How To Guide: Converting Hydraulic Cylinders To An Electric Actuator Alternative
How To Guide: Converting Hydraulic Cylinders To An Electric Actuator Alternative
How To Guide: Converting Hydraulic Cylinders To An Electric Actuator Alternative
GUIDE
Converting hydraulic
cylinders to an electric
actuator alternative
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
This guide will lead you through the best practice processes of how to determine this data
accurately in order to select the correct electric actuator for the application requirements.
The most accurate method for calculating cylinder force is to measure pressure on both the
blind-end (piston side) and the rod-end of the hydraulic cylinder.
Illustrated above is how to measure pressure on both the blind-end and rod-end of the hydraulic cylinder.
Taking a video of both pressure gages during the process enables accurate viewing of the
highest and lowest pressure readings during the actuation process for formula conversion.
View our video on How to determine force in a hydraulic system.
Example:
This application has a 3.5” (100mm) bore cylinder with a 1.5” (45mm) rod operating with a
servo-hydraulic valve. During the cylinder’s extend stroke, the max pressure seen is 1,500
PSI (103 Bar). On the rod end of the cylinder, the down-side (or return line to the reservoir)
pressure is 1,000 PSI (69 Bar). Utilizing the force differential pressure, we can determine the
required extend thrust by the following formula:
Force = [A1 x P1] - {A2 x P2]
Area = π x r 2
A1= Piston surface area
A2= Effective surface area of cylinder
P1= Blind-end (piston side) pressure (PSI) or (Bar)
P2= Rod-end pressure (PSI) or (Bar)
r = Radius of bore or shaft size
For area 2, first calculate the piston surface area then subtract the rod area. This ensures
only the force on the effective surface area contacted by oil within the cylinder is being
calculated. Plugging in the application values as follows:
A1= [(π x 1.752)
A2= [(π x 1.752) - (π x 0.752)]
P1=1500 PSI
P2= 1000 PSI
then
[(π x 1.752) x 1500] - {[(π x 1.752 ) - (π x 0.752)] x 1000}
Force = (9.62 x 1500) - (7.85 x 1000)
Once the area of each cylinder end is determined, the final steps of multiplying area by
pressure and subtracting the difference gives us our force estimate:
Force = 14430 - 7850
Lbf Force = 6580
kN Force = 29.28 kN (metric equivalent)
To better illustrate how the method used can impact the end result when converting a
hydraulic cylinder to an electromechanical one, let’s compare three possible outcomes for
force calculations with this same example.
The change between option 1 & option 2 is a 40% reduction in force, while the variance
between option 1 & option 3 is over 70%! This highlights how using system pressure and
In order to ensure you select the right electromechanical actuator alternative, how you
measure the force of the hydraulic cylinder is key. Never use the rated system pressure in the
force calculation as it will result in oversizing an electric actuator resulting in additional costs
and challenging ROI. Measuring the work force differential output as close as possible to the
hydraulic cylinder ports and at both ends of the cylinder will result in more accurate thrust
force measurements ensuring the right electromechanical actuator is selected for the
application.
This illustrates the difference in pressure output at the blind-end (piston end) and rod-end of the hydraulic
cylinder and why not to use the rated system pressure in the force calculation.
After calculating the force requirements as described in Part 1 of this guide, breaking down
the motion profile and the loading profile will begin the process of framing up the
requirements to properly select the motion control components.
Understanding the motion profile of the application is crucial to both the actuator and the
servo motor. When specifying these components, Application Engineers will not only need
to look at the peak requirements (for speeds and loads) but also need to understand the
average or continuous rating for both these parameters. This will drive the selection process
for an electric actuator system that is optimized for both the peak and continuous rating of
the application.
Both servo motors and drive screws (roller or ball) have peak and continuous operating
regions that are designed and tested to keep the components within temperature limits with
respect to achieving desired life. Other considerations such as ambient operating
temperatures and general environment may also have an influence in motor and actuator
selection.
14 1.58
12 24V Peak 1.36
TORQUE (in-lb)
TORQUE (N-m)
10 1.12
48V
8 Pea
k 0.90
6 0.68
24V Continuous 48V Continuous
4 0.45
2 E 24V Continuous E 48V Continuous 0.23
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
RPM
This chart shows the differences between a servo motors peak and continuous force ratings
The dwells (when cylinder remains stationary) contribute to the average or continuous rating
for both speed and force. Sizing an application without any of these dwell times will create
very high speed and force averages resulting in an actuator or motor that may be grossly
oversized for what the application would require.
By combining distance traveled with time it takes to complete the move, an application engineer
now has everything to calculate peak (worst case) and continuous (average) speeds.
