(Photo courtesy of Cindy Roche, (Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.

University, Bugwood.org) (Alicia Harstad, NDSU) (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr,
Bugwood.org) Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org)
GCA672 (Revised)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

Alicia Harstad

Stutsman County
Richard Zollinger

Fargo, North Dakota

and Their

Revised February 2017

NDSU Extension Agent –
Extension Weed Specialist

North Dakota State University,

Department of Plant Sciences
Seeds
Identifying
(Photo courtesy of Mary Ellen [Mel] Harte, Bugwood.org)
Weeds
(Photo courtesy of Norman E. Rees, U.S. Department
of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, retired,
Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org)
Description of Weeds and Their
Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)................................ 3
Seeds Used in Crop Judging Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli)........................................... 3
The correct identification of weed plants or mounts and Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis)....................................... 4
weed seeds is a very important part of a crop judging Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)..................................................... 4
contest. This publication has been prepared to help you Common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum).........................5
identify weed plants and their seeds. Use it along with Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)........................5
actual plant mounts and seed samples. Common mallow (Malva neglecta).................................................. 6
Weed plants to be included in crop judging contests Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)......................................... 6
will be selected from the weeds described in this publica- Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)................................7
tion. However, some of the weed seeds will not be used in Curly dock (Rumex crispus)................................................................7
contests because they usually are not found in crop seed.
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)......................................... 8
Refer to the crop judging contest guidelines for specific
Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa).......................................... 8
details.
Dodder (Cuscuta spp. except C. coryli)......................................... 9
Some weeds are known by more than one common
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.).............................................. 9
name. For contests purposes, only the names listed in this
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum)...................10
publication will be accepted as correct.
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)........................................10
Weeds and State Laws Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense)................................................. 11
Noxious weeds are covered in three North Dakota laws. Field sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus)............................................ 11
The terms “prohibited noxious weeds” and “restricted Flixweed (Descurainia sophia)......................................................... 12
noxious weeds” are from the North Dakota Seed Laws and Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum)................................................. 12
Regulations and are the designations used in crop judging Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)................................................... 13
contests. Green foxtail (Setaria viddis)............................................................ 13
Certain weeds also are classed as “prohibited noxious Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)....................................................14
weeds” or “restricted noxious weeds” in the North Dakota Kochia (Kochia scoparia)....................................................................14
Seed Certification Standards. The North Dakota Noxious Lanceleaf sage (Salvia neglecta).................................................... 15
Weed Laws and Regulations uses the term “noxious.” Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)....................................................... 15
Classification of Weeds in Crop Judging Contests Marshelder (Iva xanthifolia)...............................................................16
Laws classifying some weeds as prohibited noxious weeds Musk thistle (Carduus nutans)..........................................................16
or restricted noxious weeds change periodically. This Nightflowering catchfly (Silene noctiflora)................................ 17
guide does not designate the classification of weeds. Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum)...... 17
Refer to the crop judging contest guidelines for a list of Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)......................................18
weeds categorized in one of the following groups: Prairie wild rose (Rosa arkansana).................................................18
Prohibited noxious weeds are persistent, difficult-to- Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola)....................................................19
control weeds that reproduce by seed or spread by roots Prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)...............................19
or underground stems. Most are deep-rooted, perennial Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)..........................................20
weeds that are extremely difficult to control or eradicate Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)....................................................20
by ordinary good chemical and/or tillage practices. Under Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)............................... 21
North Dakota Seed Laws and Regulations, crop seed Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens)........................................ 21
containing these seeds cannot be sold. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.).................................................. 22
Restricted noxious weeds include very objectionable Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.).................................................................... 22
weeds in fields, pastures, shelterbelts, lawns and gardens, Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)................................. 23
or weed seeds that are hard to clean out of crop seed. Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer)........................................ 23
Under North Dakota Seed Laws and Regulations, crop Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus)................................24
seed containing more than specified amounts of these Wild mustard (Brassica kaber)........................................................24
seeds must be labeled accordingly. These may be annual,
Wild oat (Avena fatua)....................................................................... 25
biennial or perennial weeds that spread rapidly but can be
Wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceum)...................................... 25
controlled by chemical, cultural or tillage methods.
Wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus).............................................26
Other weed seeds are those not included as prohibited
Yellow foxtail (Setaria lutescens)...................................................26
or restricted noxious weeds. They are annuals, biennials or
Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis).................................... 27
perennials and can be controlled by chemical, cultural or
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris P. Miller).................................. 27
tillage methods.

