@DY - @ K - JKM: MK Nfdy@/J/Jrjlkl
@DY - @ K - JKM: MK Nfdy@/J/Jrjlkl
@DY - @ K - JKM: MK Nfdy@/J/Jrjlkl
MK NFDY@\J\JRJLKL
@DY_@^K_JKM
Y_@^@H\KNJÞH
@s `vjl`ht` qu` efy `h läk, mks nfhljnjfh`s c`h`rkm`s l`m `htfrhf lfhl`
s` du`v`h mks `dpr`sks duneks v`n`s bkvfr`n`h f jhejo`h `m l`skrrfmmf
l` mk nfdp`tjtjvjlkl. Nfdf oj`h `s nj`rtf, kdoj`ht`s `stkom`s, `nfhfdäks
nr`nj`ht`s, foa`tjvfs nmkrfs, cfoj`rhfs `bjnj`ht`s, sfh bkntfr`s qu` c`h`rkh
nfhljnjfh`s jl`km`s pkrk `m l`s`hvfmvjdj`htf `dpr`skrjkm. Y`rf mk r`kmjlkl
l`du`strk tflf mf nfhtrkrjf, qu` kñh `h nfhljnjfh`s l` `htfrhfs bkvfrkom`s, hf
tflks mks `dpr`sks sfh nfdp`tjtjvks y sfh pfnks l` `mmks mks qu` s`
l`stknkh l`htrf l`m nkdpf
`dpr`skrjkm.
Yfr mf nukm s` ekn` `vjl`ht` qu` mks frckhjzknjfh`s l`o`h `stkr d`afr
pr`pkrklks pkrk ksudjr dfd`htfs l` ljbjnumtkl, l` frl`h sfnjkm, pfmätjnf,
`nfhþdjnf f m`ckm qu` hfrdkmd`ht` sfh bkntfr`s l` nrjsjs qu` tflf pkäs
ktrkvj`sk, pfrqu` l` tflks bfrdks ekomkhlf `h uh `htfrhf nfdp`tjtjvf
frckhjzknjfhkm hf s` pu`l` `xnmujr, qu` mks nfhljnjfh`s l`m `htfrhf l`sbkvfrkom`
pu`l`h kb`ntkr pfr jcukm k `dpr`sks nfdp`tjtjvks y hf nfdp`tjtjvks, nfh
mk ljb`r`hnjk qu` `h mks prjd`rks `m jdpkntf s`rë uh pfnf d`hfr, sjh `dokrcf,
mks kb`ntk ljr`ntkd`ht`.
n f d p ` tj t jv jl k l ` d p r ` s k r jk m su p f h `
p k rk u o j n k rs ` l ` m k d ` a f r d k h ` rk
k l `d ë s q u m ks ` d p r s s n f d p jt ` h ` h t r `
p f s j om ` ` h `m d k r n f l ` km ` x js t` h n j k l ` u h
s ä
k
fb`rtk l` prfluntfs f s`rvjnjfs dkyfr f jcukm qu` mk l`dkhlk. Mk nfdp`tjtjvjlkl
`dpr`skrjkm pu`l`, sjh `dokrcf, `stkr tkdojêh mjcklk k mfs ljb`r`ht`s
d`nkhjsdfs qu` s` jhstkurkh l`htrf l` mk `htjlkl djsdk pkrk bkvfr`n`r `m ou`h
l`skrrfmmf y `m jht`rês pfr d`afrkr l` tflks mks s`nnjfh`s qu` mk nfdpfh`h, ksä
tkdojêh nfdf l` mfs jhljvjlufs qu` trkokakh `h `mmk, s`k nukm s`k su pu`stf. Mk
nfdp`tjtjvjlkl `dpr`skrjkm sj`dpr` `xjst`, `h dkyfr f d`hfr d`ljlk,
l`p`hlj`hlf l`m ruorf, l` mk `nuknjþh fb`rtk-l`dkhlk, l` mk jl`k l`
kutf`xjc`hnjk, `tn. \flfs `mmfs sfh mfs `m`d`htfs qu` pu`l`h ekn`r qu` vkrä` mk
kt`hnjþh qu` uhk `dpr`sk m` pr`stk k su prfluntf f s`rvjnjf y km
pfsjnjfhkdj`htf
qu` `st` tj`h` `h `m d`rnklf.
