National security

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about security. For the American film, see  National Security (2003 film). For the South Korean
film, see  National Security (2012 film).

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and
do not represent a worldwide viewof the subject. Please improve this article and discuss
the issue on the talk page. (September 2011)

Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London,UK. These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to
prevent a car bomb or other device being rammed into the building.

President Reagan in a briefing with National Security Council staff on theLibya Bombing on 15 April 1986

National security is a concept that a government, along with its parliaments, should protect the state and
its citizens against all kind of "national" crises through a variety of power projections, such as political
power, diplomacy, economic power, military might, and so on.
The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now
encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the
nation and the values espoused by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a
nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats
involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-
state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations; some authorities
include natural disastersand events causing severe environmental damage in this category.
Measures taken to ensure national security include:

 using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats

 marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation
 maintaining effective armed forces
 implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures
(including anti-terrorism legislation)
 ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure
 using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats
and espionage, and to protect classified information
 using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation
from internal threats

Contents
  [hide] 

 1Definitions
  2Origin
 3Elements of national security
o 3.1Military security
o 3.2Political security
o 3.3Economic security
o 3.4Environmental security
o 3.5Security of energy and natural resources
o 3.6Cyber-security
o 3.7Empowerment of women
 4Country-by-country perspectives
o 4.1China
o 4.2Russia
o 4.3Europe
 4.3.1United Kingdom
o 4.4United States
 4.4.1National Security Act of 1947
 4.4.2Obama administration
o 4.5Africa
 5National security state
o 5.1National security and rights & freedoms
o 5.2Functional aspects
 6See also
 7References
 8Further reading
 9External links

Definitions[edit]
There is no single universally accepted definition of national security. The variety of definitions provide an
overview of the many usages of this concept. The concept still remains ambiguous, having originated from
simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later
increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the
time.[1]:1–6[2]:52–54
A typical dictionary definition, in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary (online version), defines the term as
"the protection or the safety of a country’s secrets and its citizens" emphasising the overall security of a nation
and a nation state.[3] Walter Lippmann, in 1943, defined it in terms of war saying that "a nation has security
when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain
them by war".[1]:5 A later definition by Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, in 1950, looks at national security
from almost the same aspect, that of external coercion:[1]:79
"The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation."

Arnold Wolfers (1960), while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the
objectivity, talks of threats to acquired values:[4]
"An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people. National security objectively means the
absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked."

The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national
power:[5]
"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources,
economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural
resources and finally the military might."

Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration, enlarged the
definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security: [6]:5
"National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its
economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and
governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders."

In Harvard University history professor Charles Maier's definition of 1990, national security is defined through
the lens of national power:[7]
"National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the
public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy,
prosperity and wellbeing."

According to Prabhakaran Paleri, author of National Security, Imperatives and Challenges, national security
may be defined as:[2]:52–54
The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent
well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state
policy through governance,that can be indexed by computation, empirically or otherwise, and is extendable to
global security by variables external to it."

Origin[edit]
The origin of the modern concept of "national security" as a philosophy of maintaining a stable nation state can
be traced to the Peace of Westphalia, wherein the concept of asovereign state, ruled by a sovereign, became
the basis of a new international order of nation states. [8]:19 It was Thomas Hobbes in his 1651
work Leviathan who stated that citizens yield to a powerful sovereign who in turn promises an end to civil and
religious war, and to bring forth a lasting peace, and give him the right to conduct policy, including wage war or
negotiate for peace for the good of the "commonwealth", i.e., a mandate for national security. [9] The
Clausewitzian view of diplomacy and war being the instruments of furthering national cause, added to the view
of national security being sought by nations by exercising self-interest at all times. [9] This view came to be
known as "classical realism" in international relations.
Immanuel Kant, in his 1795 essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" Zum ewigen Frieden (de),
proposed a system where nation-states and dominating national interests were replaced by an enlightened
world order, a community of mankind where nation-states subsumed the national interests under the rule of the
international law because of rational insight, common good and moral commitment. National security was
achieved by this voluntary accession by the leadership to a higher order than the nation-state, viz.
"international security". Thus was born the "idealist" school of international relations.[9]
As an academic concept, national security can be seen as a recent phenomenon which was first introduced in
the United States after World War II,[1]:2–4 and has to some degree replaced other concepts that describe the
struggle of states to overcome various external and internal threats. The term was used during discourse on
war, for example, Walter Lippmann in 1943 criticized an unwillingness of political pundits to discuss "the
foundations of national security" in a time of peace. [10]:49 However, the earliest mention of the termnational
security, can be traced to 1790 in Yale University in reference to its relation with domestic industries.[2]:52