2 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Absinth wormwood – composite family Barnyardgrass – grass family
A stout, fragrant perennial reproducing by seed. Stems in A coarse annual grass with shallow roots. Stems 1 to 4 feet
clumps up to 3 feet high; often woody at base; covered high, thick, coarse, usually erect, smooth, branching at the
with soft, short gray hairs. Leaves alternate, 2 to 5 inches base. Leaves smooth, 3/8 to 3/4 inch wide, light green. Heads
long, divided two or three times into leaflets covered with 3 to 8 inches long with several compact side branches
silky hairs. Flower heads yellowish, 1/8 inch in diameter, bearing flowers on one side; green or purplish.
hanging from end of leafy branches.
Seeds – Shiny, yellow to brown, about 1/8 inch long, egg-
Seeds – Very small seeds (achenes) about 1/16 inch long; shaped and flat on one side. A distinct awn at the tip;
flattened, narrow at the base and rounded at the tip; seed rounded side ridges; stiff, short hairs.
coat smooth or finely streaked and light gray-brown.
(Photo courtesy of Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org)

Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey,
Utah State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey,

(Photo courtesy

Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

of Chris Evans,

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz,

University of Illinois,
Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources

Conservation Service PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org) (Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 3

Biennial wormwood – composite family Canada thistle – composite family
An annual in the sunflower family. Leaves alternate, deeply A deep-rooted perennial spreading by horizontal roots and
divided almost to the midrib without hairs. Plants typically seeds. Stems 1 to 3 feet tall, widely branched near the top.
1 to 4 feet tall and can be highly branched, especially from Leaves green with slightly gray and smooth undersides,
the base. Has similar deeply divided leaves as Absinth curled edges and spiny margins. Flower heads numerous,
wormwood and common ragweed. Often confused with light purple and about 1/2 inch wide. Seeds bear a tuft of
common ragweed but edges of biennial wormwood hairs like dandelion. Male (staminate) flowers produced on
leaves generally are more sharply pointed, like saw-teeth, some plants and female (pistillate) flowers on others.
whereas common ragweed tends to be more rounded. Patches of male plants cannot produce seeds.
Seeds – Very small, brown and linear. Seeds – Dull brownish, smooth, oblong or slightly curved,
about 1/8 inch long; ring and point on top, rounded and
tapering to base.
(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California -Davis, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Leslie Dietz, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Joseph M. DiTomaso,
University of California-
Davis, Bugwood.org) (Photo courtesy of Bruce
Ackely, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)
Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz,
(Alicia Harstad, NDSU)

4 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

 Common cocklebur – composite family Common lambsquarters – goosefoot family
A rough, widely branched annual. Stems slightly zigzag, A stout annual. Stems branching, 1 to 4 feet high, smooth,
bushy, 1 to 4 feet tall, rough, often purple spotted. Leaves light green, often striped with red. Leaves alternate, 1 to
triangular shaped, very rough, 1 to 3 inches wide and 2 3 inches long; white, mealy coated on underside, often
to 5 inches long, with toothed or irregular margins. Male with toothed margins. Flowers are small, green, in irregular
(staminate) flowers borne in a terminal cluster and female clusters at the ends of the branches and in axils of leaves;
(pistillate) flowers occur at leaf bases. Blooms in August. occurring all summer and fall.
Seeds – Contained in a spiny, oval bur about 1/2 inch long; Seeds – Hulled seed is black. Seed coat is brown; seeds are
dark brown and covered with sharp-hooked spines. Each about 1/32 inch in diameter, round and flattened. When the
bur contains two seeds. hull is present, the seed has a characteristic star shape.

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,
(Photo courtesy of Jan Samanek, Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Ohio State Weed
Lab, The Ohio
State University,
Bugwood.org)
Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service
(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of

Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz,
PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 5

 Common milkweed – milkweed family
A stout perennial that reproduces by seeds and long,
spreading, deep roots. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with short,
downy hairs and milky juice. Leaves opposite, oblong, 4 to
Common mallow – mallow family 8 inches long, prominently veined, smooth on top and hairy
Very common yard and garden annual weed bearing long, underneath. Flowers fragrant, pink to white in tassel-like
spreading stalks or an erect central stalk. Geraniumlike clusters; appearing in late June and early July. Seed pod
leaves have five to seven broad, rounded lobes; often are large, grayish and spiny.
wider than long, ranging from 1 to 4 inches long. Flowers
Seeds – Large, flat, brown, egg-shaped seeds more than
arise at the leaf base and are pale blue or nearly white.
1/4 inch long. Center of seed is humped or rounded with
Fruit (seed pod) usually is divided into 10 segments.
distinct flat flange all around.
Seeds – Seed pod almost circular, flattened on two sides,
light brown, slightly roughened, containing nearly round,

(Photo courtesy of Phil Westra, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

flattened, reddish-brown seed about 1/16 inch long. Seeds
notched and lighter in color near the notch. Outer surface
finely roughened and dull.

