Automated Coconut Scraping Machine

Abstract:

Coconut is widely used in food Industry within industrial food plants as well as
at homes. Scraping coconuts is quite a time consuming task. Manually doing so
requires a lot of efforts and is not so economical. So here we propose an
automated coconut scraping machine project. It provides fine scraped coconut as
desired for food preparation and requires no manual effort. It also does this work
in a fraction of time. The system uses a shaft with holder to hold half cut coconut
in place. This holder shaft is held in place by mounts designed for it. Also a frame
is made to hold the entire mechanism. On the other side has another shaft that is
mounted horizontally with scraping tool attached to it at one end. At the other end
it has a motor attached to the shaft. The motor is powered by our electrical circuit
to move the scraper tool and the coconut can be pushed against it to achieve
coconut scraping in a short time without much manual effort.

Introduction:

A scraper (also known as grater) is a kitchen utensil that is usually made from
metal (and sometimes ceramic or even wood), with sharp perforations or
protrusions used to shred food. Graters come in various sizes: from those with
larger perforations which are often used to shred cheese and vegetables, to the
very fine graters and micro planes that can be used to zest citrus fruit. There has
been no change in the way coconut is grated, for several decades. The only change
being the introduction of a motorized blade. But still, one has to hold the coconut.
But all that is set to change with the invention of an innovative coconut grater
which can do the job in just few minutes with improved safety and
convenience.Basically this machine is highly useful and applicable with
commercial viability. The coconut scraper makes fresh, moist coconut from fresh
coconuts.

Grating of coconuts and vegetables is one of the most frequent operations at

hotels, restaurants, canteens and even in household purpose. Coconut is probably
the most popular food and widely consumed items in Indian diet. But grating
coconuts has turned out to be hectic task for people. There has no change in the
way coconut is grated, for several decades. Grating vegetables does not require
much manual force but, coconut requires more manual force. This machine is
designed in such a way that is consuming very less power for grating the
coconuts. The invention of this multipurpose grating machine is to accomplish
the job in just few minutes with improved safety and convenience. A. Method,
materials and process 1) Design theory and principle: The machine is design to
grate the vegetables and coconut. The grating operation is done with the help of
the rotary blades. The drum having grating holes are mounted on shaft and this is
continuously rotating and blade are fixed inside the cylinder so the material is
grated

Grating various types of vegetables is very tedious job. The time required for
grating various type of vegetable are more. Grating of coconut is very hectic. the
restaurant and canteen the requirement of grating material is so large so
involvement of labor is so large consumption of time encouraged us to
mechanization of grating machine. Traditionally we use the box type grater flat
grater but the problem arises in these type of grater are they are not user- friendly
, they required more afford to grate the material , also they have a problem of
contentious holding. In our machine above problems are eliminated. We insert
rotating drum which are rotated with the help of motor so the holding problem is
eliminated. As the grater is rotating with the help of the motor so safety is
automatically maintained. As well as machine is concern the effort required is
less. Force require for grating is also less. The uncommon thing about the
machine is it will able to grate the coconut. Usually the coconut grating is such a
hectic work but in day to day life the use of grated coconuts is too large,
especially, at the time of festival the most of the food contains coconut. To reduce
the work as well as the fatigue our machine is so helpful. Minimum 3 to 4 types
of vegetables are grated in our machine. For example: potato, carrot , radish ,
sweet potato and coconut . The machine has the changeable grater plate it will be
grate the vegetable as well as the can able to slice them. The grating of the various
vegetable in easiest way is the main motive of the machine. The machine is able
to grate as well as slice the vegetable .the machine is very useful for restaurant
and canteens as well as house hold purpose also. The cost is too small.

Malayalis’ craving for grated coconut is a stuff of legend. But grating coconuts
has turned out to be a daunting task for the ever-busy, on-the-move neo nuclear
family, leaving them to depend on packed products that are easily available in the
market. There has been no change in the way coconut is grated, for several
decades. The only change being the introduction of a motorized blade. But still,
one has to hold the coconut. But all that is set to change with the invention of an
innovative coconut grater which can do the job in just few minutes with improved
safety and convenience.

