Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
System
JUDYLON O. ANDALICIO
BSED-3 SCIENCE
COMPLETE ME!
Answer: THALAMUS
N_RV_ I_P_L
S_
Answer: NERVE IMPULSE
NE_R_T_AN_M_T
T_R
Answer:
NEUROTRANSMITTER
A_ZH_IM_R‘S
DIS_A_E
Answer: ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE
Indicative Contents
Indicative Contents
Development of the Nervous System
Answer:
General Functions of the Nervous
System
Control. Controls all bodily functions. It is the chief
coordinating agency of all organ systems.
Regulation. Works with the endocrine system to maintain
homeostasis.
Communication. Communicates signals that originate both
within the body and in the external environment.
Storage. Acts as a storehouse of information. All information
outside and inside the body are processed and interpreted by
the nervous system.
Answer:
Functions of the Nervous System
According to Its Activity
Sensory. Gathers information from
both inside and outside the body.
Integration. Process the
information to the processing
areas in brain and spine.
Motor. Sends information to the
muscles, glands, and organs so
they can respond appropriately.
Cells in the Nervous System
Neuron (Nerve Cell). Basic
functional cell of the nervous
system. Transmits impulse
(up to 112 meters per second).
Neuroglia. From Greek word
glia meaning “glue”. A
specialized connective tissue
that holds neurons together
and protect it.
Answer:
Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Etymology. From Ancient
Greek νεῦρον (neûron,
“nerve”). Doublet of nerve and
sinew. German anatomist
Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer
introduced the term neuron in
1891.
Numbers. There are
approximately 86 billions of
neurons in the human body.
Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Types According to Function. (1)
Sensory (2) Motor (3) Interneuron
Types According to the Processes
Extend Out From the Cell Body. (1)
Unipolar (2) Bipolar (3) Multipolar
Parts. A neuron has three main
parts: dendrites, an axon, and a cell
body or soma, which can be
represented as the branches, roots
and trunk of a tree, respectively.
Types of Neuron According to
Function
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron. Transmits impulses from all parts of the body to the
spinal cord and brain. For example, when you touch a hot object with your
fingertip, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the
rest of the nervous system about the felt hotness.
Motor (Efferent) Neuron. Transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord into
the different parts of the body. Considering same example above, the brain will
then releases a command through motor neurons towards your sense of touch so
you will withdraw your fingertip away from the hot object.
Interneuron (Connecting or Relaying Neuron). Conducts impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons.
Answer:
Answer:
Types of Neuron According to
Processes Extend Out from the Cell
body
Unipolar. One nerve process or structure extending from the
cell body: an axon that extends into dendrites. Example is a
brush cell found in the cerebellum.
Bipolar. Two processes or structure from the cell body.
Bipolar neurons are found in the retina of the eye, roof of
the nasal cavity, and inner ear. Mostly are sensory neurons.
Multipolar. More than three processes sticking out from the
cell body. 99% of our neurons are multipolar which include
motor neurons and interneurons. Commonly found in the
cortex of the brain and the spinal cord.
Parts of Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Nucleus. Inside the cell body. Contains
genetic informations.
CellBody. Contains nucleus and
cytoplasm. Maintains the health of entire
neuron.
Dendrites. Treelikestructure. Conducts
impulse towards the cell body.
Axon. Long slender projection that carries
impulse away from the cell body.
Myelin Sheath. A white protein and fat
insulation of the axon. If myelin is
Parts of Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Schwann cell. Produces myelin
sheath.
Nodes of Ranvier. Gaps or nodes in
the myelin sheath. It is where axon
left uncovered.
Axon Terminal. Button-like
endings of axon. It is where
neuron-neuron contact exists.
Identify!
Answer:
Answer:
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Answer:
Mind-blowing Facts About Neuron
Neurons in human body is as many as stars in the Milky Way.
Schwann cells are named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann.
Unlike other body cells, neurons don’t undergo mitosis (cell division).
Thus, if the neuron damaged, it cannot be replaced. So, take care of
your neurons.
Neuron increases in size but not in number, usually starts a few months
after our birth.
Neuron is the longest lived cell.
About 25% of the calories that we take everyday are consumed by our
brain activity. It is due to our neurons who are having a huge appetite.
Impulse always travels from dendrite to cell body to axon.
Cluster of neuron is called ganglia (sing. ganglion).
Neuroglia
Also known as glial cell, neuroglial
cell, or simply glia.
Cells that hold neurons (nerve cells)
in place and help them work the way
they should.
