(Case 10) Walmart and Amazon
(Case 10) Walmart and Amazon
(Case 10) Walmart and Amazon
CASE STUDY
Walmart is the world’s largest and most successful retailer, with $483 billion in 2015 sales and more
than 11,500 stores worldwide, including more than 4,600 in the United States. Walmart has 2.3 million
employees and ranks number one on the Fortune 500 list of companies. Walmart had such a large and
powerful selling machine that it really didn’t have any serious competitors—until now.
Today Walmart’s greatest threat is Amazon.com, often called the “Walmart of the Web.” Amazon sells
not only books but just about everything else people want to buy—DVDs, video and music streaming
downloads, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company
also produces consumer electronics—notably the Amazon Kindle e-book reader, Kindle Fire tablet, Echo
and Tap speakers, and Fire TV set-top box. No other online retailer can match Amazon’s breadth of
selection, low prices, and fast, reliable shipping. For many years, Amazon has been the world’s largest e-
commerce retailer with the world’s largest and most powerful online selling machine. Moreover,
Amazon has changed the habits and expectations of consumers in ways to which Walmart and other
retailers must adapt. Instead of a “push” model, where merchandisers have a large degree of control of
what items they stock and sell, retailers must adapt to a “pull” model, where shoppers are more
empowered than ever. According to Brian Yarbrough, a retail analyst at Edward Jones in St. Louis,
Amazon and online retailing is probably the biggest disrupter of retail since Walmart itself.
Walmart was founded as a traditional, offline, physical store in 1962, and that’s still what it does best.
But it is being forced to compete in e-commerce as well. Seven years ago, only one-fourth of all Walmart
customers shopped at Amazon.com, according to data from researcher Kantar Retail. Today, however,
half of Walmart customers say they’ve shopped at both retailers. Online competition and the profits to
be reaped from e-commerce have become too important to ignore.
Walmart’s traditional customers—who are primarily bargain hunters making less than $50,000 per year
—are becoming more comfortable using technology. More affluent customers who started shop- ping at
Walmart during the recession are returning to Amazon as their finances improve. Amazon has started
stocking merchandise categories that Walmart traditionally sold, such as vacuum bags, diapers, and
apparel, and its revenue is growing much faster than Walmart’s. In 2015, Amazon had sales of more
than $113 billion.
If more people want to do even some of their shopping online, Amazon has some clear-cut advantages.
Amazon has created a recognizable and highly successful brand in online retailing. The company has
developed extensive warehousing facilities and an extremely efficient distribution network specifically
designed for web shopping. Its premium ship- ping service, Amazon Prime, provides fast “free” two-day
shipping at an affordable fixed annual subscription price ($99 per year), often considered to be a weak
point for online retailers. According to the Wall Street Journal, Amazon’s shipping costs are lower than
Walmart’s, ranging from $3 to $4 per package, while Walmart’s online shipping can run $5 to $7 per
parcel. Walmart’s massive supply chain needs to support more than 11,000 physical stores worldwide,
which Amazon doesn’t have to worry about. Shipping costs can make a big difference for a store like
Walmart where popular purchases tend to be low- cost items like $10 packs of underwear. It makes no
sense for Walmart to create a duplicate supply chain for e-commerce.
However, Walmart is no pushover. It is an even larger and more recognizable brand than Amazon.
Consumers associate Walmart with the lowest price, which Walmart has the flexibility to offer on any
given item because of its size. The company can lose money selling a hot product at extremely low mar-
gins and expect to make money on the strength of the large quantities of other items it sells. Walmart
also has a significant physical presence, and its stores provide the instant gratification of shopping,
buying an item, and taking it home immediately as opposed to waiting when ordering from Amazon.
Seventy percent of the U.S. population is within five miles of a Walmart store, according to company
management.
Walmart has steadily increased its investment in its online business, spending between $1.2 billion and
$1.5 billion annually in 2015 and the next few years on e-commerce, including fulfillment centers and
technology. Walmart has constructed one of the world’s largest private cloud computing centers, which
provides the computing horsepower for Walmart to increase the number of items avail- able for sale on
Walmart.com from 1 million three years ago to 10 million today. In the spring of 2015 the company
opened four new fulfillment centers around the country, each of which is more than
1 million square feet. To further counter Amazon, Walmart introduced its own “free” two-day shipping
program called Shipping Pass, similar to Amazon Prime but costing only $49 per year.
New technology will also give Walmart more expertise in improving the product recommendations for
web visitors to Walmart.com, using smart- phones as a marketing channel, and personalizing the
shopping experience. Walmart has been steadily adding new applications to its mobile and online
shopping channels and is expanding its integration with social networks such as Pinterest.
