Time limit for ehumation of a dead body in india is - No Limit
21) EDH commonly occurs in - Temporo-parietal region
22) RTA - Graze & Impact injuries
23) Stellate wound is seen in - Contact wound
24) Teeth bite marks is an example of - Pressure abrasion
25) Abrasion collar is seen in - Bullet injury.
26) Arborescent burning is due to - Lightening
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SKIN & STDs
Macule: A flat, colored lesion, <2 cm in diameter, not raised above the surface of the surrounding
skin. A "freckle," or ephelid, is a prototype pigmented macule.
Patch: A large (>2 cm) flat lesion with a color different from the surrounding skin. This differs
from a macule only in size.
Papule: A small, solid lesion, <0.5 cm in diameter, raised above the surface of the surrounding skin
and, hence, palpable (e.g., a closed comedone, or whitehead, in acne).
Nodule: A larger (0.5–5.0 cm), firm lesion raised above the surface of the surrounding skin. This
differs from a papule only in size (e.g., a dermal nevomelanocytic nevus).
Tumor: A solid, raised growth >5 cm in diameter.
Plaque: A large (>1 cm), flat-topped, raised lesion; edges may either be distinct (e.g., in psoriasis)
or gradually blend with surrounding skin (e.g., in eczematous dermatitis).
Vesicle: A small, fluid-filled lesion, <0.5 cm in diameter, raised above the plane of surrounding
skin. Fluid is often visible, and the lesions are translucent [e.g., vesicles in allergic contact
dermatitis caused by Toxicodendron (poison ivy)].
Pustule: A vesicle filled with leukocytes. Note: The presence of pustules does not necessarily
signify the existence of an infection.
Bulla: A fluid-filled, raised, often translucent lesion >0.5 cm in diameter.
Wheal: A raised, erythematous, edematous papule or plaque, usually representing short-lived
vasodilatation and vasopermeability.
Telangiectasia: A dilated, superficial blood vessel.
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Disorders of nail Disease condition responsible
Onycholysis Hyperthyroidism,psoriasis,fungal inf.
Koilonychia Iron def. Anemia,syphilis,IHD
Splinter hemorhages Trauma,nailpsoriasis,subacute bacterial endocarditis
Pterygium of nails Lichen planus,idiopathic
Half and half nails Chronic renal failure
Pitting of nails Psoriasis,alopecia ariata,hand eczema
Beau's lines Acute systemic illness
Terry's lines Cirhosis
Hippocratic nails Clubbing of nails
Mee's lines on nails Chronic arsenic poisoning,hypoalbunemia
Hyperpigments on nails Zidovudin,mephalan,daunorubicin,bleomycin
Blue nails Chloroquine,wilson disease,subungual hematoma
Yellow nail syndrome Pleural effusion,sinusitis,ankle oedema
Nail folding telengectasia Dermatomyositis
Epithelium Tissue
Simple squamous epith Blood vessels,Lymph vessels,mesothelium of body
cavities,kidney ascending thin limb
Simple cuboidal epith Thyroid follicles,respiratory bronchioles,ovaries,
rete testes,ependema,kidneys-pct,dct,collecting ducts
Simple columnar epith Fallopian tubules,cervix,endometrium,ejaculatory
duct,bulbourethral glands,stomach,small
intestine,large intestine,rectum,gall bladder
Pseudostratified epith Epididymis,vas deference,seminal
vesicle,larynx,trachea,nose,membranous
urethra,penile urethra
Keratinized stratified Tongue,hardpalate,oesophagus,oropharynx,larynx,
epithelium ectocervix,vagina,cornea,skin,anus
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epithelium
Hints - Mouth lesions - Lichen planus
Facial lesions - Pityriasis alba
Elbow,Knee, - Psoriasis
Extremeties - Atopic dermatitis
Trunk - P.Rosea
Umblicated Nodule/Umblication - Molluscum Contagiosum
Herpes Zoster - Thorax
Herpes Simplex - Face
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GYNAECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS
55. Menstrual regulation is done upto 14 days of missed periods or 44days of LMP.
56. MC type of Episiotomy - Medio-lateral
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57. Indication of LSCS-previous2LSCS/placenta previa/indication f transverse lie major
58. Commonest cause of Breach presentation - Prematurity
59. Commonest complication of Breach presentation - Asphyxia
60. MC chance of cord prolapse - Transverse Lie
61. Hb<11gm% - Anemia - WHO
62. Hb<10gm% -Anemia - India
63. Painless,causeless bleeding - Placenta previa
64. Contraception of choice in heart patient - Vasectomy (permanent sterilisation)
65. Anticonvulsant of choice in Eclampsia - MgSo4
66. Severe PIH - BP>160/110/proteinuria
67. Precocious puberty age less than - 8yrs
68. Precocious mensturation age less than - 10yrs
69. Imperforate hymen - Cryptomenorhea
70. Post coital bleeding - Suggestive of Ca Cervix
71. Menorhagia - menstural cycle,duration is not changed
72. Polymenorrhea - menstural cycle shortened
73. Natural contraceptive - Mucus method
74. Clomiphene citrate - treatment for anovulation.
75. Antidote for HELLP syndrome seen in severe PIH - Calcium gluconate
76. Antihypertensives in pregnancy - Methyldopa
77. Premature menopause - menopause occuring less than 40 yrs of age
78. Post menopausal bleeding,pyometria - suggestive of endometrial cancer
79. Best method for tubectomy - Pomoroy's technique
80. MC cause of PID - Gonococcal infection
81. Virilizing ovarian tumour - Arrhenoblastoma
82. Dilation & curettage is procedure of choice for- Incomplete abortion
83. Earliest sign of fetal death is - Gas in Aorta
84. MCC of PPH - Uterine atonicity
85. MC site of metastasis of choriocarcinoma - Lungs
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647.RU 486 is effective for inducing abortion if d duration of pregnancy is < -63 days
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648.Most sensitive method for detecting cervical chlamydia trachomatis infection
- polymerase chain reaction
649.Sertoli cells have receptors for - Follicle stimulating Hormone
650.Physiological chill in labour seen in - 4th stage of labour
651.Pseudomeig syndrome seen with - Adenomyosis
652.Meig syndrome is associated i - fibroma
653.Earliest USG finding in pregnancy - Fundal thickening
654.Thickened placenta is not seen in - Triplody
655.Urine formation in intra uterine life starts at - 3 months
656.MCC of placenta previa - Multi gravida
657.Lady comes with 8 weeks amenorhea,shock & past hytory of TB diagnosis
- Ruptured ectopic
658.Contraceptive of choice for a 22yrs non-smoker - OCP's
659.Contraceptive which is not interceptive - Norplant
660.Post ovulatory phase,appearance of endometrium of USG is - double line with halo
661.Nova T has - silver core
662.Galactokinesis means - Ejection of milk
663.Fetal stage starts at - 9 weeks
664.Decidual casts bleeding pv suggestive of - Tubal abortion
665.Emerg contraceptives post coital are effective if administered within period -120 hrs
666.Emergency contraceptives - Levonorgestrol/misoprostol/mifeprestone
667.Umblical cord stump of newborn most frequently sloughs off on
-10th day after delivery
668.Uniform in size,non tender & soft diagnosis is - montegomery's follicles
669.Complete failure of mullerian duct fusion will result in - uterus didelphys
670.Rx for red degeneration of pregnancy - Analgesics
671.Increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy seen with - Progestasert
672.DOC for Rx for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy - Clindamycin
673.During pregnancy there is an increased respiratory sensitivity to carbon di oxide due to
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PREVENTIVE & SOCIAL MEDICINE
Obesity - >30
BMI = weight in Kg/Height2 in metre2
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Period of communicability : Chicken pox - 2days -rash - 5 days
Measels - 4 days - rash - 5 days
H1N1 - 1 day - symptoms - 7 days
Influenza - 1 day - symptoms - 1 day
Diptheria - 14 - 28 days or Termination of carrier state
Scarlet fever - till termination of carrier state
Tetunus - None
HIV - Life long
Triage - Rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity of their injury & the
likelyhood of the surveillance
Triage RED - Immediate medical attention ( life or limb saving surgery)
Triage YELLOW - Medium priority ( can survive 4 - 6 hrs without medical attention )
Triage GREEN - Ambulatory patients ( Walking wounded)
Triage BLACK - Dead patients.