(Photo courtesy of
Phil Westra, Colorado
State University,
(Photo courtesy of Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org)

Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of D. Walters and C. Southwick, Table Grape Weed Disseminule

ID, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Identification Technology Program, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Ken Chamberlain,
The Ohio State
University,
Bugwood.org)

6 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Common ragweed – composite family Curly dock – buckwheat family
A pale green, bushy, widely branched annual, 1 to 31/2 Perennials with large taproots reproducing by seeds and
feet tall. Stems stout, coarse and covered with short roots in some species. Stems smooth, erect, 1 to 4 feet high,
hairs. Leaves mostly alternate, deeply cut into narrow single or in groups from the crown. Leaves dark green, 6 to
segments. Male (staminate) flower heads small; on spikes 12 inches long, with wavy or curled margins in some spe-
1 to 6 inches long on ends of stems; producing much cies. Flowers small, greenish in dense clusters on branches
yellow pollen. Female (pistillate) flowers occur at leaf at tip of stem. Blooms in late summer and fall. Seed heads
bases. Blooms in late July and August. turn red when mature.
Seeds – Resembles giant ragweed seed in shape but is Seeds – Small, shiny, reddish-brown triangular-shaped
only one-quarter to one-half as large and more rounded seeds that resemble those of wild buckwheat; about 1/16
with thin covering. inch long.
(Photo courtesy of Ohio State Weed Lab, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ohio State Weed Lab, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Steve Dewey, Utah
State University,
Bugwood.org)
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 7

 Diffuse knapweed – composite family
A short-lived perennial or biennial in North Dakota.
Dalmatian toadflax – figwort family Appearance similar to spotted knapweed, but generally
A perennial with an extensive root system up to 3 feet tall; shorter and more highly branched. Rosettes have more
reproducing by seed and underground root stalks. Leaves finely divided leaves than spotted knapweed. Flower bracts
dense, alternate, entire, heart-shaped that clasp a woody have a rigid terminal spine about 1/3 inch long, with four
stem; upper leaves are broad-based. Flowers bright yellow, to five pairs of shorter, lateral spines. The spiny bracts
borne in axils of upper leaves and 3/4 to 11/2 inches long, resemble a crab, are very sharp and can puncture skin if
with a long spur, yellow with an orange bearded throat touched. Flowers from July to September and can be white
and many flowers on a raceme. or purple. Flower heads broadly urn shaped, 0.6 to 0.8 inch
tall, solitary or in clusters of two or three at the ends of the
Seeds/fruit – Fruits egg-shaped to nearly round capsules.
branches.
Seeds dark brown to black, sharply angular and slightly
winged. Seed forms in two-celled capsules. Seeds – Brown to gray or black, tipped by plumes, which
are a hair- or featherlike structure that falls off at maturity.

(Photo courtesy of Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy
of K. George
Beck and James
Sebastian, Colorado
State University,
Bugwood.org)
and James Sebastian, Colorado State
(Photo courtesy of K. George Beck

University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources

Conservation Service PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

8 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

 Downy brome – grass family
A winter annual with flat leaf blades and long, soft hairs.
Ligule membranous and sheath rough and slightly hairy.
Seed heads have an open panicle with long hairy awns.
Dodder – dodder family Downy brome is a common weed in winter wheat because
Several kinds grow in North Dakota. Yellow, leafless both species are winter annuals. Awned seed can cause
vines grow on other plants. Plants start from seeds each sores in the mouth or damage to eyes.
year, but in a few days, seedlings attach themselves to
Seeds – Small and covered by papery glumes.
host plant by stems with sucking parts. Secure all their
food and water from their host and never develop roots.
Flowers white and produced in clusters in late July. May be
highly destructive and are most common in alfalfa fields. (Photo courtesy of Fred
Fishel, University of
Missouri, Bugwood.org)
Seeds – Small, less than 1/16 inch, generally nearly round
but vary in shape, with flattened, irregular and pointed
seeds being found. Vary from brown to light tan, with light
brown or tan the most common. Seed coat often appears
to be slightly roughened or speckled.
Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Charles T. Bryson, U.S. Department of

(Photo courtesy of Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Julia Scher, Federal Noxious Weeds Disseminules, U.S.

Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Identification
(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado

Technology Program, Bugwood.org)

State University, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 9

 Field bindweed – morningglory family
A very troublesome perennial that spreads by horizontal
Eastern black nightshade – nightshade family root branches and seeds. Develops very deep roots.
An annual with a branching growth habit. Leaves alternate, Stems slender, up to 3 feet long, and twine over the
approximately 1 to 3 inches long; ovate (egg-shaped), ground or on other plants. Leaves vary in shape but
sometimes with wavy margins; pointed at the tip. Flowers usually are narrow, slightly tapered, with narrow,
borne in clusters and approximately 1/4 inch in diameter. Each spreading basal lobes. Flowers funnel-shaped, pink or
flower has five white, or, rarely, purple, petals and yellow white, about 1 inch wide, and appear from June through
center. The fruit, a berry, is black or dark purple at maturity August. Two tiny, scalelike leaves on the flower stem
and about 3/8 inch in diameter. (peduncle) about 1/2 to 2 inches below the flower are a
reliable identification tool and helpful in distinguishing
Seeds – Flattened, about 1/16 inch in diameter, dull, pitted and
field bindweed from hedge bindweed. Seed capsules
yellow to dark brown.
egg-shaped and contain two or four seeds. Frequently
called “creeping jenny.”
(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
Seeds – Grayish brown; seed coat dull and rather rough
or scurfy. Two of the three sides are flattened. Seeds are
up to 1/8 inch long and resemble those of hedge bindweed
in shape, but are smaller and have a rougher and less
shiny coat.

