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M@ MFSOAHAMAKO@ AT\@VE@TAMAKÅ@
EFDOCA MFK@M
I`comot`dar>Ohtfkr`htf>
C`stra Jïctar
Noeïhfz Ohkros
Mavfr` Ore`r
@mlfrta
Tfràh Movo`
ahdocf
Ohtraduccoóh…………………………………………………………………….. Rák. 3
Cahcmusoóh…………………………………………………………………… . Rák. 06
Lolmoakr`io`…………………………………………………………………… Rák. 09
Ohtraduccoóh
Fm fstudoa df m`s mfsoahfs pufdf sfr fhiac`da dfsdf dovfrsas puhtas df vost`, par ma quf
cah iohfs dodàctocas sf j`cf hfcfs`ro` uh` cm`soioc`coóh, quf caea fh atras `spfctas df fst`
fspfco`mod`d sus caepahfhtfs ha tofhfh c`ràctfr fxcmuyfhtf soha caepmfefht`roa, m`s
mfsoahfs pufdfh cm`soioc`rsf fh>
Sfkþh su kr`da fst`s sf dovodfh fh mfvfs quf sah cahsodfr`d`s caea i`mt`s,
cu`mot`tov`efhtf c`moioc`d`sj`st` uh eàxoea df 02 då`s df ohc`p`cod`d eïdoca mfk`m,
sfkuod`efhtf fstàh m`s kr`vfs quf sah m`s quf sf c`r`ctfroz`h par prfsfht`r dflomot`coóh
pfre`hfhtf, pfmokra df vod` y dfiare`coóh y par derribar un fstah m`s kr`våsoe`s primeros sf
c`r`ctfroz`h par prfsfht`r eutom`coóh, fhifrefd`d kr`vf a ohs`ho`, oepatfhco` iuhcoah`m,
ohc`p`cod`da ohv`modfz quf fs m` pfrdod` df m ` iuhcoóh y dfsio kur`coóh kr`vf.
Cahsfcutov`efhtf sf cm`soioc`h sfkþh su ohtfhcoah`mod`dm`s cu`mfs pufdfh sfr damas`sa
ohtfhcoah`mfs quf sah m`s mfvfs, kr`vfs, prftfrohtfhcoah`mfs, sfkuod`s df m` eufrtf y cah
rfsumt`da iartuota ym`s cumpas`sa ha ohtfhcoah`mfs quf sah m`s soepmfs, c`moioc`d`s,
hfkmokfhco`, oeprudfhco` f ohalsfrv`hco` df m`s rfkm`s, pastfroarefhtf fstàh m`s
cm`soioc`d`s sfkþh su ftoeamakå` quf sah m`s mfsoahfs cahtus`s fst`s sf prfsfht`h dfspuïs df
uh` mfsoóh tr`ueàtoc`, ohim`e`coóh yc`eloa df camar l`na m` pofm pfra soh ruptur` df m`
eose` fst`s sf dovodfh fh soepmfs quf c`us`h `trocoóh df mas tfnodas par uh alnfta
cahtuhdfhtf, dfhtra df fmm` fstà m` fquoeasos, tuefi`ccoóh, fxcaro`coahfs, sukom`coahfs,
frasoahfs, jfe`tae`sy dfrr`efs s`hkuåhfas ym`s caepmfn`s quf pravac` samucoóh df
cahtohuod`dj`st` mmfk`r `m `pm`st`eofhta, p`rtocop`h das a eàs efc`hoseas df cahtusoóh,
caea m`s eardfdur`s, `rr`hc`eofhta, `pm`st`eofhta, prfcopot`coóh, `troco ohyc`åd`..
M`s mfsoahfs par `re`s lm`hc` sah m`s jfrod`s cart`htfs, jfrod`s puhz`htfs, jfrod`s
puhza cart`htfs, jfrod`s cahtusa cart`htfs, jfrod`s puhza pfhftr`htfs, m`s jfrod`s par `re`s
df iufka sah rf`mo z`d`s par Prayfctom þhoca, Prayfctom fs eþmtopmfs y fxpm asovas,m`s mfso ahfs
par `kfhtfs quåeocas m`s ac`soah`d`s par `mcajam ftåmoca, carrasova, topa vfhfhasa,
carrasova, i`re`camókocas, m`s mfsoahfs par `kfhtf iåsocas m`s cu`mfs sah c`us`d`s par c`mar
jþefda, fs dfcor, v`par df `ku`, c`mar sfca caea fm iufka dorfcta qufe`dur` df 0,<,3 y 4¾
kr`da, fmfctrocod`d y r`do`coahfs.
Do`khastoca eïdoca mfk`m.