Epidemic - occurance of a disease clearly in excess of usual or expected frequency
Endemic - constant presence of a disease in a area
Pandemic - an epidemic usually occuring over a very large geographical area
Exotic - disease not present in a country & brought from outside
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Important Days of Public health importance
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The doctor of the future will give no medicine but will interest his patients in the care of the human
frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of disease. ~ Dr.K.Vivek.MD.,
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Mixed MCQ's
❖ Injury to common peroneal nerve cause - Foot drop/loss of toe dorsiflexion
❖ Urethral crest is situated in - Prostatic urethra
❖ Pneumatic bones (bones cont air filled spaces )
-Maxilla/ethmoid/sphenoid/frontal/temporal
❖ Which of the following vessels do not carry deoxygenated blood in fetal circulation
❖ umblical vein
❖ Primary action of Nitric oxide in the GI tract - GI smooth muscle relaxation
❖ Max. Water reabsorption in GI tract occurs in - Jejunum
❖ Small airways have laminar air flow because - extremely low velocity
❖ Orthopnea in heart failure develops due to - reservoir function of leg veins
❖ Basal metabolic rate depends most closely on - lean body mass
❖ Vit.K is involved in post translation of - Glutamate
❖ Thiamine defeciency causes decreased energy production because - it is a co-enzyme
for pyruvate dehydrogenase & alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in tricarboxylic acid
pathway.
❖ Urea(Krebs) cycle occurs in - Liver
❖ Cardio protective fatty acid - Omega 3 fatty acids.
❖ Agents associated with hyperthermia - Amphetamines/MAO inhib/Atropine
❖ Alcohol is associated i - Hypo thermia due to its action of vasodilatation
❖ Prolonged treatment i INH leads to defeciency of - Pyridoxine
❖ Amphotericin B treatment mandates monitoring of - Na & Mg
❖ Agent used in treating Thrombocytopenia 2 ry to myelosuppressive cancer therapy -
Oprelvekin (recombinant human IL-2)
❖ Anti hypertensive drugs that may precipitate Lithium toxicity - ACE
inhib/Diuretics/angiotensin receptor blockers
❖ Alkalinization of urine is done during administration of which chemotherapeutic drug -
Methotrxate
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❖ Chronic ulcer of old burn scars predisposing 2 squamous cell ca s-marjolin's ulcer
❖ Target lesions are characteristic of - Erythema multiforme
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❖ Metal most likely to cause allergic dermatitis - nickel
❖ Leprosy affects - testes / eyes / nerves & not uterus
❖ Tinea versicolor is caused by - malassezia furfur
❖ DOC for dermatitis herpetiformis - Dapsone
❖ Number of melanocytes decrease in - peibaldism / waardenburg synd.
❖ Disciform keratitis is caused by - herpes simplex virus
❖ Commonest variety of basal cell Ca is - Nodulocystic
❖ Icthyyotic disorders are often ass i - Rickets
❖ Oral Rx of Acne - Doxycycline
❖ Features of lepromatous leprosy - Gynaecomastia / madarosis / saddle nose
❖ Dermatophytes causing infection of nails is - Tinea unguium
❖ Kerion is a form of - fungal infection
❖ DOC for severe cystic acne is - Isotretinoin
❖ Annular herald patch is seen in - P.rosea
❖ Keloid - appear mostly on sternum / may be familial / hyperkeratotic
❖ Nikolsky sign is seen in - herpes zoster / herpes simplex /pemphigus vulgaris
❖ Etiology of phemphigus vulgaris - auto immune
❖ Split-thickness graft includes - epidermis i part of dermis
❖ Soot particles in trachea r seen in cases of - antemortem dry flame burns
❖ In throttling,neck is compressed by - Human hand
❖ Features seen n drowning-frothing frm mouth/wet heavy lung/weeds n stomach&lung
❖ Specific antidote for benzodiazepine poisoning is - flumazenil
❖ Lucid interval is a feature of - SDH
❖ Penal code defines grievious hurt - section 320 IPC
❖ Acute subdural hematoma is becoz of - venous bleeding
❖ Hyoid fracture is most commonly found in - Throttling
❖ Pugilistic attitude of body seen in cases of burns is due to - coagulation of proteins
❖ In lacerated wound,margins are - irregular
❖ Rigidity of the muscles after death is - Rigor mortis
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General Medicine
Typhoid 1st week - Blood culture
2nd week - widal
3rd week - Stool culture
4th week - Urine culture
Key points :
Lung Ca
1. MC to produce hypercalcemia in lung ca - Squamous cell Ca
2. MC cavitating lung ca - Squamous cell ca
3. MC type of lung ca - Adeno ca
4. 2nd MC lung ca - Squamous cell ca
5. Lung ca i worst prognosis - small cell ca
6. Best prognosis among lung ca - Squamous cell ca
7. MC metastasizing to opposite lung - Adeno ca
8. Lung ca most responsive to chemo & radiotherapy - small cell ca
9. MC type in non-smokers - Adeno ca
10. MC in peripheral location lung ca - Adeno ca
11. MC in young pts - Adeno ca
12. MC in females - Adeno ca
Spots :
13. Koplik spots - Measles
14. Roth spots - SABE
15. Bitot's spots - vitamin A deficeincy
16. Herald spots - pityriasis rosea
Hyperkalemia :
17. Hyperkalemia is ass i - digitalis intoxication,Beta blockers,severe crush injury,acute
intravascular hemolysis,acute oliguric states,burns,adrenal insufficiency
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Breathing :
22. Paradoxical breathing - diaphragmatic palsy
23. Amphoric breathing - pneumothorax
24. Cavernous breathing - cavity
25. Tubular breathing - consolidation
Respiratory failure :
26. Type 1 resp failure - parenchymal disease/ARDS/emphysema/pneumonia
27. Type 11 rsep failure - COPD/ flail chest
Bronchiectasis :
28. Cxr - tram track lines for bronchiectasis
29. MC site of bronchiectasis - left lower lobe
30. Clubbing is seen in bronchiectasis
31. IOC for bronchiectasis is - HRCT scan
Pleural effusion :
32. Exudative pleural effusionis seen in - RA/ bronchogenic Ca
33. Blood stained pl.effusion s seen n - pulmonary infarction/metastatic ca
34. Low glucose in pl.effusion - RA,empyema
35. Increased amylase in pleural fluid - pancreatitis/esophageal perforation
36. Cholesterol in pleural fluid - RA/TB/hypothyroidism
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Mycoplasma pneumonia :
37. Causes atypical pneumonia in younger pts
38. Cxr - B/L consolidation
39. Rx – Erythromycin
Hypersensitive pneumonitis :
40. Farmers lung - caused by micropolyspora faeni
41. Farmers lung - Associated with moldy hay
42. Bagassossis - caused by - thermoactinomycetes sacchrii
43. Bagassossis - associated with - sugar cane dust
44. Ghon's focus is suggestive of - healed 1ry pulmonary TB
45. Post 1ry TB - popcorn calcification / hemorhagic pl. effusion /cavitation can occur
46. Pneumocystis carinii - fungus causing pneumonia in AIDS / interstitial pneumonitis
47. Pneumocystis carinii - Rx - co-trimaxozole
48. MC Ca causing superior vena caval syndrome - small cell Ca (oat cell ca)
Pulmonary embolism :
49. MC & earliest manifestation of pulmonary embolism - Dyspnea
50. ECG findings in pulmonary embolism - S1Q3T3
51. Signs seen on Cxr - hampton's sign / west mark sign
52. Plasma D-dimer ELISA level is elevated > 90%
53. IOC for pulmonary embolism - CT scan
54. Gold standard investigation for pulmonary embolism - pulmonary angiography
55. Ground glass appearance is seen in - ARDS
56. Water hammer pulse is seen in - Aortic regurgitation
57. Pulsus paradoxus is seen in - Asthma / pericarditis / cardiac tamponade
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Heart sounds :
58. Soft S1 - mitral stenosis -long standing calcified
59. Loud S1 - mitral stenosis - prolonged flow through AV valve
60. Wide split S2 - ASD / pulmonary stenosis
61. Reverse splitting of S2 - left bundle branch block / aortic stenosis
62. S3 is heard in - children / hyperdynamic status /Athletes /LVF /cons.pericarditis
63. Causes of S4 - HTN / HOCM / MR
64. Wolff parkinson white syndrome - ecg changes - short PR / wide QRS complex
65. Rx for WPW syndrome - procainamide / amiadarone / radio frequency ablation
66. Features of Torsade de pointes is - prolonged QTc interval
67. Arrythmia MC ass with alcohol binge - Atrial fibrillation
68. Rx of digoxin over dose includes - potassium / lignocaine / phenytoin
Infective endocarditis :
73. MC cause of sub acute endocarditis - streptococcus viridans
74. MC cause acute endocarditis - staphylococcus aureus
75. Oslers nodules - painful,peasized nodules in pulp of fingers
Atherosclerosis :
76. Risk factors - low HDL,raised apolipoprotein A,smoking etc.,
77. Amino acid ass i atherosclerosis - Homocysteine
78. Organism ass i coronary atherosclerosis - H.pylori / chlamydia
79. Sensitive marker for MI - Troponin T
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80. CKMb - rises at 4-8hrs & peaks at 16-24hrs &returns to normal at 3-4 days
81. Trop T -begins to rise at 4-6hrs&peaks at12-24hrs&returns to normal at 7-10 days
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Cardiac tamponade :
82. CXR - big globular heart
83. Beck's triad - Hypotension / silent heart / raised JVP
84. Kussmaul sign is seen in - constrictive pericarditis
Anemia :
82. Commonest cause of anemia in INdia is - iron deficiency anemia