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,

Tenorio-Lezama, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Pedro
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

(Photo courtesy of Steve

Hurst, U.S. Department
of Agriculture -Natural
Resources Conservation
Service PLANTS
Database, Bugwood.org)

10 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Field pennycress – mustard family Field sandbur – grass family
An annual or winter annual that begins growth early in the An annual that grows 8 inches to 3 feet tall; occasionally
spring. Stems are erect, 4 to 24 inches high, with flowering erect, but usually spreading horizontally and forming dense
branches, usually from upper half of the stem. Leaves mats. Stems flattened and smooth. Leaf blades flat, rough-
oblong, rather thick and smooth, 1 to 21/2 inches long, ened, 2 to 6 inches long and 1/4 inch wide with rounded
with margins usually toothed. Flowers white, 1/8 inch wide, margins. Heads 1 to 3 inches long and bear clusters of 10 to
numerous, in clusters on long stems; produced in April 30 burs.
through May. Seed pods flat, circular, 1/2 inch in diameter.
Seed – Enclosed in burs set with stiff, sharp, spreading
Plant has distinct, onionlike odor and often is called
spines. Burs usually contain two light brown oval to oblong
Frenchweed.
seeds.
Seeds – Dark brown or black with grayish cast, 1/16 inch
long, oblong and flattened. Concentric ridges on the seed
appear as a “thumbprint.”

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

Utah State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey,

(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

University of California-Davis, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso,
(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,
The Ohio State University,
Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 11

Flixweed – mustard family Foxtail barley – grass family
An annual or biennial, widely branched. Stems slightly A perennial grass growing in thick tufts up to 8 inches
hairy, 1 to 31/2 feet tall. Leaves grayish green, 2 to 4 inches thick. Stems range from 10 to 24 inches tall. Leaves soft, 2
long, very finely divided, almost fernlike, with fine hairs; to 5 inches long and grayish green. Heads (spikes) nodding,
strongly scented. Flowers very small, pale yellow, occurring 3 to 5 inches long; each spikelet bears several long, barbed
at the ends of the branches. Seed pods very narrow, about awns. Spikes and awns break into small bits when ripe.
1 inch long, with many seeds. A very similar weed is tansy Plant sometimes is called wild barley in North Dakota.
mustard (Descurainia pinnata).
Seeds – Seed (fertile floret) oblong, being broadest at the
Seeds – Small, reddish-brown and about 1/32 inch long. middle or slightly below; pointed at the tip and about 1/4
Seeds have flattened, oblong shape with distinct groove. inch long. A joint at the rachis consisting of three spikelets
Very similar to greenflower pepperweed seeds, but usually (two without seeds) also may be found in crop seed.
are smaller and have a rounder and less tapered tip.

(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California-Davis, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California-Davis, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of D. Walters and C. Southwick, Table Grape Weed Disseminule

ID, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Identification Technology Program, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

12 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Giant ragweed – composite family Green foxtail – grass family
An annual 3 to 10 feet tall with rough, coarse stems. A common annual grass 1 to 3 feet tall. Stems erect; leaves
Leaves in pairs, slightly hairy, 2 to 10 inches long, usually hairless, dark green, arranged alternately on the stem.
with three to five fingerlike lobes and toothed margins. Heads 1 to 3 inches long, densely covered with green,
Male (staminate) flower heads in long spikes, 4 to 10 stiff bristles. Blooms from June until freeze-up. One of
inches long, at end of branches; female (pistillate) flowers the state’s most serious and widespread grass weeds.
at the leaf bases. Blooms in late July and August. Commonly is called pigeongrass.
Seeds – Brown, about 1/4 inch long, rather pointed toward Seeds – About half the size of yellow foxtail; rather rounded
the base with jagged points at tip end, which give and tapered at both ends. Vary from green to gray. Seed
appearance of a king’s crown. Seeds about twice as large coat not wrinkled.
as those of common ragweed and have a thick covering.
(Photo courtesy of Theodore Webster, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

University of California-Davis, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso,
U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural
(Photo courtesy of Theodore Webster,

Research Service, Bugwood.org)

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

(Photo courtesy of
Ken Chamberlain, The
Ohio State University,
Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 13