Fm do`khastoca eïdoca mfk`m df uh` mfsoóh sf dovodfh fh cu`tra p`rtfs dfpfhdofhda dfm
`cahtfcoeofhta m`s cu`mfs sah, euy kr`vf quf fs cu`hda uh` mfsoóh ohvamucr` uh`
c`str`coóh a eutom`coóh e`mocoas` df uh eofelra oepart`htf, mufka fstà fm kr`vf fm cu`m
`p`rfcf cu`hda m` mfsoóh praducod` fs c`us` df oepatfhco` iuhcoah`m, ohv`modfz quf fs m`
eutom`coóh ha e`mocoas`, m` dfiare`coóh dfm rastra, fm oepfdoefhta df uh eofelra, m`s
sfcufm`s arkàhoc`s y cu`mquofr` atr` mfsoóh a pfrturl`coóh quf arokohf ohc`p`cod`d par eàs
df trfoht` då`s. Fst` fm efhas kr`vf fstf do`khastoca fs d`da cu`hda sf cahsodfr` quf m`s
mfsoahfs dfear`h fh s`h`r a praduzc`h uh` ohc`p`cod`d m`lar`r quf caeprfhd` fhtrf
quohcf y trfoht` då`s y par þmtoea sf fhcufhtr` fm mfvf fstf tofhf uh tofepa df cur`coóh y uh
tofepa df ohc`p`cod`d fhtrf cfra y c`tarcf då`s.
Fs rfmfv`htf ohdoc`r, quf m`s mfsoahfs sf cm`soioc`h dfsdf das puhtas df vost`. Fh proefr
muk`r, sfkþh su ohtfhcoóh sf cm`soioc`h fh ohtfhcoah`mfs, cumpas`s y prftfrohtfhcoah`mfs.
Eofhtr`s quf, fh sfkuhd` ohst`hco`, sf cm`soioc`h sfkþh fm rfsumt`da fh kr`våsoe`s, kr`vfs,
efhas kr`vfs, mfvfs y mfvåsoe`s, K`ohz` (<22?>0).
@jar` lofh, fh ma quf sf rfiofrf ` m` cm`soioc`coóh df m`s mfsoahfs sfkþh fm Códoka Rfh`m df
Yfhfzufm`, fs oepart`htf sfð`m`r quf m` eose` sf fhcufhtr` dfs`rramm`d` df m` e`hfr`
sokuofhtf>
Fh t`m sfhtoda, sf pufdf ohdoc`r quf, m`s mfsoahfs pfrsah`mfs sfkþh fm rfsumt`da, sf
fhcufhtr`h cm`soioc`d`s fh fm Códoka Rfh`m df m` sokuofhtf iare`>
Df e`hfr` quf, m`s mfsoahfs efhas kr`vfs sf fhcufhtr`h fst`tuod`s fh fm `rtåcuma 403 dfm
Códoka Rfh`m, fm cu`m, fxprfs` ”Fm quf soh ohtfhcoóh df e`t`r, pfra så df c`us`rmf d`ða,
j`y` ac`soah`da ` `mkuh` pfrsah` uh suiroeofhta iåsoca, uh pfrnuocoa ` m` s`mud a uh`
pfrturl`coóh fh m`s i`cumt`dfs ohtfmfctu`mfs sfrà c`stok`da cah prosoóh df trfs ` dacf
efsfs―. Rar ma cu`m, fs rfmfv`htf ohdoc`r quf m`s mfsoahfs ` quf sf rfiofrf fm `rtåcuma fh
cufstoóh, rfvostfh c`ràctfr kfhfr`m.
@jar` lofh, m`s mfsoahfs kr`våsoe`s, sf fhcufhtr`h fst`lmfcod`s fh fm `rtåcuma 404 dfm
Códoka Rfh`m, fm cu`m, fst`lmfcf>
dfsiokurf ` m` pfrsah`> fh ioh, so j`loïhdasf caeftoda fm dfmota cahtr` uh` eunfr fh coht` mf
julofrf ac`soah`da fm `larta, sfrà c`stok`da cah prfsodoa df trfs ` sfos `ðas―.
Fh fsf sfhtoda, fs oepart`htf e`hoifst`r quf fstf topa df mfsoahfs sah haeoh`mefhtf
sfð`m`d`s par docja `rtåcuma, ma cu`m, pfreotf cahacfr fm haelrf df c`d` mfsoóh quf pufd`
fst`r fhe`rc`d` fh fm eosea.