Coconut cream is the processed milk extracted from fresh matured

coconuts. In southern China and Taiwan, sweetened coconut milk is served on
its own as a drink during spring and summer. It is made by adding sugar and
evaporated or fresh milk during the process of preparing the coconut milk.
Another Chinese drink is coconut milk made from water that is then mixed
with fresh or evaporated milk in a 1:1 ratio and a spoon of condensed milk or
sugar for each cup. They are served chilled. It is also fine to drink raw by itself,
or reduced with plain water.
 Coconut products are some of the major products that are exported by
the Philippines. One of these products is coconut milk which is extracted from
mature coconut meat. But then coconut milk extraction is a difficult process
and can prove to be untidy at times. Efforts are in the works to improve the
process of coconut milk extraction. Many attempts have been done to increase
the efficiency of the early prototypes and until now, no high efficiency models
have been made regarding the design of machines for extracting coconut milk.

Literature review:

KedarDeokar et al, have proposed the design and manufacturing of coconut de-
husking, cutting and grating machine consists of three operations, namely:
Peeling of coconut fibres i.e. de-husking of coconut, breaking the coconut into
two parts i.e. cutting and grating of coconut i.e. removing out the copra (edible
white part). For de-husking process, the method selected for removing the fibres
is the opposite movements of toothed shafts whose spiked pins are inserted into
the fibrous layer of coconut for its removal. If copra is the desirable product then
it will be sent to cutting process where it will be cut into two halves. After this,
grating will be executed.Sub-assemblies of each operation are made separately to
test the working of each process without any interference.

Ketan K. Tonpe et al have discussed about the coconut de-shelling machine

comprising of cutter with belt drive. Performances test analysis conducted show
that the machine de-shelled the fruits without nut breakage and also that its
average de-shelling efficiency and capacity are 90% and 195 coconut per hour.
The machine also eliminated dependency on the epileptic public electric power
supply in our rural areas which constitutes the major obstacle in the use of other
mechanized coconut de-shelling equipment in the rural area
Jerry James et al , have described the proposed machine a Coconut Breaker
Extractor Grater which can break a de-husked coconut into two pieces, collect
coconut water and grate the coconut pieces into desiccated coconut. The main
highlight is that there is no contact between the tool and hands of the user both in
breaking and grating of the coconut.

Naveen.J et al have discussed about thedesign and fabrication of a machine that

can perform the operations such as grinding rice flour, vegetable cutting and
coconut scrapping.It requires no special skills to operate the machine and would
help the society in a better way by reducing the time and also the number of
labours.

Nagarajan.N1 , Sundararajan.P.N “Fabrication of husk remover with shell

cutter” The new proposed design is needed for removal of husk from the coconut.
In this there are two pneumatic actuators. One is placed at the bottom of structure,
it's for Holding the coconut and another one is placed on the top of the structure
connected with hinge joint for peeling the husk. In hinge joint there are five
linkages used for dehusking the coconut. These are operated with the help of
pneumatic actuators. The actuations are controlled by the 5/2 DC solenoid valve.
After the de-husking process the coconut shell is taken to the next stage. This part
is used for cutting the coconut shell. Here one pneumatic actuator is being used.
For cutting operation the knife is attached to the pneumatic actuator. When the
pneumatic actuator is actuated, the knife comes down with high force, breaking
the coconut into two.

Prof. S. M. Fulmali1 , Prof. A. A. Bhoyar2 “development of multipurpose

coconut cutting machine” This machine is mainly design to cut the coconut and
to make the hole in coconut with the help of various tools like cutting blade, hole
making tool. The important thing about this machine is that it reduces the time of
cutting the coconut, along with the coconut the various fruits can be cut out on
these machines. The two operations can be done simultaneously there is no any
extra attachment is required for performing the operations. The cost of the
developed machine is very less so that it can be used in small restaurants and
shops. This will definitely improve the productivity

H. Rajanikanth1 , Prof. Reddy Naik. J2

: “Product Design and Development of Tender Coconut Punching and Splitting

Machine”this project is mainly design to cut and punch the coconut by using the
compressor. This necessitates the development of a punch-cum-splitter for
punching and splitting the tender coconut. The present work focuses on the
development of a manually operated coconut punch-cum-splitter for extracting
coconut water and coconut meat. In this direction, customer needs statement was
translated to the concept; by concept generation. The best concept was selected
using pugh matrix and concept scoring matrix. The selected concept mainly
consists of punch operated by a lever and torsion spring mechanism. When the
tender coconut has to be punched, the operator places the tender coconut on the
top of the holding mechanism in natural rest position and the lever is raised and
pressed against the tender coconut to punch a hole. For splitting, the tender
coconut is placed in the rest position and the lever is raised & operated to split
the tender coconut to extract the meat. The selected concept is further analyzed
in terms of its functionality and cost.