Elements of national security[edit]

Main article:  Elements of national security
As in the case of national power, the military aspect of security is an important, but not the sole, component of
national security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms of security. Authorities differ in their choice of
nation security elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics; society;
environment; energy and natural resources; and economics are commonly listed. The elements of national
security corelate closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm (1993) lists security from
narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security and energy security as the non-military elements of
national security.[1]:v, 1–8

Military security[edit]
Main article:  Military security
This is traditionally, the earliest recognised form of national security. [2]:67 Military security implies the capability of
a nation to defend itself, and/or deter military aggression. Alternatively, military security implies the capability of
a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term "military security" is considered
synonymous with "security" in much of its usage. One of the definitions of security given in the Dictionary of
Military and Associated Terms, may be considered a definition of "military security": [11]
A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of
inviolability from hostile acts or influences.

— Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Political security[edit]
The political aspect of security has been offered by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde as an important
component of national security, Political security is about the stability of the social order. Closely allied to
military security and societal security, other components proposed in a framework for national security in their
book "Security: a new framework for analysis", it specifically addresses threats to sovereignty. [12] System
referent objects are defined, such as nation-states, nations, transnational groups of political importance
including tribes, minorities, some religious organisations, systems of states such as the European Union and
the United Nations, besides others. Diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction
between the objects,

Economic security[edit]
Main article:  Economic security
Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources and
enlarged trade by controlling a conquered nations' economy. In today's complex system of international trade,
characterised by multi-national agreements, mutual inter-dependence and availability of natural resources etc.,
the freedom to exercise choice of policies to develop a nation's economy in the manner desired, invites
economic security. Economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military
security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national
security. Third world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens.

Environmental security[edit]
Main article:  Environmental security
See also:  Climate change and national security
Environmental security deals with environmental issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any
manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are
a subject of debate.[1]:29–33 While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as
threats, many transnational issues, both global and regional would affect national security. Romm (1993)
classifies these as :[1]:15

 Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nation's security, in

its broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems
such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation and loss of
biodiversity, etc.[1]:15
 Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nation's security,
traditionally defined. These would be problems whose outcomes would
result in conventional threats to national security as first or higher order
outcomes. Such disputes could range from heightened tension or outright
conflict due to disputes over water scarcity in the Middle East, to illegal
immigration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture
in Mexico.[1]:15 The genocide in Rwanda, indirectly or partly caused by rise in
population and dwindling availability of farmland, is an example of the
extremity of outcome arising from problems of environmental security. [13]
 Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e.g. Romans destroyed
the fields of Carthage by pouring salt over them; Saddam Hussein's
burning of oil wells in the Gulf War;[1]:15–16 the use of Agent Orange by the UK
in the Malayan Emergency and the USA in the Vietnam War for defoilating
forests for military purposes.
Security of energy and natural resources[edit]
A resource has been defined as:[2]:179
"...a support inventory... biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable,... for sustaining life at a heightened level of
well-being."

— Prabhakaran Paleri (2008)

Resources include water, sources of energy, land and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is
important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. Lack of resources is a serious challenge
for Japan to overcome to increase its national power. In the Persian Gulf War of 1991, fought over economic
issues, Iraq captured Kuwaitin order to capture its oil wells, among other reasons. Water resources are subject
to disputes between many nations, including the two nuclear powers, India and Pakistan. Nations attempt to
attain energy and natural resource security by acquiring the needed resources by force, negotiation and
commerce.
The interrelation between security, energy, natural resources, and their sustainability is increasingly
acknowledged by the international community, as proven by the fact that energy is now one of the issues
amidst the UN Sustainable Development Goals, as well as a cardinal issues for investment promotion policies
at national level.[14]

Cyber-security[edit]
Main article:  Computer security
Recently, cybersecurity began to be viewed as a pressing national security issue. Electronic information
systems are vital for maintaining a national security of any state. Possible unauthorized access to the critical
governmental infrastructures by state and non-state entities can create a serious threat and have a negative
impact on political, economic and military security of a given nation.
In the United States, the Bush Administration in January 2008, initiated the Comprehensive National
Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as: identifying existing and
emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities, and apprehending actors
that trying to gain access to secure federal information systems. [15] President Obama issued a declaration that
the "cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation" and
that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity." [16]

Empowerment of women[edit]
Main article:  The Hillary Doctrine
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has said that "The countries that threaten regional and global
peace are the very places where women and girls are deprived of dignity and opportunity”. [17] She has noted
that countries where women are oppressed are places where the “rule of law and democracy are struggling to
take root”[17] and that when women’s rights as equals in society are upheld, the society as a whole changes and
improves, which in turn enhances stability in that society, which in turn contributes to global society [17]