Horseweed – composite family Kochia – goosefoot family
An annual, starts in a rosette stage that bolts to a height An erect, bushy annual 2 to 7 feet high. Stems smooth,
of about 2 to 4 feet tall. Leaves alternate, often have some green, branching profusely. Seedlings highly pubescent.
coarse hairs on surface and are numerous due to many Leaves alternate, small, pointed, 1 to 2 inches long, attached
short internodes on them. Petioles short and leaf blades directly to the stem. Flowers small, greenish, produced
simple, linear to oblanceolate. Leave margins smooth to in terminal panicles and in axils of upper leaves. Kochia
slightly toothed. Flowers small, white and branched with is the first weed to germinate in the spring but is late in
slender flower stalks throughout the plant. maturing. Often turns bright red in the fall, hence its names
of “burning bush” or “Mexican fire bush.”
Seeds – Small, slender and light brown.
Seeds – About 1/8 inch long, oblong, one edge being curved
while the other is almost straight. Pointed at the tip, with
the base rounded toward a small, depressed scar. Surface

(Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr,

Starr Environmental, Bugwood.org)
shiny and grooved lengthwise. Seed is yellowish brown.

Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Phil Westra,
(Photo courtesy of Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources

Conservation Service PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

14 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

 Leafy spurge – spurge family
A very persistent deep-rooted perennial spreading by
horizontal roots and seeds. Entire plant contains milky juice.
Stems smooth, erect, 1 to 2 feet tall; branch near the top.
Leaves long and narrow, from 1 to 3 inches long. Clusters of
yellowish-green flowers appear on top of the plant, mostly
Lanceleaf sage – mint family in June. Seed contained in three-celled capsules that
An annual reproducing from seed. Stem four-sided and explode when ripe.
greatly branched. Leaves opposite, lance-shaped with a
Seeds – Light to dark grayish brown, usually with minute,
blunt tip and narrow at the base, 1 to 2 inches long, with
dark brown flecks; oblong and tapered at one end. About
a toothed margin. Flowers bell-shaped, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long,
1/16 inch long, with a definite crease on one side and a small
white or light blue.
yellowish to orange appendage at one end.
Seeds – Four seeds enclosed in dry, chaffy, rust brown
bracts. Seeds ovate, smooth, dull and about 1/8 inch long.
A longitudinal ridge forms on the side where the two
seed halves join. A conical remnant of the seed stalk

(Photo courtesy of Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org)

usually remains attached to the hilum. Seeds tan to light
brown with dark brown zigzag lines or patterns.
(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, hosted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural

Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)

(Photo courtesy of Julia Scher, Federal Noxious Weeds Disseminules, U.S.

Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Identification Technology Program, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 15

Marshelder – composite family Musk thistle – composite family
A coarse, smooth-stemmed annual 3 to 8 feet tall. Stems A biennial with spiny stems from 2 to 6 feet tall. Leaves are
moderately branched; grayish green. Leaves large, velvety, deeply lobed, 3 to 6 inches long and very prickly. Flower
broad and rounded, 2 to 6 inches long, with toothed heads solitary, nodding at the end of the branches; 11/2 to
margins and covered with small, short hairs. Flower heads 21/2 inches diameter, rose purple and fragrant. Musk thistle
greenish yellow, 1/5 inch wide, on large, terminal branches; usually found in pastures, roadsides and waste places in the
occurring in late August. northeastern portion of the state.
Seeds – Brown to black, 1/16 inch long, flattened and spear- Seeds – About 1/8 inch long, oblong, one edge being curved
shaped, broad at the tip and tapering to a point at the while the other is almost straight. Pointed at the tip, with
base. the base being rounded toward a small, depressed scar.
Surface shiny and grooved lengthwise. Seed is yellowish
brown.

(Photo courtesy of North Dakota State Seed Department)

Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, retired, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Norman E. Rees, U.S. Department of

(Photo courtesy of Bruce

Ackley, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)
Chamberlain, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, hosted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural

(Photo courtesy of Ken

Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)

16 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Nightflowering catchfly – pink family Pennsylvania smartweed – buckwheat family
An annual 1 to 3 feet high with erect or widely branched Widely branched annuals 2 to 5 feet high. Stems smooth,
stems densely covered with short, fine, sticky hairs. swollen at the nodes and branching. Leaves smooth,
Oblong leaves are 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers white, pointed, alternate, 2 to 8 inches long, with a sheath at the
fading to pink, borne in widely branched clusters at the base extending around the stem. Flowers greenish white or
tips of the branches. Flowers have five deeply notched bright pink, five-parted, arranged in spikes. Pale smartweed
petals, opening at dusk and closing at sunrise. Sometimes (Polygonum lapathifolium) is the common North Dakota
grows as a winter annual. species, usually with long, drooping flower spikes.
Seeds – Kidney-shaped; light gray to grayish brown; Seeds – Flat, nearly circular and light brown to black.
surface roughened with rows of fine, closely placed Sometimes one or both sides are slightly hollow and
tubercles. About 1/16 inch long. sometimes one side can be slightly ridged. Size can vary,
most often 1/8 to 1/6 to inch in length, similar to flax.