85. Causes of iron deficiency anemia - Hookworms,celiac sprue,Ca colon
86. increased iron absorption is seen in- IDA,pregnancy,hypoxia,acidic PH of stomach,ferrous
iron salts
87. Most sensitive & specific test for diagnosing IDA - serrum ferritin levels
88. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by - liver disease,fish tapeworm infestation,Tab.phenytoin
89. Hematological finding for megaloblastic anemia - multisegmented
nuclei,anisocytosis(inc.variation in size of RBC)
Poikilocytosis (abnormal shaped RBC) , pancytopenia
90. Features for hemolytic anemia - inc. Reticulocyte count inc.LDH
91. Sickel cell anemia - replacement of glutamate by valine
92. MC symp. Of sickle cell - Bone pain
93. Fish mouth vertebra is seenn in - Sickle cell anemia
94. Hyperviscosity of blood is seen in - polycythemia rubra vera
95. MC inherited bleeding disorder is seen in - von willebrand disease
96. Reed sternberg cell is seen in - Hodgkin's lymphoma
SLE :
97. Musculoskeletal findings - non erosive arthritis
98. Renal manifestations - papillary necrosis & wire loop lesions are seen in - SLE
99. MC cause of death in SLE is due to - Renal involvement
100.Specific antibody for SLE - Anti-ds DNA
147
Page
Polymyositis :
101.Proximal limb muscles are involved in - polymyositis
102.Pharyngeal muscles are involved in - polymyositis
103.Raised CPK are seen in - polymyositis
104.Proximal muscle weekness is seen in - Myasthenia gravis
105.Symptoms of myasthenia gravis - dysphagia & dysarthria
106.Rx for myasthenia gravis - pyridostigmin & neostigmine
Ulcers :
107.MC site of cushings ulcer - distal duodenum
108.MC site of peptic ulcer - 1st part of duodenum
109.Stress ulcer after burns - curlings ulcer
110.MC complication of peptic ulcer - Hemorhage
111.Toxic megacolon is seen in - Ulcerative colitis
112.KF rings in cornea is seen in - wilsons disease
113.Urinary excretion of CU in most symptomatic >100 micro Cu/day - wilson disease
114.Characteristic histological feature of DM nephropathy is - kimmelstiel wilson nodule
115.Severe proteinuria is seen in - nephrotic syndrome
116.MC cause of paroxysmal HTN - pheochromocytoma
117.MC cause of dementia in elderly - Alzhiemers disease
Brain Tumour :
128.MC brain tumour - Astrocytoma
129.MC glial tumour - Astrocytoma
130.MC intracranial tumour - Glioma
131.MC posterior fossa tumour - Astrocytoma
477.Major route of transmission of hepatitis B to the baby from mother is - delivery / feding /
transplacentally
Page
478.HBsAg positive mother gives birth to a baby,best course of action for the baby shall be -
give immunoglobulin & vaccine at 0,1,2 months
479.Spidernaevi can be seen in - RA , cirrhosis of liver / pregnancy
480.Anti-double stranded DNA is highly specific for - SLE
481.P-ANCA is characteristic feature for - microscopic polyangitis
482.C-ANCA is characteristic for - wegeners granulomatosis
483.30yr old lady i difficulty in climbing stairs &combing hair,o/e Gower sign is +ve &
investigation revealed Anti-jo-1 antibodies positive.diagnosis is - Dermatomyositis
484.Characteristic of henoch-schonlein purpura - blood in stool
485.B/L hilar lymphadenopathy,along i non cesating granulomas is a charecteristic feature of -
Sarcoidosis
486.Most commonly involved in pts with sarcoidosis - 7th cranial nerve
487.Erosive arthritis is seen in - Gout / OA / old age
488.Primary idiopathic polymyositis does not involve - ocular muscles
489.Ankylosing spondylitis is ass with - HLA-B27
490.Type of anemia seen in rheumatoid arthritis - normocytic normochromic anemia
491.Spine affected in Rheumatoid arthritis - Cervical
492.35yr fm develops PIP,DIP & metacarpophalangeal joints,probable diagnosis is - RA
493.Specific test for GOUT - raised uric acid in synovial fluid of joint
494.Pt i DM,painless,swollen right ankle,x-ray shows destroyed joint i large loose bodies
probable diagnosis is - Charcot's joint
495.Clubbing s seen n-mesothelioma/bronchiectasis,cyanotic heart dis/1ry biliary cirhosis
496.Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - farmer lung
497.Features of Asbestosis - Pneumoconiosis,pleural calcification,bloody pleural fluid
498.Primary atypical pneumonia is caused by - Mycoplasma
499.Kartagener syndrome features - cystic fibrosis,dextrocardia,sinusitis
500.Paradoxical breathing is characteristic of - diaphragmatic paralysis
501.MCC of spontaneous pneumothorax - rupture of subpleural bleb
502.MC anterior mediastinal tumour is - Thymoma
163
168
Page
General surgery
429.Cold water Rx of burns has the disadvantage that it increase the chances of infection
430.TOC from inguinal hernia in infants is - Herniotomy
Page
431.Most useful method to diagnose cause of upper GI bleed is - Endoscopy
432.Ca bladder constantly shows - persistent & recurrent UTI
433.Commonest bacteria detected from brain abscess 2ndory to ear infection - Proteus
434.Unilateral clefts r most common on left side
435.Primary factor in resuscitation of a pt of cardiac arrest - Adequate airway
436.Secondary deposits from prostatic Ca is commonest in - Bone
437.Commonest cause of aneurysm formation is - Atherosclerosis
438.Pus in burns form in - 2-3 days
439.Margins of squamous cell Ca is - Everted
440.TOC in duodenal atresia - duodenojejunostomy
441.Brain space occupying lesions causes death by - brain herniation
442.Cellulitis is infection of - subcutaeneous spaces
443.Arow headed finger on x-ray is suggestive of - Acromegaly
444.Common cause of hematemesis - chronic peptic ulcer /esophageal varices / Ca stomach
445.Frequent mechanism in perforation of appendix is - tension gangrene due to the
accumulating secretions
446.Best investigation of acute mechanical intestinal obstruction is - x-ray abdomen
447.Odourless peritoneal fluid is noticed in - perforated peptic ulcer
448.Hashimoto's disease is - an auto-immune thyroiditis
449.Sequence of symptoms in pulmonary embolism - dyspnoea,pain,haemoptysis
450.Haemostasis in scalp wound is best achieved by - direct pressure over the wound
451.Preoperative shaving is idealy done at - just before operation
452.Most important in assessing fertility potential is - sperm motility
453.Undescended testis usually develops - seminoma
454.Life of preserved semen for artificial insemination is - 5yrs
455.Renal TB originates in the - renal papilla
456.Cryoprecipitate is a rich source of - Factor 8
457.Seldinger needle is used for - arteriography
458.Intra lobar sequestration of lung is commonest in the - lateral basal segment of lower lobe
184
571.A cystic swelling at the root of the nose which increases in size on straining is likely to be
- meningocele
Page
572.MC type of Oral Ca - Lip
573.Pt i renal stone developed pathological # along i abdomen pain & certain psychiatric
symptoms he should be investigated for - hyper parathyroidism
574.Spleenectomy is to be avoided in children becoz of - increase risk of infection
575.Symptoms of hyperthyroidism - vossiuos appetite/emotional disturbances/sleeplessness &
not cold intolerance
576.Old male Ca caecum operated(hemicolectomy) 4th POD pt develops fever & pain in the
leg most important clinical entity one should look for this - DVT
577.40yrs old male i painless cystic liver enlargement of 4 yrs duration without fever or
jaundice most likely diagnosis is - Hydatid cyst
578.20yr old foot ball player received a hard kick in epigastrium a large cystic swelling
appeared in the epigastrium 2 wks later mostly diagnosis s - pseudo pancreatic cyst
579.8yr old boy presented i progressive swelling around the knee joint i 2 month duration
following mild trauma localised examination reveals an irregular bony swelling over the
upper end of tibia i a rised local temperature & variable consistency & ill defined margin
the most likely diagnosis is - Ewing's sarcoma
580.Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant small, round, blue cell tumour. It is a rare disease in
which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft tissue. The most common areas in
which it occurs are the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, the ribs and clavicle (collar
bone).occurs most frequently in teenagers and young adults,
581.5yr male i one testis in the scrotum the other felt in inguinal canal Rx is - orchiopexy
582.More than 3 units of blood transfusion must be supplemented by IV - calcium gluconate
583.Mc precancerous lesion for an oral Ca is - leukoplakia
584.Marker for seminoma testis is - HCG
585.MC indication for splenectomy is - trauma
586.Causes of gynecomastia - leprosy/cirhosis/klienfelters syndrome
587.MC cause of aneurysm of abdominal aorta is - atherosclerosis
588.Best indicator for monitoring response to fluid replacement in severe trauma is
- Urine output
189
616.Lymphnode first involved in cancer of the skin of the scrotum - superficial inguinal
617.Commonest cause of urethral stricture in a young person is - Gonococcal
Page
618.MCC of death in kaposi sarcoma is - massive pulmobary hemorhage
619.Bisgard Rx is for - venous ulcer
620.Trosier's sign is - lt.supra clavicular lymphnode enlargement
621.Migrating thrombophlebitis ass. With cancer of - Pancrease
622.On exertion urine steam increases in - Urethral stricture
