Supervisor: Dr. Shah Alam Mentor: Dr.M.J.Siddiqui Presented By: Surbhi Agarwal
Supervisor: Dr. Shah Alam Mentor: Dr.M.J.Siddiqui Presented By: Surbhi Agarwal
Supervisor: Dr. Shah Alam Mentor: Dr.M.J.Siddiqui Presented By: Surbhi Agarwal
Presented By:
Supervisor: Dr. Shah Alam
Surbhi Agarwal
Mentor: Dr.M.J.Siddiqui
Contents
Basic Concept of Solar energy
PV modules
Emerging Technologies
Environmental Aspects
Indian Scenario
The Sun daily provides about 10,000 times more energy to the Earth than we
consume.
The earth receives 174 petawatts [1015 watts] of solar radiations from the sun.
The total energy absorbed by earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land mass is 3,850,000
exajoules [1018 joules] per year.
The energy reaching earth’s atmosphere consists of about 8% UV radiation, 46% visible
light, 46% infrared radiations.
Why Solar Energy ?
Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy.
It is free.
Light Electricity
A description of the first solar cells made from selenium wafer were made by Charles
Fritts and operated at 1% effeciency .
Charles Fritts constructed what was probably the first true solar cell. He coated a
semiconductor material (selenium) with an extremely thin layer of gold.
Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in cadmium sulfide (CdS).
A cadmium sulphide p-n junction was produced with an efficiency of 6%
The University of South Wales breaks the 20% efficiency barrier for silicon solar cells
under one sun conditions.
The The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy achieve a 44.7% efficiency in solar cell
technology.
Basic structure of a SOLAR CELL
Operation of a solar cells
When sun light falls on silicon metal cell, the
photon energy allows the electrons from the P-
layer to move to the N-layer, creating an
electric potential difference on the
semiconductor borders.
For this , many cells are connected in series and/or parallel to obtain the expected
current and voltage levels and this set of cells is mounted on an appropriate structure
to create a photovoltaic module.
Major Solar Plants
“Nellis solar power plant” contains 70,000 solar
panels that generate 25 gigawatt-hours
“solar
one”, California
1,800 sun-tracking
a solar farm in the Philippines…
mirrors reflect heat
to a central
collector
Types of PV cells
PROS
• Low cost substrate and fabrication
process.
CONS
• Not very stable .
Amorphous Silicon PV Cells
The most advanced of thin film technologies .
Operating efficiency ~6% .
Makes up about 13% of PV market .
PROS
• Mature manufacturing technologies
available .
CONS
• Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency .
Poly Crystalline PV Cells
( Non – Silicon Based Technology )
Unlike most other II/IV material CdTe exhibits direct band gap of 1.4eV and high
absorption coefficient
PROS
16% laboratory efficiency
6-9% module efficiency
CONS
Immature manufacturing process
Emerging Technologies
‘ Discovering new realms of Photovoltaic Technologies ‘
Cell efficiency ~ 7%
[2] V. Smil, “General Energetics Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization” , xiii + 369 pp (1991).
[3] "Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget". NASA Earth Observatory, (2009).
[4] Donald A. Neaman, “Semiconductor Physics and devices”, fourth edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd., pg:-
177-197.
[5] B.H.Khan, “Non –conventional energy resources”, second edition , Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd., pg:-88-192
[6] Mohit Kr. Srivastava, Sharad Kr. Gupta, Ashish Gupta, “Environmental Aspects of Solar Cell Modules”.
ThankYou!!!