(Photo courtesy of Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-

(Photo courtesy of Robin R. Buckallew, hosted by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)
Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)
(Photo courtesy of Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources
Conservation Service PLANTS Database)

the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, hosted by

Resources Conservation Service PLANTS

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

Database)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 17

Perennial sowthistle – composite family
A vigorous perennial that spreads by roots and seeds.
Stems are smooth, erect, 3 to 7 feet high and contain a
milky juice. Leaves light green, 4 to 8 inches long; margins
irregularly toothed and spiny. Flowers deep yellow, 11/2
Prairie wild rose – rose family
inches wide and appear in July. Similar plants are annual A bushy perennial that reproduces by seed and roots.
sowthistle and prickly lettuce, but they are annuals that Stems 1 to 2 feet high and densely spiny, woody, with few
do not have creeping roots. branches that usually die back each year. Leaves about 4
inches long, divided into seven to 11 leaflets, smooth on
Seeds – Dark reddish brown, slender seeds about 1/8 inch
both sides with saw-toothed margins. Flowers about 2
long. Seeds distinctly five- to seven-ribbed and cross-
inches wide, light pink to dark red, occurring in clusters at
wrinkled, slightly flattened, rounded and tapering to tip
the tip of the stems. Begins to bloom about June 15. Fruits
end. A tuft of hair is present at one end but is broken
(hips) red and apple-shaped. This species is North Dakota’s
off easily.
state flower.
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey,
Utah State University, Bugwood.org) Seeds – Light reddish-brown seeds 1/8 to 3/16 inch long,
irregular shape, usually broad in the center and tapering to
both ends. Seeds have a very hard covering.
(Photo courtesy of Ohio State Weed Lab,
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
William M. Ciesla,
Forest Healthy
Management
(Photo courtesy of Ohio State International,
Weed Lab, The Ohio State Bugwood.org)
University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, hosted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-

(Photo courtesy of Julia Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)
Scher, Federal Noxious Weeds
Disseminules, U.S. Department
of Agriculture-Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service
Identification Technology
Program, Bugwood.org)

18 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Prickly lettuce – composite family Prostrate knotweed – buckwheat family
Prickly annual or winter annual with stout stems 3 to 6 feet An annual, sometimes growing erect but usually prostrate
high. Stems stiff, leafy, hollow, prickly on lower part and in yards, along paths and similar places, with slender stems
contain milky juice. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, alternate, 4 to 24 inches long. Leaves bluish green, narrowly elliptical
with wavy margins; edges directed upward and downward, and from 2/5 to 11/5 inches long. Very small flowers, greenish
with spines on midrib underneath. Flower heads bright white with pink margins; borne at the leaf bases. Quite
yellow, 1/3 inch wide, in a large, branching top. Blooms in variable in size and habit of growth.
late July and early August.
Seeds – The seed (achene) roughly triangular or flattened
Seeds – Oblong, flattened and tapering, 1/8 to 3/16 inch long. and pointed. About 1/12 inch long, dark reddish brown and
Vary from gray to brown and often are mottled. Base end three-angled. Surface dull and roughened.
distinctly pointed. Surface distinctly ridged lengthwise.
Bristles often attached to the tip of the seed.

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley,
(Photo courtesy of Ohio State Weed Lab, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Mary Ellen [Mel] Harte,
Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of D. Walters

Natural Resources Conservation Service
(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, hosted
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-

and C. Southwick, Table

Grape Weed Disseminule
ID, U.S. Department of
Agriculture-Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service
Identification Technology
PLANTS Database)

Program, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 19

Purple loosestrife – loosestrife family Quackgrass – grass family
A perennial forb occurring only in moist or marshy sites. A vigorous perennial grass that spreads by seeds and
Thirty to 50 herbaceous stems arise from a clump of underground stems (rhizomes). Stems leafy, 18 to 30 inches
common rootstock that can spread a short distance. Stems high. Leaves thin, soft, dark green, flat, about 1/4 to 1/2 inch
erect (1.5 to 8 or more feet tall); four to six angled; can be wide. First leaves produced in the spring covered with
smooth or pubescent with few branches. Leaves simple (1 dense, fine gray hair at the base. Seed heads (spikes) 2
to 4 inches long, 0.25 to 0.5 inch wide), entire, with fine to 4 inches long, with three to seven florets in a spikelet.
hairs, and can be opposite or whorled. The most striking Rhizomes whiter than bromegrass or western wheatgrass.
characteristic is rose to purple flowers arranged on a spike
Seeds – Straw-colored seeds about 1/4 to 3/8 inch long, flat,
from a few inches to 3 feet long. Each flower has five to
broadest at center and tapering uniformly to tip and base
seven petals arising from a cylindrical green tube. Flowers
ends. Tend to be slightly stained and more slender than
from July to mid-September.
western wheatgrass.
Seeds – Seed capsule is two-celled and contains many very
small seeds (1 millimeter long or less). Capsules burst open

(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

when mature. Plants 4 to 5 years old can produce 1,000
capsules per stem and 90 seeds per capsule, resulting in an
estimated 1.7 million seeds. Seeds flat and thin-walled.