623.MCC of liver abscess in south india is - Amoebic
624.Hernia which often stimulates a peptic ulcer is - Fatty hernia of the linea alba
625.Delayed wound healing is seen in - malignancy/diabetes/infection & not in - Hypertension
626.Periampullary carcinoma feature is - early jaundice
627.In contaminated punctured wound of the leg of a non immune child of 10 yrs -
active & passive immunisation along with antibiotics
628.Splenic vein thrombosis is best treated by - splenectomy
629.Rx of non functioning thyroid nodule in a 40yr old male should be -surgical excision
630.Boy presence i bilateral prominence of breast & wants to be removed ideal incision -
incision along the areolar margin
631.A mobile variegated large lump in the breast of a 20 yr old female is most likely to be due
to - cystosarcoma phylloides
632.Pt is admitted i severe pain in abdomen,nausea,vomitting & fever,tenderness & rigidity +
sr.amylase -1000 IU/litre - acute pancreatitis
633.Nasopharyngeal Ca originates in - Fossa of rosenmuller
634.Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects the - Cervical spine
635.In 40yrs male,thrombus in the common femoral artery is because of - Atheroma
636.IOC for an early gastric Ca - stained endoscopic biopsy
637.Commonest metastasis in renal cell Ca is to - Lung
638.Somatostatin is secreted by - D cells
639.Prognosis of breast cancer is best determined by - axillary node involvement
640.Rectal polyps usually present with - Bleeding
641.A boil is due to staphylococcal infection of - hair follicle
642.If a pt i a suspected # of pelvis has some bleeding from the urethra & unable to pass urine
191
665.60yr old man present i an ulcer on lateral margin of tongue,also complains of ear
pain,most probable diagnosis - carcinamatous ulcer
Page
666.Disc prolapse is recognised by - CT/MRI/Myelography
667.During parotid surgery injury to the nerve which results in Frey's syndrome
- Auriculotemporal nerve
668.In a pt i aneurysmal bleed in the brain,deterioration of the mental state on the 7th day
indicates - spasm
669.For an open wound on leg i exposure of bone,treatment of choice - pedicle graft
670.Ventilation/perfusion ratio is highest in - apex of lung
671.Cause of death in blunt trauma chest is - tracheo bronchial rupture
672.Earliest symptom in Ca bladder is - hematuria
673.Procedure of choice for elective removal of CBD stones is
- endoscopic choledocholithotomy
674.TIPSS involves percutaneous creation of a shunt between - portal vein & hepatic vein
675.Orchidopexy for undescended testis is recommended at which age - 2yrs
676.Commonest type of VSD - perimembranous VSD
677.Thickened peripheral nerves r seen n -
amyloid polyneropathy/hansen's/refsum's disease
678.Sentinel node of gallbladder is - - lymphnode of lund
679.Positive kehrs sign is - haemoperitoneum
680.Chronic SDH refers to collection present for a period of - 21 days
681.Period of onset in tetanus refers to the time between - first symptom to spasm
682.Patchy meningitis hemorhagica interna is manifesteed by - SAH
683.Best test to differentiate between medicals & surgical jaundice is - USG
684.Causes for cholecystitis - estrogen/OCP/obesity
685.Elective cholecystectomy is - clean contaminated
686.Intestinal angina is a symptom complex of - postprandial abdominal pain,weight
loss,chronic mesenteric vessel occlusion
687.Organ secretes zinc in large amount in man - prostate
688.Significant loss of wgt i cough i blood streaked sputum,old PTB, drooping of left eyelid for
one month i ptosis of left eye & papillary miosis,CXR shows round opacification in left
193
- immediate thoracotomy
769.Renal trauma is best treated by - observation & supportive measures
Page
770.Cause of hydrocele in infants – infection
771.Old female i hard nodular,painless swelling in the thyroid region diagnosis in this case is
best established by - F.N.A.C
772.In a pt i head injury black eye ass i subconjunctival hemorhage occurs when there is
- # of floor & anterior cranial fossa
773.Felon is - terminal pulp space infection
774.Best investigation for air in peritoneal cavity is - X-ray abdomen-erect view
775.Rugger jersy sign is seen in - Ankylosing spondylitis
776.58 yrs male i acute onset of varicocele on left side most probable cause - Ca kidney
777.Hyoid bone is closely ass. To - thyroglossal cyst
778.Ureter is identified at surgery by - rhythmic peristalsis
779.Nosocomial pneumonia is most common due to - gram -ve bacilli
780.Regarding adenocarcinoma esophagus - caused by barrets esophagus
781.Human bite spreads - anaerobic streptococci
782.Single most prognostic factor in breast carcinoma - lymphnode status
783.In radical mastectomy which of the following is preserved - cephlic vein
784.5 day self subsiding pain is diagnostic of - thrombosed external hemorrhoids
785.Duodenal blowout is - complication of partial gastrectomy
786.Paget's disease of nipple is - Neoplasia
787.Irritation of diaphragm radiates to - C3-C4
788.Inguinal lymph node enlargement is seen in - malignant melanoma foot
789.In thyroglossal cyst carcinoma which arises is - Papillary
790.Ca of the right colon usually present i - massive bleeding
791.Commonest histological variety of bronchogenic Ca is - Squamous cell Ca
792.Commonest cause of A-V fistula - congenital
793.Keloid - local recurrence is common after excision
794.FNAC may not be diagnostic in which Ca of thyroid - follicular
795.Tension pneumothorax results in - decreased venous return
796.MC neoplasm of kidney is - Renal cell Ca
197
in Ca penis
848.Bedsore is example of - trophic ulcer
Page
849.Neurosurgical Rx of epilepsy usually involves,removal of epileptic focus from which lobe -
temporal lobe
850.Initial therapy of documented DVT in a post op case is - IV heparin therapy
851.Complications of A-V fistula done for renal failure include - infection/thrombosis/high
output cardiac failure
852.When do we have to start antibiotics to prevent post op infections - 1hr before surgery &
continue after surgery
853.H.pylori infection causes Ca by which mechanism - Gastric metaplasia
854.Steroids are used in transplantation - to prevent graft rejection
855.Disinfect the bronchoscopy tube - 2% gluteraldehyde for 20 mts
856.Which nerve is repaired i good prognosis - Radial nerve
857.Commonest complication of meckel's diverticulum is - Bleeding
858.In a catheter sized 16F, 16F stands for - 1mm circumference
859.Battle sign is seen in # of - middle cranial fossa
860.Best cure rate in keloids is achieved by - excision & radiotherapy
861.Commonest tumour at inner canthus of eye - rodent ulcer
862.Veins avoided for IV infusion in Rx of abdominal trauma - long saphenous
863.Pt on anticoagulant therapy,the INR is maintained at - 2.5-3.5 times the normal
864.Biopsy of the opposite side breast is adviced for - lobular Ca
865.Most specific & sensitive method of screening in renovascular HTN - captopril renogram
866.Esophageal ulcer i a viral etiology is demonstrated by taking a biopsy from-surrounding
mucosa
867.Local anaesthetic cannot be used at the site of infections because it cause - spread of
infection & lowered efficiency
868.Pseudo kidney is - thickened bowel loop on USG
869.Recurrence rate is highest i which modality of treatment for achalasia cardia - botulinum
toxin injection
870.Sentinel node biopsy is done in - Ca breast
871.Best site for intercostal drain in a case of pleural effusion-7th intercoastal space in mid
200
axillary line
872.Commonest site of ectopic salivary tumour - cheek
Page
873.Asbestosis is ass. I pleural fibroma,bronchogenic Ca,mesothelioma ¬ i gastric Ca
874.Electrical pacemaker of stomach is situated in - Fundus
875.Female presents i finger stiffness & dysphagia,diagnosis is -scleroderma
876.Pointing index is seen in - acute appendicites
877.Least irritant fluid to peritoneum - blood
878.MC site of Ca pancreas - Head
879.Degloving injury is - Avulsion injury
880.Mayo's operation is done for - umblical hernia
881.Correct line of management in child who has swallowed a coin is - rigid endoscopy
882.Malignancies ass i HIV - gastric adenoCa,non hodgkin's lymphoma,kaposi's sarcoma
883.Arsenic is ass i increased risk of Basal cell Ca
884.Incubation period of gangrene is - 1-3 days
885.Cortisol level returns to normal - 3 days after hemorhage
886.Diffuse peritonitis following appendicites is usually seen - when appendicular perforation
occurs early(within24hrs)
887.Frost bite is treated by - slow rewarming
888.In marfan's aortic aneurysm occurs in - Ascending aorta
889.Best flap for esophagus repair - stomach
890.Hosp. aquired org. r-staphylococcus,accinobacter,pseudomonas¬ streptococcus
891.2yr old child i intercostal retraction & increasing cyanosisi foreign body aspiration,life
saving emergency Rx - Heimlich's manoeuvre
892.Most common vein to get thrombosed is - Long saphenous
893.25yrs male who had sex recently presented i painful testes & pain was not relieved on
elevation of the testes,diagnosis could be - Torsion testis
894.12 hr old bullet injury to the left colon is ideally treated by - resection of affected segment i
upper segment colostomy & lower segment as a mucus fistula