Jarimopas and Kuson

later designed and constructed a young coconut fruit opening machine. The
operating system was like a lathe machine which consisted of a fruit holder, a
height control mechanism, a knife and its feed controller, and a power
transmission system. During operation, the small stainless steel knife slowly
penetrated through the husk and shell of the turning fruit in a direction
perpendicular to its surface, thus resulting in a circular opening at the top of the
fruit. The speed of opening each fruit was 30 seconds on the average.
Design :

INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDWORKS:
SolidWorks (stylized as SOLIDWORKS), is a solid modeling computer-
aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) software program
that runs on Microsoft Windows. The SolidWorks is produced by the
DASSAULT SYSTÈMES— a subsidiary of Dassault Systèmes, S. A. based in
Velizy, France— since 1997.

SolidWorks is currently used by over 2 million engineers and designers at

more than 165,000 companies worldwide. In 2011–12, the fiscal revenue for
SolidWorks was reported $483 million.

HISTORY:

SolidWorks Corporation was founded in December 1993 by Massachusetts

Institute of Technology graduate Jon Hirschtick, Hirschtick used $1 million he
had made while a member of the MIT Blackjack Team to set up the company.
Initially based in Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, Hirschtick recruited a team of
engineers with the goal of building 3D CAD software that was easy-to-use,
affordable, and available on the Windows desktop. Operating later from Concord,
Massachusetts, SolidWorks released its first product SolidWorks 95, in 1995. In
1997 Dassault, best known for its CATIA CAD software, acquired SolidWorks
for $310 million in stock.

SolidWorks currently markets several versions of the SolidWorks CAD

software in addition to eDrawings, a collaboration tool, and Draft Sight, a 2D
CAD product. SolidWorks was headed by John McEleney from 2001 to July 2007
and Jeff Ray from 2007 to January 2011. The current CEO is Gian Paolo Bassi
from Jan 2015. Gian Paolo Bassi replaces Bertrand Sicot, who is promoted Vice
President Sales of Dassault Systèmes’ Value Solutions sales channel.
CREATING A PART AND DRAWING:

When SolidWorks is first opened, you have to open a part, assembly or

drawing. When a new part is opened, there is a blank work area on the right and
a column on the left called the Feature Manager. In the Feature Manager, there
are the three main planes listed – front, top and right. To begin a sketch, a plane
to draw on must be selected. Right click on the desired plane and select the sketch
icon in the fly-out menu. For the first sketch the view will rotate so that you are
looking perpendicular to the plane you selected.

The first feature sketched is called the base feature. Added on features are
called boss or cut features. These add or subtract material to create the part. It is
best to keep the geometry of each feature as simple as possible. Create a part with
a large number of simple features rather than a few complex ones. Your work will
be much easier to perform and less prone to errors in the long run.

Plan how the part is going to be used before beginning the sketch. Which
faces do you want for the front, top and right views? Where do you want the
origin to be? It is easier to take a few minutes and plan ahead than to have to redo
a part because the wrong orientation was used. A quick hand sketch on a sheet of
paper to determine the final appearance can save a lot of effort and time. A good
habit to get into is to place the origin on a plane of symmetry if there is one. This
will save you a lot of work in creating a part.

When you start sketching the base, rough out what the base face will look
like. It does not have to be exactly to dimensions. When you finish your rough
sketch most lines will be blue. This means that you have an under-defined sketch.
At this point you add geometric relations or constraints and dimensions to the
drawing to get it completely defined. A fully defined sketch has all black lines.
You will also see near the bottom right of the screen a note “Fully Defined.” If it
says u\” Under Defined” you will need more dimensions or relations before
extruding. If you try to define it too much the sketch turns red meaning that it is
over-defined. At this point you will have to remove some relations or dimensions
to get back to completely defined. Once you have a fully defined sketch, then you
can extrude it or revolve it to create the base. Get in the habit of extruding and
cutting with fully defined features only as it will save time and effort later on.