Fs df dfst`c`r, quf fm `rtåcuma `htfroar, sf fst`lmfcfh m`s mfsoahfs kr`vfs. Fh t`m sfhtoda,
sf pufdf e`hoifst`r quf dfhtra df m`s mfsoahfs kr`vfs sf pufdfh fhcahtr`r mfsoahfs quf
c`us`h ohj`lomot`coóh pfre`hfhtf df `mkþh sfhtoda u órk`ha, `så caea, m`s quf arokoh`h
doiocumt`d pfre`hfhtf df m` p`m`lr`, m` quf praduzc` coc`troz hat`lmf fh m` c`r`, m`s quf
praduzc`h uh` fhifrefd`d efht`m a carpar`m quf durf vfohtf då`s a eàs, y m`s df caeosoóh
df dfmota cahtr` uh` eunfr fhcot` y quf c`usf uh p`rta prfe`tura.
Eofhtr`s quf, fh fm `rtåcuma 409, fm cu`m, e`hoiofst` ”So fm dfmota prfvosta fh fm `rtåcuma
403 julofrf `c`rrf`da ` m` pfrsah` aifhdod`, fhifrefd`d quf sama hfcfsot` `sostfhco`
eïdoc` `m tofepa p`r` dfdoc`rsf ` sus hfkacoas ardoh`roas, u acup`coahfs j`lotu`mfs, m`
pfh` sfrà df `rrfsta df trfs ` sfos efsfs.―. Fs df ohdoc`r, quf fh fm eosea sf fhcufhtr`h
fst`lmfcod`s m`s mfsoahfs mfvfs. Df t`m iare`, fs dfst`c`r quf fstf topa df mfsoahfs, sah m`s
quf kfhfr`h pfrturl`coahfs mfvfs fh m` s`mud df m` pfrsah` `krfdod`, soh ac`soah`r dfifctas
iåsocas ho iuhcoah`mfs.
Rar su p`rtf, fm `rtåcuma 40; dfm Códoka Rfh`m sfð`m` quf, ”So fm dfmota prfvosta fh fm
`rtåcuma 403, ha sama ha j` `c`rrf`da fhifrefd`d quf hfcfsotf `sostfhco` eïdoc`, soha quf
t`epaca j` ohc`p`cot`da ` m` pfrsah` aifhdod` p`r` dfdoc`rsf ` sus hfkacoas u acup`coahfs
j`lotu`mfs, m` pfh` sfrà df `rrfsta df dofz ` cu`rfht` y cohca då`s. ―. @så pufs, sf pufdf
e`hoifst`r quf fh docja `rtåcuma sf fhcufhtr` m` hare`tov` mfk`m salrf m`s mfsoahfs
mfvåsoe`s, m`s cu`mfs, sah m`s quf ”so lofh `t`c`h m` ohtfkrod`d loamókoc` a efht`m dfm
`kr`vo`da sah df pac` oepart`hco`, y` quf m`s eose`s ha `c`rrf`h `m ohdovodua fhifrefd`d
quf rfquofr` `sostfhco` eïdoc` ho ma sfp`r` df sus acup`coahfs m`lar`mfs―,
Rar atr` p`rtf, sf pufdf sfð`m`r quf, m`s mfsoahfs pfrsah`mfs sfkþh m` ohtfhcoóh, sf
fhcufhtr`h cm`soioc`d`s fh fm Códoka Rfh`m df m` sokuofhtf e`hfr`>
cah `re`s ohsodoas`s a cah cu`mquofr` atr` `re` prapo`efhtf docj`, a par efdoa df
sust`hco`s carrasov`s, m` pfh` sf `uefht`rà fh m` praparcoóh df uh` sfxt` ` uh` tfrcfr`
p`rtf.
Mas Troluh`mfs fstoe`ràh caea eatova df `tfhu`coóh fh mas nuocoas par eufrtf a
mfsoahfs carpar`mfs, fm j`lfrsf c`us`da mas jfcjas fh dufma rfkum`r. Fh fstf c`sa padrà
rfl`n`rsf df uh` ` das tfrcfr`s p`rtfs m` pfh` carrfspahdofhtf `m jfcja puholmf7 y ` mas
tfstokas sf mfs `pmoc`rà uh` pfh` oku`m ` m` quf sf oepahk` fm e`t`dar a jfrodar, doseohuod`
fh m` eot`d.