895.Pt i head injury i rapidly increasing ICT without hematoma,DOC for initial Rx - 20%
mannitol
896.Commonest site of perforation during colonoscopy is - Splenic flexure
201
897.In the healing of a clean wound the maximum immediate strength of the wound is reached
by - 4-7 days
Page
898.Following TPN, weight loss is seen - upto 7 days
899.Premature infant born at 32 weeks of gestation developed respiratory distress after 4hrs of
birth.x-ray showed ground glass appearance with air bronchogram,the probable diagnosis
- meconium aspiration
900.Parenteral nutrition is best given through - subclavien vein
901.Diagnosis of lung sequestration is by - angiography
902.Unilateral hydronephrosis is due to - Ureterocele
903.Most severe pain in ureteric stone is seen in case of - oxalate stones
904.Commonest sign of intrabronchial foreign body in children is - Stridor
905.Hirschprung's disease is treated by - excision of aganglionic segment
906.Nerve sacrificed in parotid surgery - Facial
907.Best treatment to prevent gas gangrene - Thorough debridment
908.IOC in cerebral abscess is - MRI
909.Commonest site of aneurysm is - anterior communicating artery
910.MCC of SDH - rupture of superior cerebral vein
911.Normal CSF pressure is - 110-180 mmcsf
912.Commonest spinal tumour - ependynoma
913.Cystic hygroma - excision of cyst at an early age
914.Commonest peripheral aneurysm is - popliteal
915.Somatostatin inhibits release of - GH,gastrin,TSH
916.Urethral anomaly most common is - Hypospadiasis
917.AV fistula leads to - sinus tachy,increased preload,increased cardiac output
918.Thorocotomy is indicated in esophageal perforation,masive air leak,bleeding>200ml/hr
919.Death in blunt trauma chest is due to - tracheo bronchial injury
920.Infection of flexor tendon of index finger can spread to - thenar space
921.In whipple's operation removed are - CBD,head of pancrease,duodenum & not portal vein
922.Young female i proptosis,intolerance to heart i increased T3 & T4.diagnosis is -
Hashinoto's thyroiditis
923.DVT is caused by - lower limb trauma,hip & pelvic surgery,cushing's syndrome
202
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MICROBIOLOGY
❖ Blastomycosis is characterized by
- yeast like fungus/commonly involves lung & skin/dimorphic fungus
Page
❖ Most definitive method for laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis
- serological diagnosis
❖ Most probable portal of entry of a Aspergillus - Lungs
❖ Vaccine contraindicated in immunocompromised pt - rubella/trivalent OPV
❖ Commonest site of extraintestinal amoebiasis - liver
❖ Dermatophytes are fungi infecting - nails/hair & skin
❖ Antigenic drift is commonly seen in - influenza virus
❖ DNA virus is - Adenovirus
❖ Cryptococcus neoformans has been found growing most often in
- soil containing pigeon feces
❖ Cerebral infarcts are most often seen in - aspergillosis
❖ Interferon is - protein in nature
❖ Citron bodies boat or leaf shaped pleomorphic organism in an exudate is
- clostr.septicum
❖ Organism which has a tendancy to infect patients receiving cephalosporins is
- pseudomonas
❖ Commonest cells found in bronchoalveolar washings are - macrophages
❖ Hair performation test is positive in infection with - Trichophyton
❖ Antisera is prepared from - rabbit
❖ Shigellosis is best diagnosed by - stool culture
❖ L-form phenomenon is most likely to occur in - proteus
❖ Charbon is a term used for - malignant pustule
❖ Interferon is stored at - 4'C
❖ Man is the terminal end for - tetanus
❖ Transplacental infection occurs with - echovirus/malaria/rubella/syphillis
❖ Congenital rubella syndrome - causes IUGR/causes cataracts
❖ Moist heat kills brucella/mycobacteria/salmonella/ & not coxiella burneti
❖ Chickenpox - may be severe in a newborn child infected by the mother in late
pregnancy/may cause pneumonitis/should be treated IV vidarabine when there is
211
evidence of hepatitis
❖ Pasteurisation is employed in surgery for the sterilisation of - cystoscope
Page
❖ Naeglers reaction detects - lecithinase
❖ In AIDS kaposi sarcoma may respond to - alpha interferon
❖ Cat s an agent for tranmission of the following disease of man-toxoplasma gondi
❖ Seat worm is - enterobius
❖ Maltworkers lung is caused by - aspergillus clavatus
❖ Double rise of temperature in 24hrs is seen in case of - kala azar
❖ Handerson peterson bodies r seen n infection due to - molluscum contagiosum
❖ Rose bengal card test is used in - Brucellosis
❖ Seminal smell on culture is produced by - proteus
❖ Ganciclovir is most effective against which viral infection - CMV
❖ Best method of sterilising disposable syringes is - gamma rays
❖ Sporozoites of plasmodium falciparum are - banana shaped
❖ Best skin disinfectant is - Betadine
❖ Most important cause of death in septic shock is - respiratory failure
❖ Pt's on antacid therapy are more susceptible to infections i - salmonella
❖ Ivermectin is used in the treatment of - filariasis/strongyloidiasis
❖ TOC for gardenella vaginitis - metronidazole
❖ True of botulism - ascending paralysis/constipation/no fever
❖ Clostridial infection most common in cancer patients is - C.welchi
❖ Ulcer resembling Ca.Penis is seen i - Donovanosis
❖ Ratio of anaerobe to aerobes in stool is - 1000:1
❖ Dopamine in doses of 5-10 mics/kg/min acts on - Beta-1 receptors
❖ Type of diphtheria i highest mortality - Laryngeal
❖ DOC in listeriosis is - penicillin
❖ MC x-ray finding of pulmonary TB in AIDS - diffuse infiltrates
❖ Typhoid psychosis should be treated i - Steroids
❖ MC site of osteomyelitis in the adult is - Spine
❖ Kelly's medium is used in the isolation of - borrelia
❖ MC presentation of congenital CMV infection is - Hepatospleenomegally
212
❖ Kala azar not cured n full course of treatment next line of Rx s - Amphotericin B
❖ Not a dimorphic fungi - cryptococcus
Page
❖ Dimorphic fungi is - histoplasma/coccidiodomycosis/blastomycosis
❖ Toxin which interferes i protein synthesis - pseudomonas toxin
❖ Immediate treatment for anaphylaxis is - Adrenaline
❖ IOC for detection of syphillis n a pt after 2 course of complete therapy - VDRL
❖ Tapeworm is found in - ileum & jejunum
❖ One virus particle prevents multiplication of 2nd virus this phenomenon is
- viral interference
❖ Most immunogenic in typhoid - H antigen
❖ Hantan virus - causes hemorhagic fever i renal involvement
❖ DOC for leptospirosis - Penicillin
❖ Killer cells & helper cells are part of - T cells
❖ Mucocutaeneous leishmaniasis is caused by - L.Braziliensis
❖ Food poisoning has occured due to ingestion of contaminated fried rice most likely
organism - Bacillus cereus
❖ True about cytokines is - it is always a polypeptide
❖ Stain used for Reyes syndrome is - Oil red O
❖ Mad cow disease is caused by - slow virus
❖ Toxaplasma gondi is carried by - Cats
❖ Crepitus in wound is produced by - clostridium welchi
❖ AIDS is not transmitted by - cryoprecipitate
❖ AIDS is transmitted by - blood transfusion/breast milk/ plasma
❖ Mechanism of action of clindamycin is inhibition of - protein synthesis
❖ N human diploid cells rabies vaccine d schedule of immunisation s
- 0,3,7,14,28,90
❖ Leprosy bacilli are cultured in - foot pads of mice
❖ Adhesin is usefull in - Bacterial attachment
❖ Man is both intermediate & definitive host for - T.Solium
❖ Transport medium for stools samples in cholera is - cary blair medium
❖ Urease negative is - E.coli
215
221
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Fat Soluble :
Vitamin A - Retinol
Vitamin D - Cholecalciferol
Vitamin E - Tocopherol
Vitamin K
Water Soluble :
All Vitamin B & C - Ascorbic acid
Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7 - Biotin
Vitamin B9 - Folic acid
Vitamin B12 - Cobalamine
Hints
Actinomycin D-----DNA
HMP shunt ---------NADPH
Sickle cell ------point mutation
Codon------3 pairs
222
Page
1. In starvation there is an - Increase in Pyruvatekinase
2. Musty odour urine is seen in - Phenyl ketanuria
3. Vitamin necessary for post transitional modification - Vit.K
4. Decarboxylation needs - Vit.B6
5. Power house of the cell - Mitochondria
6. Protein synthesis takes place in - Endoplasmic reticulum
7. Daily secretion of bile by liver is amount of - 500-1000ml
8. Haemorhagic disease of Newborn is seen due to deficiency of - Vit.K
9. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is due to - Zinc deficiency
10. Molybdenum is necessary for - XXanthine oxidase
11. Hartnup disease is due to deficiency of - Tryptophan
12. Alkaptonuria is due to deficiency of - homogentisic acid oxidase
13. In alkaptonuria,the deposition of substance - Homocysteine
14. Vitamin used to correct neurological symptoms is - Cynocobalamine B12
15. Wernicke-korsakoff psychosis /Beriberi caused by defeciency of - Thiamine B1
16. Pellagra is caused by defeciency of - Niacin B3
17. Burning foot syndrome is caused by defeciency of - Pantothenic
18. Megaloblastic anemia/Neural tube defect caused by defeciency of - Folic acid
19. Pernicious anemia caused by defeciency of - B12
20. Sebhoric dermatitis caused by defeciency of - Riboflavin B2
21. IHD is associated with which type of cholesterol - LDL
22. Seen in chronic starvation - insulin decreases/glucagon & growth hormone increases/free
fatty acids increases/glucose tolerance decreases.