Types of neuroglia are (1) Astrocytes
(2) Microglial (3) Ependemial (4)
Oligodendrocytes (5) Satellite Cells
and (6) Schwann Cells
Types of Neuroglia
Astrocytes. The most abundant neuroglia.
Star-shaped (astro means “star”). Regulate
blood flow, supply the building block of
neurotransmitters. Fuel neuronal
metabolism.
Microglial.
10-15% of brain cells. Serve as
immune defense (pathogenic activity).
Ependemial. Forms the epithelial linings of
brain and spinal cord cavities.
Types of Neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes. Form
myelin sheath around the axon
in the central nervous system.
Satellite Cells. Small flattened
cells. For muscle regeneration.
Schwann Cells. Form myelin
sheath around the axon in the
peripheral nervous system.
Answer:
Answer:
Tissues in the Nervous System
Brain
Spinal Cord
Brain
The brain is the main organ of the
nervous system.
Itcontrols thought, memory, emotion,
touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process
that regulates our body.
Itis divided into four division (1) brain
stem (2) cerebellum (3) diencephalon
and (4) cerebrum
Brain Stem
The brain stem is the lower part of
the brain that’s connected to the
spinal cord. It is further subdivided
into three sections namely medulla
oblongata, pons, and the midbrain.
Medulla oblongata. Latin word for
“elongated middle”. The lowest
portion. Controls vital processes like
your heartbeat, breathing, digestion
and blood pressure.
Brain Stem
Pons. From Latin pons, for “bridge”. Just
above medulla. Control sleep cycle and
bladder control.
Midbrain. Otherwise known as
mesencephalon. Topmost of brain stem.
Associated with vision, hearing, motor
control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal
(alertness), and temperature regulation.
Identify!
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Cerebellum
Latin word for “little brain.”
For centuries, scientists believed
our cerebellum’s job was to
coordinate our muscle
movements.
Primarily responsible for muscle
control, including balance and
posture, and fine motor skills
such as holding pencil, using
scissors etc.
Cerebellum
Stroke
Answer:
Disorders of the Nervous System
Anxiety Disorder. Common mental health condition. Feeling
of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or severe.
BipolarDisorders. Extreme mood swings that include
emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
Schizophrenia. A serious mental health condition in which
people interpret reality abnormally. People who have it may
hear voices that aren’t there.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. A mental health condition
that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it
or witnessing it.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Insomnia. Common sleep disorder that can make it hard to
fall asleep, hard to stay asleep.
Multiple Sclerosis. Chronic disease that affects the central
nervous system, which is the brain, spinal cord, and optic
nerves. Destruction of myelin sheaths.
Cerebral Palsy. Affects a person’s ability to move and
maintain balance and posture. Common to childhood.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Glaucoma. Eye disease that can cause vision loss and
blindness by damaging a nerve in the back of your eye called
the optic nerve.
Autism. Neurological and developmental disorder that affects
how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and
behave.
Poliomyelitis. The poliovirus spreads from person to person
and can infect a person’s spinal cord, causing paralysis.
Children are highly vulnerable.
Bell’s Palsy. Sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of
Disorders of the Nervous System
Sciatica. Pain that travels along the path of the sciatic
nerves.
Headache. The pain comes from a mix of signals between
your brain, blood vessels, and nearby nerves.
Hydrocephalus. Abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid
in the brain.
Comatose. Prolonged unconsciousness in which a person
cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful
stimuli, light, or sound. Damaged of cerebral cortex.
Disorders of the Nervous System
Meningitis. Inflammation of meninges.
Migraine. Severe headache on one side of the head.
Encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain.
Myasthenia gravis. Chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular
disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles.
Teraplegia. A paralysisof whole body because of total
impairment of spinal cord.
Answer:
Signs, Symptoms if You Have
Problem in Nervous System
Persistent or sudden onset of a headache.
A headache that changes or is different
Loss of feeling or tingling
Weakness or loss of muscle strength
Loss of sight or double vision
Memory loss
Impaired mental ability
Lack of coordination
Muscle rigidity
Signs, Symptoms if You Have
Problem in Nervous System
Tremors and seizures
Back pain which radiates to the
feet, toes, or other parts of the
bod
Muscle wasting and slurred
speech
New language impairment
(expression or
comprehension)
Healthcare Professionals Treating
Nervous System Disorders
Neurologist
Neurosurgeon
Neuroradiologist and Interventional Radiologist
PsychologiSt
Psychiatrist
Healthcare Professionals Treating
Nervous System Disorders
Physiatrist
Physical Therapist
Occupational Therapist
Speech/Language Pathologist
Neuroscientists of Time
Plato.Believed that the brain was the
locus of mental processes.