L` `stk dkh`rk, s` ekn` h`n`skrjf `xpmjnkr nþdf `m mjl`rkzcf pu`l` s`r bu`ht`
l` v`htkak nfdp`tjtjvk pkrk mk frckhjzknjþh, mf nuëm pu`l` s`r khkmjzklf k mk muz
l` tr`s ksp`ntfs buhlkd`htkm`s1
Nkpknjlkl`s frckhjzktjvks
Ksä pu`s, ljspfh`r l` nkpknjlkl`s qu` hjhcuhk ftrk `dpr`sk pfs`k, mk mm`vkrë k
ckhkr v`htkaks nfdp`tjtjvks k p`skr l` hf t`h`r r`nursfs ñhjnfs, pfrqu` `s jl`km
r`nfhfn`r km hjv`m l` `htfrhf frckhjzknjfhkm qu` duneks v`n`s mks nkpknjlkl`s
sfh ljbänjm`s l` jdjtkr, sfh pfnf nfduh`s y sfh bu`ht`s l` nfdp`t`hnjks
ljstjhtjvks nukhlf p`rdjt`h ekn`r mf qu` ftrfs hf pu`l`h.
_`hljdj`htfs sup`rjfr`s
Yfr `hl`, pkrk qu` s` mm`v` k nkof uh mjl`rkzcf `strktêcjnf `b`ntjvf, s` r`quj`r`
qu` mfs jht`crkht`s l`m crupf kn`pt`h r`spfhskojmjlkl pfr mfs r`sumtklfs,
`htj`hlkh `m sjchjbjnklf l` su trkokaf y su r`spfhskojmjlkl pkrk nfh mfs ftrfs, k
su v`z, r`nfm`nt`h y nfdpkrtkh nfhfnjdj`htfs ` jhbfrdknjþh dkht`hj`hlf
uh jhv`htkrjf l` `sfs djsdfs l`htrf l` mk `dpr`sk. _`nkmnkhlf `stf ñmtjdf, `h
`m s`htjlf qu` uh l`skrrfmmf l` nkpjtkm eudkhf pkrk kmnkhzkr mfs foa`tjvfs
l` nr`njdj`htf y hu`vks ër`ks l` h`cfnjf, jdpmjnk c`r`hnjkr
nfhfnjdj`htf, dfvjmjzkhlf `m nkpjtkm eudkhf yk qu` `h uh
duhlf nkdojkht`
mfs nfhfnjdj`htfs sfh uhk bu`ht` jdpfrtkht` l` v`htkaks nfdp`tjtjvks y kl`dës
l`o`rëh dkht`h`r `m rudof l` mk `dpr`sk `h `m buturf.
Nfdp`t`hnjks nrätjnks
Mks nfdp`t`hnjks nrätjnks ekh sjlf trktklks `h mk mjt`rkturk
`strktêcjnk, jhjnjkmd`ht` pfr Yrkekmkl (?990), lfhl` oësjnkd`ht`
”trktk sfor` mks nkpknjlkl`s tênhjnks qu` p`rdjt`h k uhk frckhjzknjþh
ljs`ûkr y v`hl`r nfh êxjtf prfluntfs y s`rvjnjfs W…T `a`dpmf l` `stks
nfdp`t`hnjks sfh mk nkpknjlkl l` Efhlk pkrk ljs`ûkr y bkorjnkr dftfr`s l`
cksfmjhk, f `m lfdjhjf l` LuYfht sfor` nj`rtfs prfn`sfs quädjnfs f mk
t`nhfmfcäk l` mfs djnrfprfn`sklfr`s l` Jht`m— (Mkwm`r, @., ?992, p.?5).
pkmkorks, s` pu`l` kbjrdkr qu` mfs tr`s ksp`ntfs nkdjhkh auhtfs nfh
`m l`skrrfmmf eudkhf, `h `m s`htjlf qu` `m dkht`hjdj`htf y pu`stk `h prëntjnk
l`
mfs djsdfs, sj`dpr` vkh k r`qu`rjr l` nkpjtkm eudkhf lfhl` mk `dpr`sk
l`p`hl` kquä l` mk bfrdknjþh y `m tkm`htf l` sus `dpm`klfs.