To determine the average load, one must determine the loading conditions throughout the
entire cycle. Utilizing the differential pressure method discussed in the previous section:
Once all the loading scenarios have been documented, the average force can then be
determined with the following formula:
(F1 x t1) + (F2 x t2) + (F2 x t2) + ... + (Fn x tn)
∑t
√ ∑ (Ti2 x t)
FRMS = ∑ (ti)
Once your average force and average velocity are determined. There are other
considerations that may again help optimize the performance of the system. One of these is
to look at the process itself to determine if there can be any improvements. It is not
uncommon for hydraulic applications to cycle full stroke (extend and retract) during a given
process. This may not always be the case when utilizing transducers or servo hydraulic
valves but again, the process itself may benefit from improvements in better process control
through utilizing the flexibility of the electric actuator system to fully control position, velocity,
This chart shows different motion profile positions at different velocities with different accel/decel rates, all
under full and precise control.
This illustration shows move comparison of a hydraulic press move on the left vs. electric press application
on the right.
By now the motion system is nearly complete. The forces required by an electromechanical
actuator have been properly determined. Motion requirements (speeds & dwells) have been
defined and any potential process improvements by utilizing the full capabilities of servo
motion control have been identified. An appropriately sized actuator has been determined
as have the motor requirements. The remaining steps are to determine the size motor, gear
reducer (if necessary), drive voltage, and cabling to tie it all together. These topics will be
covered in the third and final section.
Technology Selection−Actuator
Electric actuators are available with several power transmission mechanisms. All of the
application data is necessary to make an informed decision on which screw technology to
implement. The application speeds, thrust, duty cycle, service life, and maintenance
requirements should also be considered.
For example: if there is little to moderate load across most of the actuator’s travel with a very
high load over a very small distance, the use of a planetary roller screw and an optimized
motion profile can provide increased throughput and service life.
Below are some generalizations between three commonly found types of screw technologies
available in rod style actuators for hydraulic replacement applications. For more information
on each of these screw technologies, reference our Which Screw? Picking the right
Roller Screw – High efficiency, low noise, moderate to high cost increase. Roller screws are
commonly used for hydraulic replacement applications. Unlike ball screws, this technology
uses a combination of rolling and sliding elements to better dissipate thrust loads. The
increased surface area for load distribution makes them resilient to high stresses in a
condensed area of repeated travel. They are also very power dense and provide the most
compact actuator packaging to replace hydraulic cylinders. Roller screws also use hardened
power transmission components which as with ball screws have a very predictable service
life using life calculation (B10 and L10) equations. They are not quite as efficient as a ball
screw but could still too require a motor brake to prevent a drifting or falling load.
It will be important to research each motor manufacturer to ensure that the desired size and
series of servo motor is available with a motor brake when using ball and roller screws for
vertical or fail in place applications.
By the time a motor is selected, there should be a sound understanding of the power
requirements that will be needed from the servo drive. Most servo drive manufacturers have
many sizes and power ranges to choose from. Making sure that all of the communication
and functionality requirements are met will take more time to finalize than getting the power
output just right. Other things to consider would be if the user wants a single-axis indexing
drive which will require external logic control, a standalone single axis drive with varying
degrees of logic control, or a multi-axis system which will require a multi-axis motion
controller. Getting in touch with a motion control specialist or the manufacturer at this point
of the design phase will help to zero in on the right choice to help select the desired drive/
controller.
Environmental Considerations
At each point of the design and component selection phase, the environment of installation
location for the actuator, drive and cabling should be considered as part of the decision
making process. Electro-mechanical actuators have proven themselves to be a very reliable
part of an automated process in very harsh environments. The difference to having success
or ongoing difficulties will be dependent upon adding the proper features for the application.
There are a variety of different seals, coatings, gaskets, lubricants, and environmental
provisions that will increase the service life of the actuator. Careful consultation with the
Summary
Following the guidelines set forth in this guide will ensure that the electric actuator you
select will be the most cost-effective solution and will perform consistently, efficiently
and effectively for the longest period of time.
First, defining the amount of work the hydraulic cylinder is performing and the cylinder's
force is key to determining the correct electric actuator size to select. It will also impact
the rest of the motion system performance. Second, understanding the motion and
loading profiles will allow the proper motor and drive selection for optimal actuator
performance. Third, determine the best electric actuator technology to match your
application parameters by selecting the right screw choice and determine the motor/
drive/gear reducer that is the best fit to maximize performance. Then, review any
environmental or safety concerns the application will require and discuss with the
actuator manufacturer to ensure all the selected components of the motion system are
capable of operation in the specified conditions.
The time taken up-front to define all these variables will provide an optimized
electromechanical actuator solution sized to system requirements and a motion system
that will perform as expected
Pneumatic Products
Rodless Cylinders: Band Cylinders,
Cable Cylinders, Magnetically
Coupled Cylinders/Slides; Guided Power Transmission Products
Rod Cylinder Slides Gearboxes: Float-A-Shaft®, Slide-Rite®;
9900-9250_00_How-To-Convert-Hydraulic-Cylinders-To-Electric-Actuators
Disc Cone Clutch; Caliper Disc Brakes
“Foldout” Brochure #9900-9075
“Foldout” Brochure #9900-9076
9900-9250_00 201810311154