After the base feature is created, additional features may be added. Again
the new features must be sketched on a plane. This plane can be one of the three
primary planes, one of the faces of the base or any boss, or on a user defined
plane. Right click on the plane desired, then select the sketch icon. In the
transparent view menu o at the top of the work area select the view orientation to
do the sketch. Try to use the geometric relations as much as possible to orient a
new feature to a previous feature. Thus if the first feature is changed, the second
feature will follow along with it rather than having to be re-dimensioned.
SolidWorks is a parametric program, which means that the dimensions drive the
size and shape of the part rather than the reverse. The benefit of this is that a part’s
size and shape can be altered by just changing the appropriate dimension rather
than having to redraw the part. Careful selection of the geometric relations and
dimensions can simplify the task.

MODELING METHODOLOGY:

SolidWorks is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based

approach to create models and assemblies. The software is written on Para solid-
kernel.

Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or

geometry of the model or assembly. Parameters can be either numeric parameters,
such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent,
parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical, etc. Numeric parameters can be
associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows them to
capture design intent.

Design intent is how the creator of the part wants it to respond to changes and
updates. For example, you would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to
stay at the top surface, regardless of the height or size of the can. SolidWorks
allows the user to specify that the hole is a feature on the top surface, and will
then honor their design intent no matter what height they later assign to the can.

Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and
operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D
or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then
extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part. Operation-based features
are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells,
applying draft to the faces of a part, etc.

Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although

3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such
as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are
added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are
used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and
concentricity. The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions
and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in
the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other
parameters inside or outside of the sketch.

In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch

relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with
respect to sketch geometry, assembly mate s define equivalent relations with
respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of
assemblies. SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such
as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to
accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train.

CHANGING VIEWS:

It is best to carefully consider the presentation of what face goes with what
view before beginning a part. However, if you have selected wrong and discover
this well into the part constructions, may be possible to redefine the standard
views. With the part showing and all sketches closed, select the view orientation
tool on the Feature Tab, or Insert – Modify – View Orientation, or just press the
space bar. The icon looks like a telescope. An orientation dialogue box will
appear. Click on the push pin to keep the box open. Double click on the view
name in the box which you wish to change. Then single click on the view you
wish it to be. Finally, click on the update standard views, the center icon on the
top of the box. You will get a warning message which states “Changing the
standard view will change the orientation of any standard orthogonal, named and
child views in the drawings of this model.” Select “yes” to make the change. You
may reset the standard views you first selected by clicking on the right icon “Reset
Standard Views,” or by just redefining the standard views again. Click the X in
the upper right corner to close the dialogue box when you are done.

Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are
automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and
tolerances can then be easily added to the drawing as needed. The drawing
module includes most paper sizes and standards (ANSI, ISO, DIN, GOST, JIS,
BSI and SAC).

FILE FORMAT:

SolidWorks files use the Microsoft Structured Storage file format. This
means that there are various files embedded within each SLDDRW (drawing
files), SLDPRT (part files), SLDASM (assembly files) file, including preview
bitmaps and metadata sub-files. Various third-party tools (see COM Structured
Storage) can be used to extract these sub-files, although the sub files in many
cases use proprietary binary file formats.

COMMONLY USING TOOLS FOR MODELLING IN SOLIDWORKS:

1. Extrude
2. Extrude cut
3. Revolve
4. Revolve cut
5. Sweep
6. Swept cut
7. Fillet
8. Chamfer
9. Mirror
2d layout:
Part modelling:
Fabrication

MILD STEEL:

Why steel, in particular simply because, in my humble opinion, it is the

greatest material mankind has for construction. It is cheap, strong, readily
available, easily cut, joined, and formed. Wood can be light and stiff, but not very
strong.

The best aluminum is strong and light, but very difficult to join. Titanium is
superb in terms of strength to weight ratio and stiffness but it’s incredibly
expensive, difficult to obtain, and even more difficult and expensive to machine
properly. There’s no way you’re ever going to perform a battery-welded-fix on a
part made from 7075-T6 aluminum or titanium.