NKYÄ\PMF JJ1
jhstkhnjk t`hck uhk nfdpr`hsjþh nmkrk l` nþdf nr`kr vkmfr pkrk mfs
nmj`ht`s, lfhl` mk bfrdk l` kntukr l` sus ljr`ntjvfs, c`r`ht`s, mäl`r`s f
`dpm`klfs, s`kh
mf subjnj`ht`d`ht` kdpmjks pkrk p`rdjtjr mk bm`xjojmjlkl y `m nr`njdj`htf, y mf
subjnj`ht`d`ht` mjdjtklks pkrk `hbfnkr mk `strkt`cjk y mk tfdk l` l`njsjfh`s.
@stf jhnmuy` pkrk `m mäl`r s`r jhhfvklfr, prfv``lfr l` okaf nfstf, `m qu`
fptjdjzk mk nkl`hk l` vkmfr, `htr` ftrfs. Nfdf s`cuhlk d`ljlk, pfh`r `h
dkrnek `m dftfr l` mk nr`knjþh l` vkmfr, kyulkrë k qu` `m sjst`dk l`
nkpknjlkl`s `h nfhauhtf p`rdjtk mk `htr`ck `bjnkz l` `sk prfpu`stk l` vkmfr `h
mk frckhjzknjþh. Yfr `hl`, sj mk djsdk numtjvk uh sjst`dk l` nkpknjlkl`s qu` s`
r`bu`rn`h dutukd`ht`, su v`htkak nfdp`tjtjvk s` ekrë dës pft`ht`.
Y f r s u p r t` , s ` ek n ` h `n ` s k rj f q u `
mm` v ` k nk o f u h l j k c h þ s t jn f f r c k h jz k
l ` t rf l` m mj l ` rk z c f k mt k d ` h t` ` b ` n tj v s `
n j fh k m d jh u n jf s f , n f h ` m bj h l ` r ` n f h fn ` r
rëpjlkd`ht` mks kd`hkzks nfhtrk mk nfdp`tjtjvjlkl l` mk frckhjzknjþh, `vkmukr
mks utjmjlkl`s y l`s`dp`ûf l` mks djsdks pkrk sko`r sj êstks
l`nk`h lrëstjnkd`ht` f pfr ftrf mklf, sj s` r`quj`r` ekn`r dfljbjnknjfh`s `h
nukhtf k numturk, `strunturk y `stjmfs kldjhjstrktjvfs l` mk frckhjzknjþh. ^`
d`hnjfhkh
`stfs `a`dpmfs, yk qu` ekn`h pkrt` l` mfs bkntfr`s qu` jhbmuy`h `
jhvfmunrkh ljr`ntkd`ht` `m l`s`dp`ûf frckhjzknjfhkm `h oñsqu`lk l` mk
nfdp`tjtjvjlkl7 c`h`rkhlf l` êstk dkh`rk qu` mfs mäl`r`s l`skrrfmm`h
`strkt`cjks hu`vks y nr`ktjvks qu` r`spfhlkh k mks pr`sjfh`s l`m `htfrhf.
NKYÄ\PMF JJJ
nrunjkm`s y l`o`h
trkokakrs` nfhauhtkd`ht` pkrk `m mfcrf l`m êxjtf `sp`rklf, `stks pkmkhnks k mks
qu` ekn` r`b`r`hnjk `m kutfr s` l`snrjo`h k nfhtjhuknjþh1
Lfs frckhjzknjfh`s pu`l`h `dpm`kr pkmkorks y brks`s sjdjmkr`s pkrk l`bjhjr sus
frckhjzknjfhkm.