23. Southern blot test is used to detect - DNA
24. Northern Blot test - RNA
25. Western Blot test - Protein
26. Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is due to inadequate secretion of -
Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline :part of surfactant/index of lung maturity/less than 2
indicates IRDS
223
235
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PATHOLOGY
Cancer commonly associated i smoking r -
Lung/larynx/Oropharynx/esophagus/bladder/kidney/pancreas/stomach/uterine/cervix.
Test for Typhoid - - - - 1st week - Blood culture
2nd week - Antigen test ( Widal)
3rd week - Stool test
4th week - Urine test
X-Linked disorder : G6PD/colour blindness/hemophilia A&B/Duchenen muscular
dystrophy/Becker's muscular dystrophy/X-linked Icthyosis/agammaglobulinemia.
Tumour Marker
Alpha fetoprotein Germ cell tumour,Hepatocellular Ca
CA 15-3/CA 27-9 Breast Ca
CA 19-9 Pancreatic Ca,Colorectal Ca
CA 125 Ovarian Ca
CD 99 Ewing's Sarcoma
CD 117 Gastro intestinal stromal tumour
hCG Gestational trophoblastic,germ cell,chorio Ca
Immunoglobulin Lymphoma,Leukemia
Inhibin Se cord tumours
Neuron specific enolase Neuro endocrine tumour,smallcell,Ca of lungs
Placental alkaline phosphate seminoma/dysgerminoma
Prostate specific antigen Prostate Ca
IRON : is absorbed in Duodenum / Vit C helps in Iron absorption /S.Ferratin is storage form
of IRON & best test for diagnose / S.Transferratin is the transporter of IRON .
28. Submucus fibrosis is an oral premalignant lesion caused by - chewing pan masala
29. Gold standard IOC for Menire's disease - Electrocochleography
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30. Carhart's notch is seen in otosclerosis at - 2000Hz
31. Treatment of ethmoid polyposis - Topical steroids
32. MC complication of unsafe CSOM - Meningitis
33. Most vestibulo toxic drug is - Streptomycin
34. MC site of # mandible is - subcondylar region
35. MC site for laryngeal cysts - True vocal cord
36. Most common ossicle damaged in ear disease is - Incus
37. TOC in nose bleeds in your children is - nasal pinching
38. Noise induced hearing loss is seen at - 4000Hz
39. MC nerve injured in Thyroid surgeries - superior laryngeal nerve
40. Perichondritis of pinna - cauliflower ear,singapore ear,caused by - Pseudomonas
41. Type of maxillary Ca associated i soft wood workers - Squamous cell Ca
42. Laryngeal cancers r mostly - squamous cell carcinomacommonest symp. For
laryngeal ca - Hoarsness of voice
43. MC bone to undergo # in neck injuries - Hyoid bone
44. MCC of acquired sensoneural hearing loss - Meningitis
45. MC nerve injured in maxillary bone # is - Infraorbital nerve
46. Nose develops from - fronto nasal process
47. Swallowing of caustic agents is more dangerous as it causes - Liquifactive necrosis
48. MC site of foreign body esophagus - just below cricopharyngeus
49. Most predominant organism causing CSOM - Proteus
50. Earliest symptom of Ca larynx – Hoarseness
51. Epithelial lining of True vocal cords - Startified squamous epithelium
52. CSF Otorhea due to fracture of - petrous part of temporal
53. Immunoglobulins seen in nasal secretions - Ig A
54. Immunoglobulins cross the placenta - Ig G
55. Ototoxic drugs r - kanamycin/streptomycin/gentamycin/vincristine
56. Unilateral nasal obstruction in a child is most often due to - foreign body
57. Myringitis bullosa is caused by - virus
254
236.Child i otitis media not responding to tab.ampicillin comes i bulging membrane i dull look
TOC is - Myringotomy
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237.Cone of light is formed by - handle of malleus
238.Facial nerve palsy due to trauma TOC is - Decompression
239.Threshold for bone conduction is decreased & that of air conduction is increased in disease
of - Middle ear
240.Commonest presentation of Nasopharyngeal Ca is - Cervical adenopathy
241.Schwartz operation is called - cortical mastoidectomy/simple mastoidectomy
242.Schwartz sign is seen in - otosclerosis
243.Narrowest part of middle ear - Mesotympanum
244.Material used in tympanoplasty - temporalis fascia
245.Inner ear is present in which bone - petrous part of temporal bone
246.Hyperaccusis - normal sounds are heard as loud & painfull
247.Cahart's notch is characteristically seen at - 2000Hz(2khz)
248.In blast injury MC organ affected - Eardrum
249.Pulsatile otorhea is seen in - ASOM
250.Commonest cause of deafness is - Wax
251.Mc evans triangle is the landmark for Mastoid antrum
252.Commonest site of ivory osteoma - fronto-ethmoidal region
253.Allodynia is - increased perception of painful stimulus
254.Atrophic rhinitis - females-50-60yrs of life-anosmia
255.Rhinosporidiosis - bleeding polyp-oral dapsone usefull-excision i knife is Rx
256.Bells palsy not responded to steroid,further Rx - surgical decompression
257.10yr old boy having sensory neural deafness,not benefited by hearing aids further Rx
- cochlear implant
258.40db compared to 20db is - 10times
259.Hiatus semilunaris is present in - Middle meatus
260.Tone decay test is done for - neural deafness
261.MC complication of acute otitis media in children is - deafness
262.Ground glass appearance on x-ray is seen in- septal angiofibroma
263.In pure tone audiogram,the symbol X is used to mark - Air conduction in left ear
261
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PAEDIATRICS
In prone position :
Neonatal period - Lies in flexed attitude,turns head from side to side,head sags on ventral
position
1 month - legs more extended,holds chin up,turns head,head lifted momentarily to plane of
body on ventral suspension
2 months - raised head slightly further,head sustained in plane of body on ventral suspension
3 months - lifts head & chest i arms extended head above plane of body on ventral suspension
4 months - lifts head & chest,i head in approximately vertical axis,legs extended
7 months - rolls over,pivots,crawls or creeps.
The length of a child at birth is approximately 50cm.In the 1st yr it grows by 25cm.N d 2nd yr it
grows by 12.5cm.N d 3rd yr it grows by 7-8cm.Most kids will have double their birth height by
4 yrs.from 3rd yr to puberty there will be an average 5cm. Growth per year.puberty will cause
periods of rapid growth that r individual to each child.
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Important land marks :
Wgt at 2 yr------------has quadrupled birth wgt & gains between 1.8 - 2.5kg a yr.
Wgt at 9-10yr--------- Begins to gain wgt faster due to onset of puberty,approx 4.5kg/yr.