In the end we come back to steel from mild carbon to some of the more
exotic alloy steels pound for pound it is the most righteous material available for
our needs. Where does steel come from? Steel is not a naturally occurring
substance - it is entirely manmade. Steel is chiefly a combination of two naturally
occurring elements: iron and carbon (along with small amounts of other elements
- depending on the steel in question).

The process by which man makes steel, would, again, fill several volumes.
Here is my amateur synopsis Iron is mined from the ground in the form if a
reddish-brown rock called iron-ore. This ore is then smashed up, strained, filtered,
chemically treated etc., until ultimately it is melted in huge blast furnaces into
something called pig iron. The process uses coke (a type of coal), which in turn
imparts large amounts of carbon to the pig iron.

As a result, pig iron itself is full of impurities, brittle, and unmaking-able -

practically useless. Except - it is the raw material from which all other irons and
steels are made. Pig iron is so produced in either huge vats of molten material, or
it is cast into ingots (in fact, pig iron got its name because the ingots or “chunks”
produced were thought to have resembled piglets).Pig iron is then refined into
either metallic iron or steel using specialized furnaces and processes. The
distinction between the two is that metallic iron has between 2-6A final words
about carbon. Carbon is critically important to our whole discussion because it is
the presence of carbon that turns the element of iron that is naturally soft and
weak, into the strong, rigid materials we know as iron and steel. Precisely how
this is so is beyond the scope of this article, sufficient to say.

The strength, hardness and toughness that make the ferrous based metals
useful to us are profoundly influenced by the remarkable sensitivity of the
physical and chemical properties of iron crystals to relatively small percentages
of carbon dissolved within their matrixes (actually, the sensitivity is to the
movement of dislocations within the crystal space lattice). This sensitivity to
dissolved carbon is in fact, the very basis of ferrous metallurgy.
MACHINE CONSTRUCTION:

The machine is basically made up of mild steel.Reasons:1. Mild steel is readily

available in market2. It is economical to use3. It is available in standard sizes4. It
has good mechanical properties i.e. it is easily machinable5. It has moderate
factor of safety, because factor of safety results in unnecessary wastage of
material and heavy selection. Low factor of safety results in unnecessary risk of
failure6. It has high tensile strength7. Low co-efficient of thermal expansion
Properties of Mild Steel: M.S. has a carbon content from 0.15 bright material.

It is a machine drowned. The main basic difference between mild steel and bright
metal is that mild steel plates and bars are forged in the forging machine by means
is not forged. But the materials are drawn from the dies in the plastic state.
Therefore the material has good surface finish than mild steel and has no carbon-

deposits on its surface for extrusion and formation of engineering materials thus
giving them a good surface finish and though retaining their metallic properties
poor, but perhaps useful metaphor may be the use of fibre-mat and resin in fibre
glass work. The bulk raw material of fiberglass is the fibre matting (as iron is to
steel) - but by itself the matting is of no practical use. Not until we add the resin
to it to make fibre glass (as we add carbon to iron to make steel) do we get a useful
product.

In both cases, neither raw material is much use alone, but combines them
nor do we really have something. Similarly, though carbon may only be present
in small quantities, Justas the amount of hardener added to fibre glass resin has a
profound effect on the material, so does the small amount of carbon present in
useful metallic iron and steel.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Manufacturing processes are the steps through which raw materials are
transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the
creation of the materials from which the design is made. These materials are then
modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.
Manufacturing processes can include treating (such as heat treating or coating),
machining, or reshaping the material. The manufacturing process also includes
tests and checks for quality assurance during or after the manufacturing, and
planning the production process prior to manufacturing.
METAL CUTTING:

Metal cutting or machining is the process of by removing unwanted

material from a block of metal in the form of chips.

Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is

processed. Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces,
called chips. Common cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planning),
broaching, drilling, grinding, turning and milling. Although the actual machines,
tools and processes for cutting look very different from each other, the basic
mechanism for causing the fracture can be understood by just a simple model
called for orthogonal cutting.
 In all machining processes, the work piece is a shape that can entirely cover
the final part shape. The objective is to cut away the excess material and obtain
the final part. This cutting usually requires to be completed in several steps – in
each step, the part is held in a fixture, and the exposed portion can be accessed by
the tool to machine in that portion. Common fixtures include vise, clamps, 3-jaw
or 4-jaw chucks, etc. Each position of holding the part is called a setup. One or
more cutting operation may be performed, using one or more cutting tools, in
each setup. To switch from one setup to the next, we must release the part from
the previous fixture, change the fixture on the machine, clamp the part in the new
position on the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine tool with respect
to the new location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for this
setup.

Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we

should try to do the entire cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the
task of determining the sequence of the individual operations, grouping them into
(a minimum number of) setups, and determination of the fixture used for each
setup, is called process planning.

These notes will be organized in three sections:

(i) Introduction to the processes,

(ii) The orthogonal cutting model and tool life optimization and
(iii) Process planning and machining planning for milling.

SAWING:

Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through
various types of metal, including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with
the action that takes place during the cutting process, which manages to keep both
the metal and the blade from becoming too hot. A cold saw is powered with
electricity and is usually a stationary type of saw machine rather than a portable
type of saw.
 The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often constructed of high
speed steel. Steel blades of this type are resistant to wear even under daily usage.
The end result is that it is possible to complete a number of cutting projects before
there is a need to replace the blade. High speed steel blades are especially useful
when the saws are used for cutting through thicker sections of metal.

Along with the high speed steel blades, a cold saw may also be equipped
with a blade that is tipped with tungsten carbide. This type of blade construction
also helps to resist wear and tear. One major difference is that tungsten tipped
blades can be re-sharpened from time to time, extending the life of the blade. This
type of blade is a good fit for use with sheet metal and other metallic components
that are relatively thin in design.

WELDING:

Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by

melting and fusing 1, the base metals being joined and 2, the filler metal applied.
Welding employs pinpointed, localized heat input. Most welding involves
ferrous-based metals such as steel and stainless steel. Weld joints are usually
stronger than or as strong as the base metals being joined.
 Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture
of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural
works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building.

a. OPERATION:

Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a
few are considered here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known
as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) or stick welding.

In this process an electrical machine (which may be DC or AC, but

nowadays is usually AC) supplies current to an electrode holder which carries an
electrode which is normally coated with a mixture of chemicals or flux. An earth
cable connects the work piece to the welding machine to provide a return path for
the current. The weld is initiated by tapping ('striking') the tip of the electrode
against the work piece which initiates an electric arc. The high temperature
generated (about 6000oC) almost instantly produces a molten pool and the end of
the electrode continuously melts into this pool and forms the joint.
 The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the
work piece while moving the electrode along the joint.

In the shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW) the 'stick' electrode is
covered with an extruded coating of flux. The heat of the arc melts the flux which
generates a gaseous shield to keep air away from the molten pool and also flux
ingredients react with unwanted impurities such as surface oxides, creating a slag
which floats to the surface of the weld pool. This forms a crust which protects the
weld while it is cooling. When the weld is cold the slag is chipped off.

The SMAW process cannot be used on steel thinner than about 3mm and
being a discontinuous process it is only suitable for manual operation. It is very
widely used in jobbing shops and for onsite steel construction work. A wide range
of electrode materials and coatings are available enabling the process to be
applied to most steels, heat resisting alloys and many types of cast iron.

4.2.4 DRILLNG:

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of
circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often
multipoint. The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge
against the work piece, cutting off chips (sward) from the hole as it is drilled.

a. OPERATION:

The geometry of the common twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex;
it has straight cutting teeth at the bottom – these teeth do most of the metal cutting,
and it has curved cutting teeth along its cylindrical surface. The grooves created
by the helical teeth are called flutes, and are useful in pushing the chips out from
the hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity of the tip of the drill is zero,
and so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting. Therefore it is common to
machine a small hole in the material, called a center-hole, before utilizing the
drill. Center-holes are made by special drills called center-drills; they also provide
a good way for the drill bit to get aligned with the location of the center of the
hole. There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and sizes; here, we will
only restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.

Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel,
Titanium Nitride coated steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard
inserts, e.g. carbide or CBN inserts, are used;

In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle,
while those for cutting hard and brittle materials have larger point angle;
 If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is large, then we
need a special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such
operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of
few mm or more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of
guns;

Drilling is not useful for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since
the tool may break and get stuck in the work piece; - Usually, the size of the hole
made by a drill is slightly larger than the measured diameter of the drill – this is
mainly because of vibration of the tool spindle as it rotates, possible misalignment
of the drill with the spindle axis, and some other factors;

For tight dimension control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is
slightly smaller than required size (e.g. 0.25 mm smaller), and then use a special

Type of drill called a reamer. Reaming has very low material removal rate,
low depth of cut, but gives good dimension accuracy.
Battery Specification:
Battery capacity: 12V, 1.3Ah.
This is chargeable one
Battery charging time: 20min

FRAME

A frame is a structural system that supports other components of a physical

construction. Frame is used to carry the total setup of arrangement. It has to able
to sustain the total weight of arrangement. It would be joined by arc welding to
get permanent joint. So frame is very important to our project.

Material: Mild Steel

Type: Rectangular

The rolled steel "profile" or cross section of steel columns takes the shape of the
letter "I". The two wide flanges of a column are thicker and wider than the flanges
on a beam, to better withstand compressive stress in the structure. Square and
round tubular sections of steel can also be used, often filled with concrete. Steel
beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners, and
historically connected by rivets. The central "web" of the steel I-beams is often
wider than a column web to resist the higher bending moments that occur in
beams.

Wide sheets of steel deck can be used to cover the top of the steel frame as a
"form" or corrugated mold, below a thick layer of concrete and steel reinforcing
bars. Another popular alternative is a floor of precast concrete flooring units with
some form of concrete topping. Often in office buildings, the final floor surface
is provided by some form of raised flooring system with the void between the
walking surface and the structural floor being used for cables and air handling
ducts.

The frame needs to be protected from fire because steel softens at high
temperature and this can cause the building to partially collapse. In the case of
the columns this is usually done by encasing it in some form of fire-resistant
structure such as masonry, concrete or plasterboard.

The beams may be cashed in concrete, plasterboard or sprayed with a coating to

insulate it from the heat of the fire or it can be protected by a fire-resistant ceiling
construction. Asbestos was a popular material for fireproofing steel structures up
until the early 1970s, before the health risks of asbestos fibers were fully
understood.

The exterior "skin" of the building is anchored to the frame using a variety of
construction techniques and following a huge variety of architectural styles.
Bricks, stone, reinforced concrete, architectural glass, sheet metal and simply
paint have been used to cover the frame to protect the steel from the weather.
This is also known as LSF or Lightweight Steel Framing.

Thin sheets of galvanized steel can be cold formed into steel studs for use as a
structural or non-structural building material for both external and partition walls
in both residential, commercial and industrial construction projects (pictured).
The dimension of the room is established with horizontal track that is anchored
to the floor and ceiling to outline each room. The vertical studs are arranged in
the tracks, usually spaced 16" apart, and fastened at the top and bottom.

The typical profiles used in residential construction are the C-shape stud and the
U-shaped track, and a variety of other profiles. Framing members are generally
produced in a thickness of 12 to 25 gauge. Heavy gauges, such as 12 and 14
gauge, are commonly used when axial loads (parallel to the length of the member)
are high such as in loadbearing construction.

Medium-heavy gauges, such as 16 and 18 gauge, are commonly used when there
are no axial loads but heavy lateral loads (perpendicular to the member) such as
exterior wall studs that need to resist hurricane-force wind loads along coasts.
Light gauges, such as 25 gauge, are commonly used where there are no axial loads
and very light lateral loads such as in interior construction where the members
serve as framing for demising walls between rooms.

The wall finish is anchored to the two flange sides of the stud, which varies from
1-1/4" to 3" thick, and the width of web ranges from 1-5/8" to 14". Rectangular
sections are removed from the web to provide access for electrical wiring.

Steel mills produce galvanized sheet steel, the base material for the manufacture
of cold formed steel profiles. Sheet steel is then roll-formed into the final profiles
used for framing. The sheets are zinc coated (galvanized) to prevent oxidation
and corrosion. Steel framing provides excellent design flexibility due to the high
strength to weight ratio of steel, which allows it to span over a long distance, and
also resist wind and earthquake loads.
Steel framed walls can be designed to offer excellent thermal and acoustic
properties - one of the specific considerations when building using cold formed
steel is that thermal bridging can occur across the wall system between the outside
environment and interior conditioned space. Thermal bridging can be protected
against by installing a layer of externally fixed insulation along the steel framing
- typically referred to as a 'thermal break'.