L` knu`rlf k Omkhnekrl, G., _khlfmpe, K. & Crkzj`r Y., (?992), nukhlf s` ekomk l`
`bjnj`hnjk, ekn` r`b`r`hnjk k sjst`dks y prfn`ljdj`htfs1 l` mk bfrdk `h qu` s`
ekn`h mks nfsks. Mk `bjnj`hnjk s` r`bj`r` k mk pu`stk `h prëntjnk. @s pfr `stf, qu` mks
`dpr`sks qu` hf l`skrrfmmkh uh mjl`rkzcf `bjnj`ht` hf sfmkd`ht` l`snfhfn`h eknjk
lfhl` vkh sjhf qu` `stëh l`sfrckhjzklks pkrk mm`ckr kmmä sj mf supj`rkh. Yfr
`m nfhtrkrjf, sj s` `stë kmtf l` `bjnj`hnjk frckhjzknjfhkmd`ht` p`rf hf s` sko`
eknjk
lþhl` vk, `stk frckhjzknjþh pu`l` s`r nfhsjl`rklk nfdf uhk frckhjzknjþh
l` oñsqu`lk pfr mf nukm `stkräk ekstk kefrk `h mk `tkpk jhjnjkm l` ousnkr uh
mjl`rkzcf qu` pfs`k vjsjþh y pkrk qu` pfs`k vjsjþh r`quj`r` s`r
jhhfvklfrk y sj `s jhhfvklfrk pu`l` s`r nfdp`tjtjvk, l` mf nfhtrkrjf `stkräk `h
uh hjv`m okaf l`htrf l` su s`ntfr nfdp`tjtjvf
L`skbjkr `m prfn`sf
Mfs mäl`r`s sfh p`rsfhks qu` s` krrj`sckh y kn`ptkh l`skbäfs, mf qu` sjchjbjnk
qu` hf tj`h`h prfom`dks `h kvkhzkr eknjk mf l`snfhfnjlf. C`h`rkmd`ht` `stëh
pr`pkrklfs pkrk kn`ptkr rj`scfs, pkrk jhhfvkr y `xp`rjd`htkr nfh djrks k
`xpmfrkr hu`vks y d`afr`s bfrdks l` ekn`r mks nfsks.
Dfl`mkr `m nkdjhf
C`h`rkmd`ht`, nklk frckhjzknjþh nfdj`hzk nfh uh su`ûf y nfh `mmf hkn` uhk
vjsjþh, lfhl` `m crkh l`skbäf l`m mäl`r `s s`r nkpkz l` p`rnjojr dës kmmë
l`m efrjzfht` l`m tj`dpf, ` jdkcjhkr mks ktrkntjvks fpfrtuhjlkl`s qu` m`s `sp`rk
k êm y k sus sup`rjfr`s `h nfhauhtf nfh sus s`cujlfr`s, km mm`ckr k `s` l`stjhf.
Nfdf oj`h `s nj`rtf, mfs mäl`r`s `stëh jdpumsklfs pfr mk nmkrk jdkc`h l`
pfsjojmjlkl y l` mf qu` su frckhjzknjþh pflräk mm`ckr k s`r, jhspjrkhlf uhk vjsjþh
nfdpkrtjlk, p`hskhlf `h `m buturf ` jht`crkhlf k ftrfs `h uhk vjsjþh
nfdñh7 lfhl` `m r`sumtklf `s uhk p`rn`pnjþh l` uh kmtf nfdprfdjsf
l` mfs trkokaklfr`s, uhk prfxjdjlkl nfhnr`tk y `xjst`hnjk l` mkzfs
kb`ntjvfs y
`dfnjfhkm`s pfsjtjvfs y mk nfhbfrdknjþh l` kdoj`ht`s mkofrkm`s skmulkom`s.
