Bahsa Inggris 1.17

STUDENT READING REPORT 1:
Name : Mohamad Rizki Adi Prasetyo

Student Number : 18711032
Class :A
Date of announcement: March 16, 2020

UNIT: NERVOUS SYSTEM ( The Language of Medicine, 10 th Edition)
Exercise A
Match the following neurologic structures with their meanings as given below.
astrocyte dendrite neuron
axon meninges oligodendroglial cell
cauda equina myelin sheath plexus
cerebral cortex
1. microscopic fiber leading from the cell body that carries the nervous impulse along
a nerve cell : axon
2. large, interlacing network of nerves : plexus
3. three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord : meninges
4. microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the
nervous impulse : dendrite
5. outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter : cerebral
cortex
6. glial cell that transports water and salts between capillaries and nerve cells :
astrocyte
7. glial cell that produces myelin : oligodendrogial cell
8. a nerve cell that transmits a nerve impulse : neuron
9. collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord at the level of the
second lumbar vertebra : cauda equina
10. fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell : myelin sheath
Exercise B
Give the meanings of the following terms.
1. dura mater : outermost meningeal layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord
2. central nervous system : brain and the spinal cord
3. peripheral nervous system : nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal,
and autonomic nerves
4. arachnoid membrane : middle meningeal membrane surrounding the brain and
spinal cord
5. hypothalamus : part of the brain below the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body
temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
6. synapse : space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from a nerve cell to
another nerve cell or to a muscle or gland cell
7. sympathetic nerves : autonomic nerves that influence body functions involuntarily
in times of stress
8. medulla oblongata : part of the brain just above the spinal cord that controls
breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels
9. pons : part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the
upper parts of the brain; connects these parts of the brain
10. cerebellum : posterior part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle
movements
11. thalamus : part of the brain below the cerebrum; relay center that conducts
impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
12. ventricles of the brain : canals in the interior of the brain that are filled with CSF
13. Brainstem : lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal
cord (includes the pons and the medulla)
14. cerebrum : largest part of the brain; controls voluntary muscle movement, vision,
speech, hearing, thought, memory
15. ganglion : collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord
Exercise C
Match the following terms with the meanings or associated terms below.
glial cells neurotransmitter sensory nerves
gyri parenchymal cell subarachnoid space
motor nerves pia mater sulci
1. innermost meningeal membrane : pia mater
2. carry messages away from (efferent) the brain and spinal cord to muscles and
glands : motor nerves
3. carry messages toward (afferent) the brain and spinal cord from receptors : sensory
nerves
4. grooves in the cerebral cortex : sulci
5. contains cerebrospinal fluid : subarachnoid space
6. elevations in the cerebral cortex : gyri
7. chemical that is released at the end of a nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another
cell (example: acetylcholine) : neurotransmitter
8. essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron : parenchymal cell
9. connective and supportive (stromal) tissue : glial cell
Exercise D
Circle the correct term for the given definition.
1. disease of the brain (encephalopathy, myelopathy)
2. part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and balance (cerebrum,
cerebellum)
3. collection of blood above the dura mater (subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma)
4. inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membranes (leptomeningitis, causalgia)
5. condition of absence of a brain (hypalgesia, anencephaly)
6. inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis, polyneuritis)
7. pertaining to the membranes around the brain and spinal cord (cerebellopontine,
meningeal)
8. disease of nerve roots (of spinal nerves) (neuropathy, radiculopathy)
9. hernia of the spinal cord and meninges (myelomeningocele, meningioma)
10. pertaining to the tenth cranial nerve (thalamic, vagal)
Exercise E
1. cerebral cortex : outer region of the cerebrum (contains gray matter)
2. intrathecal : pertaining to within a sheath through the meninges and into the
subarachnoid space
3. polyneuritis : inflammation of many nerves
4. thalamic : pertaining to the thalamus
5. myelopathy : disease of the spinal cord
6. meningioma : tumor of the meninges
7. glioma : tumor of neuroglial cells (a brain tumor)
8. subdural hematoma : mass of blood below the dura mater (outermost meningeal
membrane)
Exercise F
Match the following neurologic symptoms with the meanings below.
aphasia dyslexia narcolepsy
ataxia hemiparesis neurasthenia
Bradykinesia hyperesthesia paraplegia
Causalgia motor apraxia syncope
1. reading disorder : dyslexia
2. condition of decreased coordination : ataxia
3. condition of slow movement : bradykinesia
4. condition of increased sensation : hyperesthesia
5. seizure of sleep; uncontrollable compulsion to sleep : narcolepsy
6. difficulty with speech : aphasia
7. inability to perform a task : motor apraxia
8. weakness in the right or left half of the body : hemiparesis
9. severe burning pain due to nerve injury : causalgia
10. paralysis in the lower part of the body :paraplegia
11. fainting : syncope
12. nervous exhaustion (lack of strength) and fatigue : neurasthemia
Exercise G
1. analgesia : lack of sensitivity to pain
2. motor aphasia : difficulty in speaking (patient cannot articulate words but can
understand speech and knows what she or he wants to say)
3. paresis : weakness and partial loss of movement
4. quadriplegia : paralysis in all four extremities (damage is to the cervical part of the
spinal cord)
5. asthenia : no strength (weakness)
6. comatose : pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness from which the patient cannot
be aroused)
7. paresthesia : condition of abnormal sensations (prickling, tingling, burning)
8. Hyperkinesis : excessive movement
9. anesthesia : condition of no sensation or nervous feeling
10. causalgia : severe burning pain from injury to peripheral nerves
11. akinetic : pertaining to without movemen
12. hypalgesia : diminished sensation to pain
13. dyskinesia : impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements
14. migraine : recurrent vascular headache with severe pain of unilateral onset and
photophobia (sensitivity to light
Exercise H
Match the following terms with their descriptions below. The terms in boldface are
clues!
Alzheimer disease Huntington disease myasthenia gravis
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis hydrocephalus Parkinson disease
Bell palsy multiple sclerosis myelomeningocele
epilepsy
1. Destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) and its replacement by hard plaques :

multiple sclerosis
2. Sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures : epilepsy
3. The spinal column is imperfectly joined (a split in a vertebra occurs), and part of
the meninges and spinal cord can herniate out of the spinal cavity : myelomeningocele
4. Atrophy of muscles and paralysis caused by damage to motor neurons in the spinal
cord and brainstem : amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5. Patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary, dance-like movements, as well as
decline in mental functions : Huntington disease
6. Cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head (in the ventricles of the brain) :
hydrocephalus
7. Loss of muscle strength due to the inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to
transmit impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells : myasthenia gravis
8. Degeneration of nerves in the basal ganglia occurring in later life, leading to
tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness; dopamine (neurotransmitter) is deficient
in the brain : parkinson disease
9. Deterioration of mental capacity (dementia); autopsy shows cerebral cortex
atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci, and microscopic neurofibrillary tangles :
Alzheimer disease
10. Unilateral facial paralysis : bell palsy

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STUDENT READING REPORT 1:

Name : Mohamad Rizki Adi Prasetyo

Date of announcement: March 16, 2020

1. Destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) and its replacement by hard plaques :

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