Country-by-country perspectives[edit]
This section requires expansion.
(November 2013)

China[edit]
Main article:  National security of China

Russia[edit]
In the years 1997 and 2000, Russia adopted documents titled "National Security Concept" that described
Russia's global position, the country's interests, listed threats to national security and described the means to
counter those threats. In 2009, these documents were superseded by the "National Security Strategy to 2020".
The key body responsible for coordination of policies related to Russia's national security is the Security
Council of Russia.
According to provision 6 of the National Security Strategy to 2020, national security is "the situation in which
the individual, the society and the state enjoy protection from foreign and domestic threats to the degree that
ensures constitutional rights and freedoms, decent quality of life for citizens, as well as sovereignty, territorial
integrity and stable development of the Russian Federation, the defense and security of the state."

Europe[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in the UK is the National Security Council
(United Kingdom). It was created in May 2010 by the new coalition government of the Conservative Party
(UK) and Liberal Democrats. The National Security Council is a committee of the Cabinet of the United
Kingdom and was created as part of a wider reform of the national security apparatus. This reform also
included the creation of a National Security Adviser (United Kingdom) and a National Security Secretariat to
support the National Security Council.[18]

United States[edit]
Main article:  National security of the United States

National Security Act of 1947[edit]

Main articles: National Security Act of 1947  and  United States National Security Council
The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of foreign policy in the United States when
the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on July 26, 1947 byU.S. President Harry S. Truman.[1]:3 As
amended in 1949, this Act:

 created important components of American national security, such

as the precursor to the Department of Defense);
 subordinated the military branches to the new cabinet level
position of Secretary of Defense;
 established the National Security Council and the Central
Intelligence Agency;[19]
Notably, the Act did not define national security, which was conceivably
advantageous, as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke
whenever issues threatened by other interests of the state, such as
domestic concerns, came up for discussion and decision.[1]:3–5
The notion that national security encompasses more than just military
security was present, though understated, from the beginning. The Act
established the National Security Council so as to "advise the President on
the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national
security".[2]:52
While not defining the "interests" of national security, the Act does
establish, within the National Security Council, the "Committee on Foreign
Intelligence", whose duty is to conduct an annual review "identifying the
intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United
States as specified by the President" (emphasis added).[20]
Gen. Maxwell Taylor's essay of 1974 titled "The Legitimate Claims of
National Security" has this to say:[21]
The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and
national interests, as well as the sources of strength upon which our future
as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and earthy; others are
spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political assets such as the
Bill of Rights, our political institutions and international friendships, to many
economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive
domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent
need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes
essential the role of national security.
Obama administration[edit]
The U.S. Armed Forces defines national security of the United States in the
following manner :[22]
A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations
of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or
defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations; b. a
favorable foreign relations position; or c. a defense posture capable of
successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without,
overt or covert.

In 2010, the White House included an all-encompassing world-view in a

national security strategy which identified "security" as one of the country's
"four enduring national interests" that were "inexorably intertwined": [23]
"To achieve the world we seek, the United States must apply our strategic
approach in pursuit of four enduring national interests:

 Security:  The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies
and partners.
 Prosperity:  A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an
open international economic system that promotes opportunity and
prosperity.
 Values: Respect for universal values at home and around the world.
 International Order:  An international order advanced by U.S.
leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through
stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.
Each of these interests is inextricably linked to the others: no single interest
can be pursued in isolation, but at the same time, positive action in one
area will help advance all four."
— National Security Strategy,  Executive Office of the President of the
United States (May 2010)

Africa[edit]
Conceptualising and understanding the National Security choices and
challenges of African States is a difficult task. This is due to the fact that it
is often not rooted in the understanding of their (mostly disrupted) state
formation and their often imported process of state building.
Although Post-Cold War conceptualizations of Security have broadened,
the policies and practices of many African states still privilege national
security as being synonymous with state security and even more narrowly-
regime security.
The problem with the above is that a number of African states have been
unable to govern their security in meaningful ways. Often failing to be able
to claim the monopoly of force in their territories. A hybridity of security
‘governance’ or ‘providers’ thus exists. [24] States that have not been able to
capture this reality in official National Security strategies and policies often
find their claim over having the monopoly of force and thus being the
Sovereign challenged.[25] This often leads to the weakening of the state.
Examples of such states are South Sudan and Somalia.