Orjhlkr kmj`htf
Ykrt` l`m trkokaf l`m mäl`r nfhsjst` `h dfstrkr kcrkl`njdj`htf pfr mks
kpfrtknjfh`s l` mfs l`dës y nr`kr uh nmjdk l` n`m`orknjþh. @m kmj`htf
pu`l` prfv`hjr l` crkhl`s c`stfs f l` kntfs sjdpm`s orjhlklf k mfs l`dës pkrk
s`cujr kvkhzkhlf. Phfs l` mfs dêtflfs qu` pu`l` utjmjzkr `m mäl`r pkrk
`stjdumkr k mk c`ht` k qu` sjck trjuhbkhlf sfh1 r`nfdp`hsks,
kcrkl`njdj`htfs p`rsfhkm`s, r`nfhfnjdj`htfs, `htr` ftrfs. Nfh `mmf s`rë
pfsjom` qu` `m mäl`r vjhnum` vjsjom`d`ht` mfs kht`rjfr`s nfh `m l`s`dp`ûf,
mfcrkhlf ksä `m`vkr mk nkmjlkl k
h jv `m f rc k h jz k n j f h k m , p f h ` r ` h d k r n e k hu`vfs
nk d o jf q u ` s ` r ` q u j ` rk p krk d `a f r k r.
s`rvjnjfs y/f prfluntfs f nukmquj`r
Yfr nfhsjcuj`ht`, `m pkp`m l`m mäl`r `s buhlkd`htkm km s`r `m `m`d`htf qu` kntjvk
`m l`skrrfmmf l` `sfs kdoj`ht`s, ousnkhlf k hjv`m nfm`ntjvf `m jdpkntf bkvfrkom`
_kzfh`s pfr mks nukm`s efy `h läk, `m l`skrrfmmf y mk c`stjþh frckhjzknjfhkm l`m
nkpjtkm eudkhf vj`h`h klqujrj`hlf nklk v`z dkyfr jdpfrtkhnjk, sjtuëhlfs`
nfdf ksp`ntfs oësjnfs pkrk `m mfcrf l`m nr`njdj`htf y l`skrrfmmf jht`crkm l` mks
frckhjzknjfh`s, ksä nfdf pkrk su pfsjnjfhkdj`htf nfdp`tjtjvf y `strktêcjnf.
mäl`r, qu` `stjmf nfhvj`h` pkrk l`t`rdjhklk sjtuknjþh, pkrk mf nukm s` trk` k
nfhsjl`rknjþh k Nkhtfhj, B., (?99?), `h su t`xtf `m bkntfr eudkhf `h mk
frckhjzknjþh.
@h prjd`rk jhstkhnjk, s` pu`l` kpr`njkr `m nmjdk mkofrkm l`dfnrëtjnf f l`
sfmjlkrjlkl, qu` `stë buhlkd`htklf `h nþdf mks p`rsfhks pr`s`rvkh y
prjvjm`cjkh mks h`n`sjlkl`s l` kb`ntf, nkrjnjks psjnfmþcjnks, kn`ptknjþh,
kprfoknjþh y nfdpkrtjr. Ekomkhlf k hjv`m crupkm, pfr mf c`h`rkm `stfs s` r`ñh`h
`h `qujpf pkrk trkokakr nfhauhtkd`ht` `h ousnk tkhtf l`m oj`h`stkr `dfnjfhkm
nfdf l` mk r`kmjzknjþh l` mks tkr`ks prfpu`stks. @h `m nksf nfhtrkrjf, jdpmjnk mk
l`shkturkmjzknjþh l` mk nfhljnjþh eudkhk, `h kqu`mmf qu` m` `s dës
nkrknt`rästjnf, `h ftrks pkmkorks ”hf h`n`sjtkr l` `sks nfsks—, lfhl` mfs
jht`crkht`s l` mfs crupfs s` r`uhjrëh dës pkrk munekr pfr `m pfl`r, `s l`njr,
ekn`r qu` mfs jhljvjlufs hf `stêh jht`r`sklfs `h mk nffp`rknjþh pfr mf nukm, mm`vk
dës eknjk uhk dkhjpumknjþh l` r`mknjþh lfdjhkht` y l` sfd`tjdj`htf.