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Gross Motor Language
Age Milestone Age Milestone
3 months Neck holding 1 month Turns head to sound
5 months Sitting i support 3 months Cooing
8 months Sitting without supp 6 months Monosyllables (ma-ba)
9 months Standing i supp 9 months Bisyllable(mama-baba)
10 months Walking i support 12 months 2 words i meaning
12 months Standing without supp 18 months 10 words i meaning
13 months Walking without supp 24 months Simple sentence
18 months Running
Fine motor Social
24 months Walking upstairs
36 months Riding tricycle Age Milestone
4 months Grasps a rattle or ring
Formula for calculating I.Q = mental age /
wen placed n hand
chronological age x 100
5 months Reaches out to an object
& holds it i both hands
7 months Palmar grasp
9 months Pincer grasp
Age Milestone
2 months Social smile
3 months Recognizing mother
6 months Smiles at mirror image
9 months Waves Bye-bye
12 months Plays a simple ball game
36 months Knows gender
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1. 2 yr old child identifies its sex by - 2.5-3yrs
2. 28 day child brought to casualty i non-bilious vomiting & constipation.diag
-Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
3. Baby who developes fever after 4 days of delivery - Measles
4. Physiological jaundice peaks at - 5 days
5. MCC of jaundice in a new born within 1st 24 hrs - erythroblastosis fetalis
6. Neonatal jaundice persisting 2 weeks after birth is not seen in - breast milk jaundice
7. Jaundice in newborn after 48 hrs of birth i bilirubin not exceeding 5mg is
- physiological jaundice
8. Jaundice in newborn at birth or before 24 hrs is commonly due to - erythroblastosis
9. Sabre tibia s seen n - Congenital syphillis
10. Congenital heart disease which causes death in 1st week of life - hypoplastic left ventricle
11. Congestive cardiac failure is diagnosed in an infant by - liver enlargement
12. Subdural effusion is seen in meningitis due to - hemophilus
13. MCC of meningitis in neonates - E.coli
14. Commonest complication of mumps in children - aseptic meningitis
15. Bacterial meningitis in a 9 month child is commonly caused by - H influenza
16. Commonest complication following meningococcal meningitis
- waterhouse fredrickson syndrome
17. CSF glucose is markedly reduced in - pyogenic meningitis
18. Aseptic meningitis is mostly caused by - Entero virus
19. Complications of chicken pox - meningitis/pneumonia/reyes syndrome
20. Meningitis in pre school child is most often due to - hemophilus
21. Aseptic meningitis is mostly caused by - entero virus
22. Neck rigidity & kernig sign +ve is seen in - Meningitis
23. MCC of neonatal meningitis in India - E-Coli
24. MC complication of unsafe CSOM - Meningitis
25. Hyaline membrane seen in the lung is composed of - Albumin
26. Hyaline membrane in the lung is seen in - Respiratory distress syndrome
282
27. Scheduled universal prog of immunisation in a child begins at birth & end at - 5yrs
28. First permanent tooth to erupt is - 1st molar
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29. Phenylketonuria is diagnosed by - Guthrie test
30. Not transmitted transplacentally - Herpes
31. IUGR can be caused by - nicotine,alcohol,propranolol
32. Feature of petitmal epilepsy in EEC is - spike & dome appearance
33. Early sign of rickets at six months is - cranio tabes
34. Leukamoid reaction is seen in - Acute infection
35. Malignancies of childhood infection - ALL/wilm's tumour/retinoblastoma
36. Rx for Bronchiolitis is - Humidified oxygen
37. MC complication of measles in children - ASOM
38. Rx for post measles broncho pneumonia - antibiotics & oxygen
39. Streptococcal vaginitis in a child is treated with - penicillin & estrogens
40. Phototherapy reduces unconjugated bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin by - E.isomerisation
41. Vaccine is available for which type of pnemococcus - type B & C
42. Acute osteomyelitis in infants is best diagnosed by - history & suspicion
43. Syphilis attack the fetus after the - 4th month
44. Excess of vitamin K in a new born causes - Hyperbilirubinemia
45. Infective org. For ASOM in 4 yr child - H.Influenza
46. DOC for juvenile chronic arthritis - salicylates
47. Steroids r usefull in - minimal change glomerulonephritis
48. Commonest intracranial neoplasm in children is - medulloblastoma
49. Fetal hypoxia is assessed by - scalp blood PH/fetal heart monitoring
50. Deficiency of growth hormone leads to - dwarfism
51. Dose of chloroquine in 4 yr - 300 mg
52. Purpura is seen in - congenital rubella/CMV infection
53. Organism in bronchiolitis - RSV
54. Commonest feature of hypothyroidism in children is - cold extremities
55. Unexplained ataxia in a child - lead poisoning is a possiblity
56. Kwarshiorkar - dermatitis/edema/flag sign
57. Reye's syndrome - metabolic acidosis/resp.alkalosis/inc.serum transaminases
283
384.Tonsillectomy & IM injections should be avoided during polio epidemic because - risk of
paralytic poliomyelitis increases
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385.Pain in pericarditis - pain increases during inspiration
386.Posterior fontanelles ossify at the age of - 3 months
387.Most important factor that limits the use of combination of
isoniazid,rifampicin&pyranzinamide in TB pts - Hepatotoxicity
388.Horse shoe kidney & low level kidney is seen in - potter's syndrome
389.Amenorhea is an important symptom in the diagnosis of pregnancy because degeneration
of the corpus luteum is prevented by - HCG
390.Most common oppurtunistic infection in patient i HIV - pnemocystic carnii
391.Diarrhea related hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterised by
- ARF/.thrombocytopenia/neutrophilic leukocytosis
392.Infant born to diabetic mother is at risk for
- polycythemia/hypoglycemia/congenital malformations
393.Early neonatal period - 7 days
394.Fanconi's anemia is a - constitutional anemia
395.Commonest childhood tumour - ALL
396.14 yrs girl peri umblical pain post prandialy passing blood in stools,fever,weight loss since
ten months likely to be - Chron's disease
397.Commonest cause of sporadic encephalitis is - Herpes simplex virus
398.Most suggestive of neonatal small bowel obstruction - bilious vomitting
399.Hepatitis virus perinatal transmission - Hepatitis B
400.19yr old female i short stature,wide spread nipples & 1ry amenorhea likely to have
karyotype - 45XO
401.Kenny packs were used in the treatment of - Poliomyelitis
402.Children born to mothers with SLE r likely to have - Complete Heart block
403.Enzyme replacement therapy is available for the treatment for - Gauchers disease
404.Zinc defeciency - gonodal atrophy/dysgesia/growth retardation
405.Neonatal RDS true is - RR - >60/mt & inter coastal retraction
406.Acquired extra-cranial infection that causes aqueductal stenosis is - Bacterial endocarditis
407.Conjugated vaccine - Pertusis
296
435.When does switch over from fetal to adult hemoglobin synthesis begin
- 14 weeks gestation
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436.In a foetus the insulin secretion begins by - 3rd month
437.AFP in maternal serum & amniotic fluid is increased in - fetal neural tube
defects/anencephaly/encephalocele
438.Total foeto placental blood volume ata term is estimated to be - 125ml/kg body wgt
439.New born with recurrent vomitting & .cyanosis after each feed is likely to be suffering
from - tracheo oesophageal fistula
440.Child had repeated vomitting & developed metabolic alkalosis Rx is-Iv NS & K+
441.Prognosis of rhabdomyosarcoma is to be poor if d site of tumour is - urinary bladder
442.Autism characters - repetitive behaviour/delayed language development/severe defecit in
social interaction
443.Pseudo paralysis in an infant is suggestive of - Vitamin C defeciency
444.Iron supplementation in a normal child should be started at age of - 6 wks
445.MC rodiographic signs in child i leukemia - metaphyseal translucencies
446.Enzyme replacement therapy is available for - Gauchers disease
447.MC manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis - chorioretinitis
448.Hutchisons triad is seen in - congenital syphillis
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ANATOMY
mastoid/sup.border of Trapezius
206.Medial wall of axilla is formed by - serratus
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207.Glenoid cavity of scapula is rotated by - Trapezius/serratus anterior
208.Central canal of the spinal cord is central in region - Lumbar
209.Lateral boundry of cubital fossa is formed by - Brachio radialis
210.Coronary sulcus is occipied in the coronary sinus
211.Juxta glomerular apparatus JG cells - smooth muscular cells of afferant arteriols
212.Thinnest portion of myocardial wall - right Atrium/left atrium
213.Axillary nerve rises from - posterior cord
214.Ducts of bellini are found in kidney
215.Skull consists of 22 bones
216.Melanoblasts are derived from - Neural crest cells
217.Posterior interventricular artery is a branch of - Right coronary artery
218.Cisterns of lateral sulcus contains - Middle cerebral artery
219.Internal thoracic veins are the tributaries of brachio cephalic
220.Epithelium of cornea is - startified squamous - non keratinised
221.Anterior interventricular artery is a branch of - left coronary artery
222.Left subclavian artery is a branch of arch of aorta
223.Buck's fascia is related to - Penis
224.Fascia cribrosa is related to - femoral canal
225.All prostatic arteries are branches of inferior vescicle
226.Urachal fistula results from - persistant allontois
227.Choroid fissure of eye permits entry of Hyaloid artery
228.By 3 cerebellar peduncles,cerebellum is attached to - medulla,pons,midbrain
229.Important structure involved in development of IVC is - Sub cardinal vein
230.Length of mature human spermatazoon is 50-60 microns
231.Premature closure of foramen ovale results in right ventricular hypertrophy
232.Urethra in female is shorter than in male
233.Derivative of mesoderm - ureter/uterus/epididymis
234.Structure passing thru foramen spinosum is mid.meningeal artery
235.In ca tongue pain is referred to ear through - glosso pharyngeal nerve
306
PHYSIOLOGY
Convection is when Heat is lost to free cool air
Conduction s when heat s lost by direct contact i other surface that s cooler than D body
Radiation s when heat s radiated by D body n d form of infrared radiation 2 a cooler
environment.