National security state[edit]

To reflect on institutionalization of new bureaucratic infrastructures and
governmental practices in the post-World War II period in the U.S., when a
culture of semi-permanent military mobilization brought around the National
Security Council, the CIA, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, national-security researchers apply a notion of a national security
state:[26][27][28]
During and after WorldWar II, US leaders expanded the concept of national
security and used its terminology for the first time to explain America’s
relationship to the world. For most of US history, the physical security of
the continental United States had not been in jeopardy. But by 1945, this
invulnerability was rapidly diminishing with the advent of long-range
bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew
that the future would not allow time to mobilize, that preparation would
have to become constant. For the first time, American leaders would have
to deal with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman
Empire and subsequent great powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum — If you
want peace, prepare for war.[29]

— David Jablonsky

National security and rights & freedoms[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (October 2013)

The measures nearly universally adopted around the world to maintain

national security in the face of the possible threats has led to
ongoing dialectic struggle, particularly inliberal democracies, between
government authority and civil and human rights. These are natural
tensions of the process of maintaining self-
determination and sovereignty and keeping the rights and freedoms of
individuals.
Although national security measures are imposed to protect society as a
whole, many such measures may restrict the rights and freedoms of
individuals in society. Where the exercise of national security laws and
powers is not subject to good governance, the rule of law, and strict checks
and balances, there is a risk that national security may simply serve as a
pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views. Measures
which may ostensibly serve a national security purpose, such as mass
surveillance, andcensorship of mass media, could ultimately lead to
an Orwellian dystopia.
In the United States, the controversial USA Patriot Act and other
governmental actions has brought the issues of rights and freedoms to
citizen's attention. Among questions raised: to what extent for the sake of
national security individual rights and freedoms can be restricted, and how
the restriction of civil rights for the sake of national security be justified in
an absence of war.

Functional aspects[edit]
Because of the highly competitive nature of nation states and the fluid state
of world order, national security preparedness depends as much on routine
technical measures and operational procedures as on central decision
making. This ranges from information protection to state secrets to
weaponry to international negotiation strategies. Any given national
security apparatus runs on combination of management practices and
technical capabilities. Emerging issues such as proliferation, failing states,
climate change and global terrorism[30] increasingly dominate the reality of
competition between nation states. All of these lead to the need to have a
clear understanding of the technical issues underlying national security in
order to create and sustain the national security institutions that may
ultimately affect the future of a nation state.

See also[edit]
 Airport security
 Anti-terrorism legislation
 Bill C-51 (41st Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session)
 Homeland security
 Human security
 International security
 National Security Council
 Patriot Act
 Security-related bills
 Transportation Security Administration
 Terrorism
 Terrorism Act 2000
 United Nations
 United States Department of Homeland Security
 Classified information
 State secrets privilege

References[edit]
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National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
 29. Jump up^ David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State.
Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. PDF
30. Jump up^ Gordon Lederman. National Security Reform for the Twenty-
First Century: A New National Security Act and Reflections on
Legislation’s Role in Organizational Change. Journal of National Security
Law & Policy, (2010) Vol. 3:363. PDF

Further reading[edit]
 Bhadauria, Sanjeev. National Security. Allahabad: Dept. of Defence
and Strategic Studies, University of Allahabad, 2002.
 Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National
Security Adviser, 1977–1981. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.
 Chen, Hsinchun. National Security. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007.
 Cordesman, Anthony H. Saudi Arabia National Security in a Troubled
Region. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International, 2009.
 Devanny, Joe, and Josh Harris, The National Security Council:
national security at the centre of government. London: Institute for
Government/King's College London, 2014.
 Farah, Paolo Davide; Rossi, Piercarlo (2015). "Energy: Policy, Legal
and Social-Economic Issues Under the Dimensions of Sustainability
and Security". World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia
and the Pacific Rim. Retrieved  26 November  2015.
 Jordan, Amos A., William J. Taylor, Michael J. Mazarr, and Suzanne
C. Nielsen. American National Security. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1999.
 MccGwire, Michael. Perestroika and Soviet National Security.
Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1991. ISBN 978-
0815755531
 Mueller, Karl P. Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in
U.S. National Security Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Project Air
Force, 2006.
 National Research Council (U.S.). Beyond "Fortress America":
National Security Controls on Science and Technology in a Globalized
World. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009.
 Rothkopf, David J. Running the World: The Inside Story of the
National Security Council and the Architects of American Power. New
York: PublicAffairs, 2005.
 Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National
Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
 Tal, Israel. National Security: The Israeli Experience. Westport, Conn:
Praeger, 2000.
 Tan, Andrew. Malaysia's security perspectives. Canberra : Strategic
and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 2002
 Scherer, Lauri S. National Security. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010.
 Zycher, Benjamin (2008)