(Photo courtesy of John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org)

University of Idaho, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Linda Wilson,

(Photo courtesy of Ohio State

Weed Lab, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ken

Chamberlain, The Ohio State
(Photo courtesy of Ken
University, Bugwood.org)
Chamberlain, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)

20 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Redroot pigweed – pigweed family Russian knapweed – composite family
A rough annual 1 to 4 feet high, with a distinctly red A perennial spreading from seeds and deep, dark brown or
taproot. Stems branch freely. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, black, woody and scaly roots. Stems 2 to 3 feet tall; woody;
dull green, rather rough, egg-shaped with long leaf stalks covered with soft, white hairs; bear many branches. Leaves
to 4 inches long in the upper leaf axils and at the ends grayish green, 1 to 3 inches long; larger at base, smaller
of the branches; become prickly when dry. Seed head and narrower toward the top of the plant. Stems and
compact and blooms in July. leaves have distinctive bitter taste, which is one definite
way to identify the weed. Flower heads lavender to white,
Seeds – Shiny, black, round, flattened and less than 1/16
thistlelike and about 1/2 inch diameter.
inch diameter. Seeds smooth and more shiny than those
of common lambsquarters. Seeds – Medium-large, smooth, about one-half to two-
thirds the size of flax seed and similar in shape. Seed
flattened, rounded at one end, but tapered to a point at
the other end. Typical cream color. Have a tuft of hairs
like thistles.
(Photo courtesy of Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Bruce Ackley, The
Ohio State University,
Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst,

hosted by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture-Natural
Resources Conservation
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

Service PLANTS Database)

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 21

Russian thistle – goosefoot family Saltcedar – tamarisk family
A bushy, spiny annual 1 to 3 feet tall. Stems are many The common name for several introduced species of shrubs
branched, tough and often reddish, forming a ball-like or small trees. Saltcedar, or tamarisk, is a shrubby bush
tumbleweed at maturity, hence the common name or tree that can range from 5 to 20 feet tall. Bark reddish
tumbleweed. Young plants soft and succulent. Leaves awl- brown, especially on younger branches. Leaves small and
shaped, long and soft when young; later, small upper ones flat; resemble evergreen shrubs such as arborvitae. Flowers
stiff and sharp-pointed. Flowers small, numerous, green or pink to white, with five petals; appear from mid to late
pink in leaf axils. Blooms in July. Mature plants break off at summer on slender racemes on the current year’s branches
the ground, roll in the wind and scatter the seed. and grouped together in terminal panicles.
Seeds – Bell-shaped, about 1/8 inch wide, may be Seeds – Cylindrical, extremely tiny and similar in size and
surrounded by a flange (hull). Vart from brown to gray. color to pepper. Each seed has a pappus, or tuft of hairs,
Flat side is concave with a slight depression in the center attached to the seed coat, which allows it to float long
and a coiled embryo. distances in water or move in the wind.

(Photo courtesy of Jessica Spencer, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
D. Walters and C.
Southwick, Table Grape
Weed Disseminule ID,
U.S. Department of
Agriculture-Animal and (Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)
Plant Health Inspection
Service Identification
Technology Program,
Bugwood.org)

22 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Spotted knapweed – composite family Waterhemp – pigweed family
A biennial or short-lived perennial with a stout taproot. An annual with alternate, ovate to lanceolate shape leaves.
Plants begin as a rosette, then bolt and produce one or Often confused with redroot pigweed. Waterhemp stems
more stems from the rosette later in the season. Stems typically hairless, whereas redroot pigweed stems have
hairy, branched, 1 to 3 feet tall. Basal leaves up to 6 inches hairs. Waterhemp leaves also tend be narrower and have
long, narrow and finely divided. Leaves on stems alternate, a more waxy appearance then redroot pigweed leaves.
deeply divided into narrow segments, covered with short Spike-shaped seed heads.
hairs, much reduced in size near the top of the plant.
Seeds – Lenticular, black to dark brown or reddish-brown,
Flower heads single at the end of branches. Bracts on the
smooth and glossy.
flower head are the distinguishing characteristic between
spotted and diffuse knapweed. Spotted knapweed bracts
stiff, black-tipped, while diffuse knapweed has rigid
terminal spine with four to five pairs of shorter lateral (Photo courtesy of Ohio State Weed Lab,
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
spines on the brackets.
Seeds – Brownish, 1/8 inch long, notched on one side of the
base, with a short tuft of bristles on the tip end. Surface
smooth, dull or with a slight sheen. Usually four olive green
to black longitudinal lines along the sides of the seed.
(Photo courtesy of Catherine Herms, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackley, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Norman E. Rees, U.S.

Department of Agriculture-Agricultural
Research Service, retired, Bugwood.org)
(Alicia Harstad, NDSU)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S.