Evaporation or sweating is when body temp is lower than the environment
PHARMACOLOGY
❖ Myasthenia Gravis is due to - Ach inhibition
❖ Short acting Mydriatic - Tropicamide
❖ Pt brought to casualty i constricted pupils & increased
sweating,salivation,diarrhea,bradycardia.Diagnosis is - OPC poisoning
❖ DOC for Cardiogenic shock - Dobutamine
❖ DOC for HTN in Pregnancy - alpha Methyldopa &labetolol
❖ DOC in HTN crisis in pregnancy - Hydralazine
❖ Beta blocker contra indicated in Renal failure - Atenolol
❖ Drug necessary for good long term prognosis of MI - Aspirin
❖ 1st line of management in Acute severe Asthma - beta agonist nebuliser
❖ Lung Fibrosis is seen with - Busulfan
❖ Rx of primary syphillis - Oral Azithromycin single dose
❖ Prophylaxis of P.Vivax - Mefloquine
❖ Vitamin supplement given with Phenytoin is - Folic acid
❖ vitamin defeciency seen in Isoniazide - B6
❖ Pt i urethral discharge i pain during micturition Rx (chlamydia) - 2 doses Azithral
❖ Prophylactic dose in PTB is - Isoniazide 600mg bi weekly
❖ Narcotic associated with hallucinations - Morphine
❖ Physical dependance is not seen in - Cannabis
❖ Donepezil is used in treatment of - Alzheimers disease
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Tumor marker Associated tumor types
Alpha fetoprotein(AFP) germ cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma[6]
CA15-3 breast cancer[7]
CA27-29 breast cancer[8]
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal
CA19-9
cancer.[9]
Mainly ovarian cancer,[10] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer,
CA-125 fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.[11] May also
increase in endometriosis.[12]
Calcitonin medullary thyroid carcinoma
mesothelioma, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, synovial
Calretinin
sarcoma[6]
gastrointestinal cancer, cervix cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer,
Carcinoembryonic antigen
urinary tract cancer[6]
hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, pleomorphic lipoma, gastrointestinal
CD34
stromal tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans[6]
Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous
CD99
tumor, synovial sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour[6]
CD117 gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, seminoma[6]
Chromogranin neuroendocrine tumor[6]
Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21 bladder cancer[13]
Cytokeratin(various types) Many types of carcinoma, some types of sarcoma[6]
Desmin smooth muscle sarcoma, skeletal muscle sarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma[6]
Epithelial membrane protein(EMA) many types of carcinoma, meningioma, some types of sarcoma[6]
Factor VIII, CD31 FL1 vascular sarcoma[6]
Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) glioma(astrocytoma, ependymoma)[6]
Gross cystic disease fluid
breast cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland cancer[6]
protein(GCDFP-15)
melanoma, PEComa (for example angiomyolipoma), clear cell carcinoma,
HMB-45
adrenocortical carcinoma[6]
Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell tumor, choriocarcinoma[6]
immunoglobulin lymphoma, leukemia[6]
inhibin sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, hemangioblastoma[6]
keratin(various types) carcinoma, some types of sarcoma[6]
lymphocyte marker(various types lymphoma, leukemia[6]
MART-1(Melan-A) melanoma, steroid-producing tumors (adrenocortical carcinoma, gonadal tumor)[6]
Myo D1 rhabdomyosarcoma, small, round, blue cell tumour[6]
muscle-specific actin(MSA) myosarcoma(leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)[6]
neurofilament neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung[6]
neuron-specific enolase(NSE) neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer[6]
placental alkaline phosphatase(PLAP) seminoma, dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma[6]
prostate-specific antigen prostate[6]
PTPRC(CD45) lymphoma, leukemia, histiocytic tumor[6]
melanoma, sarcoma (neurosarcoma, lipoma, chondrosarcoma), astrocytoma,
S100 protein gastrointestinal stromal tumor, salivary gland cancer, some types of adenocarcinoma,
histiocytic tumor (dendritic cell, macrophage)[6]
smooth muscle actin(SMA) gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, PEComa[6]
synaptophysin neuroendocrine tumor[6]
thyroglobulin post-operative marker of thyroid cancer (but not in medullary thyroid cancer)[6]
thyroid transcription factor-1 all types of thyroid cancer, lung cancer[6]
colorectal cancer,[14] Breast cancer,[15][16] renal cell carcinoma[17][18] Lung cancer,[19][20]
Tumor M2-PK Pancreatic cancer,[21] Esophageal Cancer,[22] Stomach Cancer,[22]Cervical Cancer,[23]
Ovarian Cancer,[24]
sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer, lung carcinoma, lymphoma,
vimentin
leukemia, melanoma[6]
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Start by doing what is necessary,then do what is possible,and suddenly you are doing the
impossible.
The doctor of the future will give no medicine but will interest his patients in the care of the human
frame, in diet and in the cause and prevention of disease. ~ Dr.K.Vivek.MD.,
1) Leave all nonsense like financial probs, family related nd personal stuff..which kill lot of time
2) Get High Grip on CLASS NOTES of ( any coaching centre).. with Good Revision. DATS Enough
My advice regardin doing MCQ’s from famous books lik mudit khanna,pulse might be helpfull ,but only after getting full grip
on class notes. ( Do MCQ’s only one time for each topic, dat too after studyin class notes thoroughly ) and mark those imp
Mcq’s in ur class notes so that u can revise class notes with much effort concentrating on the imp topics u hav marked
it.Noneed to go thru of MCQ’s book second time .
3) Maintain a notes parallel to ur preparation writing all imp topics In bits manner ,subject wise..Study them by spending 1/2
hour to one hour daily on dat notes.carry 1st grade and patho books with u whenever u r in preparation.open book when u r in
doubt.
4)study medicine and surgery alternative days scheduled 1 nd half hour per day.
5) Make group discussion ( Asking Questions from wadever topic you are in grip ) .75 to 85 questions are from discussion i
hav made with my frns..it helps me really a lott
6) Revise, Revise,Revise Class Notes..Attend and Aim For good mark in exams conducted by coaching centres.Pay Attention
to topics which u r listening 2nd time also.Solve previous exams papers .since 20 bits were repeatin
7) .Here im Arranging Subjects in Grade Vice..
i) PSM, G&Obs. Opthal, IntMed, Surgery Ist Grade Subjects (25 to 35 marks each).sometimes One among 5 subjects,it goes
beyond 40
ii) Pharma, Patho, Biochem, Micro, 2nd Grade Subjects (18 -20 Marks.. Each) ( Among these pharma can be added to 1st
grade member at times)
iii) Radio, Anatomy, Derma, ENT, Ortho 3rd Grade (10 to 12 Marks each)
Psychi, FSM… 2 to 5 mark each..
One might think from first grade subject they were asking 125 question on average..so we can gain 120 mark from 1st Grd,60
Mark from 2nd grade and 50 mark from 3rd grade..total 230 marks..so no need to study all 15 subj..ITS A BLUNDER .SO I
SUFFERED..Buddy things will happen different in exam.Since their main aim is not to let us in.
So put sincere efforts on these Three grade/15 subjects And aim for 230,eventhough Paper was asked TOUGH.ull reach 150 to
160..if asked easier ull reach 170 to 180.
Don’t leave even single small subject like psychi..I repeat U MUST READ HIGH ON THESE 3 Grade..
Leaving single subject among these grades Will leave u away another 6 months of hell.. it happened for me..when I attempt in
march ’11 they asked 13 questio from derma , 25 quest from PSM ( 10 from notes 15 away from notes ,not even there in
standard books like mudit) so i failed.my mark at dat time was 133.. js fr da sake of preparing only 12 subjects without
revision..wads the use of 5 months prep I FAILed..
But next time I studied another 3 subjects..I revise15 subjects total.. I passed..
So don’t leave single subject among those 15 .
Study Strictly 15 subjects with HARD revision ,complete it before one month from exam date.No new topics in last
month..instead of dat revise thoroughly wad u have studied up2 dat tym..
Divide last month into three sessions
First 15 days 15 subject ( Subj per day )
7 days 15 subject (2 per day )
7 days 15 sub (3 per day )
Put high pressure on coaching guys to complete syllabus faster atleast month before.
..) NEVER LOSE HOPE, EVEN THOUGH YOU ARE NOT UP TO MARK ..beaware of those who have much discouragin
words,afraid of exam..give him good support and maintain healthy friendship..
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