Aristotle.Believed instead the heart to be
the source of mental processes and that the
brain acted as a cooling system for the
cardiovascular system.
Galen. Described the seven cranial nerves’
functions along with giving a foundational
understanding of the spinal cord.
Neuroscientists of Time
Camillo Golgi. Italian biologist and pathologist known for his
works on the central nervous system. The Golgi apparatus named
after him.
Thomas C. Südhof (2013). Discovered the precise
neurotransmitters release control system.
Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian (1932). Discovered the
general function of neurons, including excitatory and inhibitory
signals, and the all-or-nothing response of nerve fibers.
Neuroscientists of Time
SirHenry Dale and Otto Loewi (1936). Discovered
neurotransmitters and identification of acetylcholine.
Walter Rudolf Hess and António Caetano Egas Moniz
(1949). Discovered the functional organization of the
midbrain and for the controversial therapeutic value of
leucotomy respectively.
Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally (1977).
Discovered the production on the brain of the peptide
hormone.
Neuroscientists of Time
ArvidCarlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel (2000).
Discovered neural signal transduction pathways upon
neurotransmitter binding, as well as the establishment of
dopamine as a primary acting neurotransmitter.
Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck (2004). Discovered the
olfactory system.
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous System
Grean Leafy Vegetables. Rich in Vitamin B
complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and
Magnesium all of which are important for
proper functioning of our nervous
system.Vitamin B is essential in the process
of synthesizing and circulating
neurotransmitters, which are brain
chemicals that regulate heartbeat, respiration
and digestion. Magnesium helps in calming
the nerves. Vitamin E and C acts as anti-
ageing for the nervous system.
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
Fish. Nerves are protected by myelin sheaths,
System
which contain very high level of fatty acid. So,
people who are deficient in fatty acids may
suffer from damage of the nerves. Fish has
Omega 3 fatty acid and thus helps in healing
of the nerves and nervous system. Examples
are salmon and sardines.
Chocolate. Dark chocolates are full of
flavonols which have anti-inflammatory and
anti-oxidant property. These properties help to
lower the blood pressure and improve the
blood flow, to both brain and heart.
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
Broccoli. Rich in Vitamin K which is known to
System
improve brain power and cognitive skills. Many
studies have reported that because broccoli is rich in a
compound called glucosinolates which can slow the
breakdown of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine,
which the central nervous system needs to perform its
function properly, keeps our brain and memory sharp.
Low levels of acetylcholine are linked with
Alzheimer’s.
Eggs. Rich in choline and B vitamin. When you
consume eggs, the choline in them is used by the brain
to make acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is
important for memory and communication among
Healthy Foods for Our Nervous
System
Avocado. Rich in both Vitamin K and folate, avocados
help prevent blood clot in the brain and thus protects
you from stroke. Apart from that, avocados also help to
improve memory and concentration.
Pumpkin seeds. Excellent source of magnesium, copper,
iron, and zinc. Apart from all this, pumpkin seeds
contain powerful antioxidants that protect the body and
brain from free radical damage.
Effects of Drugs on Nervous System
Alcohol – central nervous system depressant – cell membranes
are highly permeable to alcohol so once in the bloodstream it
can diffuse into almost all body tissues. It is absorbed in the
stomach so it gets into the blood stream quickly and slows
down function of the nervous system.
Caffeine – acts as a central nervous system stimulant – caffeine
suppresses melatonin for up to 10 hours and also promotes
adrenalin. Melatonin is strongly associated with quality sleep,
while adrenalin is the neurotransmitter associated with
alertness.
Effects of Drugs in Nervous System
Nicotine – small doses of nicotine have a stimulating action on the nervous
system – it is highly addictive nicotine’s effects on the brain cause an increased
release of neurotransmitters associated with pleasure. The brain quickly adjusts
to repeated nicotine consumption by decreasing the amount of neurotransmitters
released. The effect of this increased tolerance is that the smoker must continue
to use nicotine in order to avoid the feelings of discomfort associated with
withdrawal from the drug. Irritability and anxiety often ensue during nicotine
withdrawal.
Marijuana – THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, binds to
membranes of nerve cells in the central nervous system that have protein
receptors. After binding to nerve cells, THC initiates a chemical reaction that
produces the various effects of marijuana use. One of the effects is suppression
of memory and learning centers (called the hippocampus) in the brain .
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