Department of Agriculture-Natural
Resources Conservation Service
PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 23

 Wild mustard – mustard family
A stout, widely branched annual 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves
hairy, arranged alternately on the stem, 1 to 3 inches wide
and 2 to 8 inches long, with irregular or toothed margins.
Resemble leaves of radishes. Flowers yellow, appearing on
Wild buckwheat – buckwheat family long branches beginning in late May or early June. Seed
An annual producing a long, slender, creeping stem that pods slender, 1 to 2 inches long; contain several seeds.
twines around everything it contacts. Stems smooth,
Seeds – Black or reddish before ripe; round, about 1/16 inch
branching at the base. Leaves alternate, heart-shaped
diameter with a very minutely pebbled seed coat. Mature
with slender pointed tips and smooth edges. Flowers
seeds are black.
tiny, greenish white, in clusters in leaf axils and stem tips.
Blooms all summer.
Seeds – Shiny, black (white if hulled), triangular and

(Photo courtesy of Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California-Davis, Bugwood.org)

tapering to both ends, about 1/8 inch long. Sometimes
covered with a dull brown hull.

(Photo courtesy of Lynn Sosnoskie, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce

Ackley, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
Chamberlain, The Ohio State
University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Ken

24 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Wild oat – grass family Wild proso millet – grass family
An annual grass reproducing by seeds. Closely resembles An annual grass 2 to 6 feet tall. Stems spreading or erect;
tame oats. Stems stout, smooth, 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves leaves and leaf sheaths covered with dense, stiff hairs. Each
coarse, 3 to 8 inches long. Panicle (seed head) usually culm topped by a spreading panicle 6 to 12 inches wide.
more open than tame oats. Plants mature before most
Seeds – About 1/8 inch long, oval, brown to black, smooth
crops.
and shiny.
Seeds – Similar to oats in shape and size; usually reddish
brown or black but may be white or yellow. May have an
awn; the “sucker mouth” or “suction cup” at the base is

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

an identifying characteristic. May be a tuft of stiff hairs
around the base.
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of
Steve Dewey, Utah
State University,
Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 25

Wild sunflower – composite family
A very coarse, branching annual 2 to 10 feet tall. Stems
stout, rough, freely branching or unbranched. Leaves
Yellow foxtail – grass family
alternate, 4 to 12 inches long, with rounded base and An annual grass 1 to 2 feet tall. Leaves alternate, 4 to 12
saw-toothed margins. Flower heads yellow with brown inches long, pale green, gradually tapered and twisted once
or black centers, 1 to 5 inches in diameter. Blooms July to around. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long, compact with yellowish-
September. green to brown bristles. Blooms from July until frost.
Seeds – Light brown to gray seeds (achenes) flecked with Seeds – Vary from yellowish gray to brown. About 1/8 inch
dark spots; about 1/16 to 3/16 inch. Broad-based but tapers long, flat on one side, pointed toward both ends and plump
to the top. An outer shell encloses the actual seed. with cross-wrinkles on the seed coat.
(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Lynn Sosnoskie, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org)

Mississippi State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of John D. Byrd,

(Photo courtesy of Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

26 Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h

Yellow starthistle – composite family Yellow toadflax – figwort family
In rosette stage, have deeply lobed leaves that may Has bright yellow “snapdragon” flowers with an orange-
resemble a dandelion. Grayish-green annual with a vigorous colored throat and long spur. Leaves long, narrow and
and quick-growing taproot. Stems rigid, spreading and attached to a slim stem, which makes the plant resemble
branched from the base. Lower leaves deeply divided; leafy spurge. The long leaves and orange throat of the
upper leaves smaller, narrow throughout and sharp-pointed. flower differentiate this plant from Dalmatian toadflax. A
Plant height may reach more than 3 feet. Bolts in late May perennial.
and June. Produces 1-inch-long heads surrounded by sharp
Seeds – Discoid, flattened, dark brown to black, central
spines up to 3/4 inch long at the end of each branch. Heads
portion tuberculate with a papery circular wing that is
produce bright yellow, dandelion-type flowers. Head about
notched.
1 inch long, solitary at the end of each branch.
Seeds – Brown, tan, gray or mottled combinations of these.
May have white, feathery, parachutelike pappus (hair tufts)

(Photo courtesy of John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org)

that can carry seed in the wind.

(Photo courtesy of Barry Rice,

sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org)
The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of John M. Randall,

(Photo courtesy
of Cindy Roche,
Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

Identifying Weeds and Their Seeds • www.ndsu.edu/4h 27

 (Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural
(Photo courtesy of Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)

Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Bruce Ackely,

The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Phil Westra,

Colorado State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural

Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database, Bugwood.org)

(Photo courtesy of Eric Coombs,

Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org)
The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Ken Chamberlain,
Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, retired, Bugwood.org)
(Photo courtesy of Norman E. Rees, U.S. Department of

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