Fh fstas c`sas, so fm m`hcf sf j` arokoh`da par j`lfr uh` df m`s p`rtfs aifhdoda fm jahar
a m` rfput`coóh df m` atr` a df su i`eomo` fh dacuefhta pþlmoca a cah fscrotas a dolunas
dovumk`das a fxpufstas `m pþlmoca a cah atras efdoas df pulmocod`d, sf fstoe`rà caea
pravac`dar `m `utar df mas jfcjas7 y sfkþh m` kr`vfd`d df m` doi`e`coóh, mas Troluh`mfs
pufdfh c`elo`r m` pfh` quf carrfspahdofrf `m quf j`y` jfroda a d`da eufrtf `m
pravac`dar, fh cahioh`eofhta par oku`m tofepa, cah m` rfduccoóh prfvost`
Fm quf par j`lfr alr`da cah oeprudfhco` a hfkmokfhco` a lofh cah oepfroco` fh su
praifsoóh, `rtf a ohdustro`, a par ohalsfrv`hco` df mas rfkm`efhtas, órdfhfs a doscopmoh`s,
ac`soahf ` atra `mkþh d`ða fh fm cufrpa a fh m` s`mud, a `mkuh` pfrturl`coóh fh m`s
i`cumt`dfs ohtfmfctu`mfs sfrà c`stok`da>
0¾. Cah `rrfsta df cohca ` cu`rfht` y cohca då`s a eumt` df cohcufht` uhod`dfs trolut`ro`s
(62 V.T.) ` quohofht`s uhod`dfs trolut`ro`s (622 V.T.), fh mas c`sas fspfcoioc`das fh mas
`rtåcumas 403 y 409, ha pudofhda pracfdfrsf soha ` ohst`hco` df p`rtf.
<¾. Cah prosoóh df uha ` dacf efsfs a eumt` df cofhta cohcufht` uhod`dfs trolut`ro`s (062
V.T.) ` eom quohofht`s uhod`dfs trolut`ro`s (0.622 V.T.), fh mas c`sas df mas `rtåcumas 404 y
406.
3¾. Cah `rrfsta df uha ` cohca då`s a cah eumt` df vfohtocohca lamåv`rfs, fh mas c`sas dfm
`rtåcuma 420, ha dflofhda pracfdfrsf fhtahcfs soha ` ohst`hco` df p`rtf.
Fh måhf`s kfhfr`mfs, sf pufdf ohdoc`r quf df fst` iare` sf fhcufhtr`h fst`tuod`s m`s
mfsoahfs pfrsah`mfs fh fm Códoka Rfh`m vokfhtf fh Yfhfzufm`.
C`åd`
M` c`åd` fs `qufmm` quf sf praducf fh fm eosea pm`ha df sustfht`coóh dfm sunfta, a sf`
cu`hda fstf sf dfspmae` dfsdf su prapo` `mtur` salrf fm sufma, ` doifrfhco` df m`
prfcopot`coóh, fh m` quf fstf dfspmaef sf praducf salrf uh` supfriocof euy par dfl`na df m`
quf fm sunfta acup`l`.
C`åd` iàsoc`. M` c`åd` tofhf muk`r fh das a eàs i`sfs, fs dfcor, sf praducf fh das a
eàs tofepas sucfsovas. Fst` v`rofd`d tofhf uh oepart`htf ohtfrïs p`r` m`
rfcahstruccoóh nudoco`m df mas jfcjas.
C`åd` pasteart`m. Fs uh` pasolomod`d quf dflf sfr tfhod` fh cufht` p`r` fhnuoco`r
cah rfctotud mas jfcjas.
Rrfcopot`coóh
M` prfcopot`coóh sf doifrfhco` df m` c`åd` par m` `mtur` dfsdf m` quf tofhf muk`r, sofhda fm
pm`ha df cjaquf sfhsolmfefhtf eàs l`na quf fm df sustfht`coóh dfm sunfta. Fsta pfreotf
quf m` fhfrkå` quf sf molfr` fh fm eaefhta dfm oep`cta sf tr`hseot` ` tada fm cufrpa, df
iare` quf sf kfhfr`moz`h mas fifctas mfsovas, d`hda muk`r ` uh cu`dra mfsova quf `ifct`
pràctoc`efhtf ` tadas mas sfctarfs carpar`mfs. @så, m` fhfrkå` patfhco`m (e`s` x kr`vfd`d x
`mtur`) `m tor`rsf sf tr`hsiare` fh fhfrkå` cohïtoc`.
Ftoamakå` eïdocamfk`m
ohdustro`m caea `kråcam` hoðas e`m vokom`das quf sf prfcopot`h par l`mcahfs y vfht`h`s,
cas` quf t`eloïh pufdf d`rsf fh fhifreas dfmor`htfs.
våctoe`, quf fs `rran`d` dfsdf uh` vfht`h` a l`mcóh. Fs eàs irfcufhtf caea pracfdoeofhta
ohi`htocod`.
Cahcmusoóh
Lolmoakr`iå`
@hfxas