@st`
`stjmf `s `m l`hfdjhklf kutfnrëtjnf-pktrjkrnkm f l` lfdjhknjþh. Nko`
knmkrkr, qu` hjhcuhk frckhjzknjþh f `qujpf nfhnr`tf tj`h` uh nmjdk
frckhjzknjfhkm nj`htf pfr nj`htf kutfnrëtjnf7 tflfs tj`h`h uh pfrn`htka` l`
kdofs nmjdks. L` `stk dkh`rk, pkrk qu` s` lê `m nmjdk frckhjzknjfhkm
l`dfnrëtjnf, `s jhljsp`hskom` r`sp`tkr km ftrf nfdf m`cätjdf `h mk
nfhvjv`hnjk. Lfhl` s`rë pfsjom` `hnfhtrkr ljd`hsjfh`s tkm`s nfdf1
Mjl`rkzcf, prfn`sfs l` nfduhjnknjþh, l`skrrfmmf eudkhf, tfdk l`
l`njsjfh`s, trkokaf `h `qujpf, `htr` ftrfs, l`htrf l` uh kdoj`ht` mkofrkm
`stkom`. @h mk dkyfräk l` mks frckhjzknjfh`s, `stf `s, uhk d`tk
pfr mk qu` l`o`h trkokakr mfs jhljvjlufs `h su prfpjf duhlf jht`rjfr y `m crupf
nfdf nfhauhtf, d`ljkht` `m l`skrrfmmf l` nfdpr`hsjfh`s y e`rrkdj`htks l`
r`sp`tf, sfmjlkrjlkl y nffp`rknjþh7 tkdojêh nfh `m foa`tjvf l` mfcrkr uhk
oñsqu`lk l`m oj`h`stkr `dfnjfhkm y sktjsbknnjþh p`rsfhkm km jht`rjfr l` mk
frckhjzknjþh pkrk r`kmjzknjþh l` tkr`ks prfpu`stks nfh kmtfs y
`bjnj`ht`s l`s`dp`ûfs.
Omkhnekrl, G., _khlfmpe, K. & Crkzj`r Y., (?992),. \rkokaf `h `qujpf CF\@KD!
\r`s pksfs pkrk nfhs`cujr crkhl`s r`sumtklfs. (;ª @l.) Okrn`mfhk1 L`ustf. Yp.
;23
Khtfhj, B., (?99?). @m bkntfr eudkhf `h mk frckhjzknjþh. (;ª @l.) Ofcftë1 Närnumf
l` m`ntfr`s ^.K. Yp. <;:
Mkwm`r, @. (?992), Yfr bjh ek mm`cklf mk `rk l`m nkpjtkm eudkhf. @h O`hhjs, S,
^pr`jtz`r C.D. & Nuddjhcs \.C. (@ls), Mks nmkv`s l`m mjl`rkzcf. Mfs
p`hsklfr`s dës orjmmkht`s l` efy `snrjo`h pkrk mfs ljr`ntfr`s l` dkûkhk (pp.
?2->3). Okrn`mfhk1 L`ustf
Mkzzktj, ^. & ^khcujh`tj @., (?99>). C`r`hnjk y Mjl`rkzcf. (;k @l). Krc`htjhk1
Dknnej. Yp.?>;
Dfht`s, J., (?999). L`skrrfmmf Eudkhf Ljr`ntjvf. (;ª @l.) Dêxjnf1 Mjdusk ^.K.
Yp.>2>
Fpp`rdkhh, P. (?9;;). Ksudk su mjl`rkzcf Jhstrud`htfs. (C. Dkräk, \rkl.).
Ofcftë, Nfmfdojk1 Ykhkd`rjnkhk.
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