A Pay With Cash program enables the 25 percent of Walmart customers who don’t have credit cards or
bank accounts to order their products online and then pay for them in cash at their nearest Walmart
store. Walmart’s online and digital development division @WalmartLabs acquired the recipe technology
start-up Yumprint in order to expand its online grocery delivery services. Management hopes that Yum-
print will help Walmart customers more easily make shopping lists from recipes they find in Yumprint
before they shop.
Walmart is also trying to improve links between its store inventory, website, and mobile phone apps so
that more customers can order online and pick up their purchases at stores. Shoppers can order items
online and pick them up from lockers in local stores without waiting in line. Walmart’s lockers are similar
to Amazon’s recent deal with Staples and 7-Eleven to do the same. The idea is to be able to offer
Walmart products anywhere a consumer prefers to shop, whether that’s online, in stores, or on the
phone.
The company is rethinking its in-store experience to draw more people into its stores. More than half of
Walmart customers own smartphones. Walmart has designed its mobile app to maximize Walmart’s
advantage over Amazon: its physical locations. About 140 million people visit a Walmart store each
week. The company started testing the app’s in-store mode, which detects when a customer is in a
physical store. When the mode is activated, customers can check their wish lists, locate items of interest
in the store, and see local promotions. The app’s “Scan & Go” feature lets customers scan items as they
shop so they can move quickly through self-checkout. Shoppers can add items to their lists using voice
or by scanning bar codes.
The Walmart website uses software to monitor prices at competing retailers in real time and lower its
online prices if necessary. The company is also doubling inventory sold from third-party retailers in its
online marketplace and tracking patterns in search and social media data to help it select more trendy
products. This strikes directly at Amazon’s third-party marketplace, which accounts for a significant
revenue stream for Amazon. Additionally, Walmart is expanding its online offerings to include upscale
items like $146 Nike sunglasses and wine refrigerators costing more than $2,500 to attract customers
who never set foot in a Walmart store. A new Product Content Collection System will facilitate vendors
sending their product catalogs to Walmart, and the product information will then be available online
Walmart’s commitment to e-commerce is not designed to replicate Amazon’s business model. Instead,
CEO Doug McMillon is crafting a strategy that gives consumers the best of both worlds—what is called
an omnichannel approach to retailing. Walmart’s management believes the company’s advantage is that
it is not a pure-play e-commerce retailer and that customers want some real interaction with physical
stores as well as digital. Walmart will sell vigorously through the web and also in its physical stores,
retaining its hallmark everyday low prices and wide product assortment in both channels and using its
large network of stores as distribution points. Walmart will closely integrate online shop- ping and
fulfillment with its physical stores so that customers can shop however they want, whether it’s ordering
on their mobile phones for home delivery, through in-store pickup, or by wandering down the aisles of a
Walmart superstore. Walmart is aiming to be the world’s biggest omnichannel retailer.
Amazon is working on expanding its selection of goods to be as exhaustive as Walmart’s. Amazon has
allowed third-party sellers to sell goods through its website for a number of years, and it has
dramatically expanded product selection via acquisitions such as its 2009 purchase of online shoe
shopping site Zappos.com to give the company an edge in footwear. Amazon has been building its
grocery offerings, with Amazon Prime, Prime Now, Prime Pantry, and Amazon Fresh offering delivery
times as short as an hour in some cases. Amazon has opened a retail bookstore in Seattle and plans
more in other U.S. locations. Customers will be able to use Amazon’s Alexa voice-controlled digital
assistant (built into the Echo and Tap speakers and Fire TV) to order tens of millions of products from
Amazon’s online store.
Amazon continues to build more fulfillment centers closer to urban centers and expand its same-day
delivery services, and it has a supply chain optimized for online commerce that Walmart just can’t
match. It now has more than 100 warehouses from which to package and ship goods. Warehouses
speed up Amazon’s shipping, encouraging users to shop more at Amazon, and the cost of these centers
as a portion of Amazon’s operations is decreasing. Both Donna Tam, “Walmart: Amazon Image
Recognition a ‘Shiny
Amazon and Walmart are experimenting with drones to accelerate fulfilment and delivery. But Walmart
has thousands of stores, one in almost every neighborhood, which Amazon won’t ever be able to
replicate. The winner of this epic struggle will be which company leverages its advantage better.
Walmart’s technology initiative looks promising, but it still has work to do before its local stores are
anything more than local stores. Can Walmart successfully move to an omnichannel strategy?
10-15 Analyze Walmart and Amazon.com using the competitive forces and value chain models.
10-16 Compare Walmart and Amazon’s business models and business strategies.
10-17 What role does information technology play in each of these businesses? How is it helping them
refine their business strategies?
10-18 Will Walmart be successful against Amazon. com? Explain your answer.