The spacing between studs is typically 16 inches on center for homes exterior and
interior walls depending on designed loading requirements. In office suites the
spacing is 24 inches on center for all walls except for elevator and staircase wells.

DESRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

 DC Motor
 Battery
 Shaft
 Bearing
 Frame

D.C MOTOR:

The electrical motor is an instrument, which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. According to faraday’s law of Electromagnetic induction,
when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

Constructional a dc generator and a dc motor are identical. The same dc

machine can be used as a generator or as a motor. When a generator is in
operation, it is driven mechanically and develops a voltage. The voltage is
capable of sending current through the load resistance. While motor action a
torque is developed.
 The torque can produce mechanical rotation. Motors are classified as series
wound, shunt wound motors.

Specification:

• Motor capacity: 12V.

• Without loading: 120rpm.

Principles of operation:

The basic principle of Motor action lies in a sample sketch.

The motor run’s according to the principle of Fleming’s left hand rule.
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field is produced to
move the conductor away from the magnetic field. The conductor carrying
current to North and South poles is being removed.

In the above stated two conditions there is no movement of the conductors.

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. The field
due to the current in the conductor but opposes the main field below the
conductor. As a result the flux density below the conductor. It is found that a force
acts on the conductor to push the conductor downwards. If the current in the
conductor is reversed, the strengthening of the flux lines occurs below the
conductor, and the conductor will be pushed upwards
 As stated above the coil side A will be forced to move downwards, whereas
the coil side B will be forced to move upwards. The forces acting on the coil sides
A and B will be the same coil magnitudes, but their directions will be opposite to
one another. In DC machines coils are wound on the armature core, which is
supported by the bearings, enhances rotation of the armature. The commentator
periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the armature. Thus the
armature rotates continuously.

An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: a motor uses

magnets to create motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about
the fundamental law of all magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel.

So if you have 2 bar magnets with their ends marked north and south, then
the North end of one magnet will attract the South end of the other. On the other
hand, the North end of one magnet will repel the North end of the other (and
similarly south will repel south). Inside an electric motor these attracting and
repelling forces create rotational motion.

In the diagram above and below you can see two magnets in the motor, the
armature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent
magnet (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as well, but in most small
motors it is not to save power).
Electromagnets and Motors:

To understand how an electric motor works, the key is to understand how

the electromagnet works. An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor. You
can understand how things work in the motor by imagining the following
scenario.

Say that you created a simple electromagnet by wrapping 100 loops of wire
around a nail and connecting it to a battery. The nail would become a magnet and
have a North and South Pole while the battery is connected. Now say that you
take your nail electromagnet, run an axle through the middle of it, and you
suspended it in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as shown in the figure below.

If you were to attach a battery to the electromagnet so that the North end
of the nail appeared as shown, the basic law of magnetism tells you what would
happen The North end of the electromagnet would be repelled from the north end
of the horseshoe magnet and attracted to the south end of the horseshoe magnet.

The South end of the electromagnet would be repelled in a similar way.

The nail would move about half a turn and then stop in the position shown.

You can see that this half-turn of motion is simple and obvious because of
the way magnets naturally attract and repel one another. The key to an electric
motor is to then go one step further so that, at the moment that this half-turn of
motion completes, the field of the electromagnet flips.

The flip causes the electromagnet to complete another half-turn of motion.

You flip the magnetic field simply by changing the direction of the electrons
flowing in the wire (you do that by flipping the battery over). If the field of the
electromagnet flipped at just the right moment at the end of each half-turn of
motion, the electric motor would spin freely.
The Armature:

The armature takes the place of the nail in an electric motor. The armature
is an electromagnet made by coiling thin wire around two or more poles of a metal
core. The armature has an axle, and the commentator is attached to the axle. In
the diagram above you can see three different views of the same armature: front,
side and end-on. In the end-on view the winding is eliminated to make the
commentator more obvious. You can see that the commentator is simply a pair of
plates attached to the axle. These plates provide the two connections for the coil
of the electromagnet.

The Commentator and brushes:

The "flipping the electric field" part of an electric motor is accomplished

by two parts: the commentator and the brushes.

The diagram at the right shows how the commentator and brushes work
together to let current flow to the electromagnet, and also to flip the direction that
the electrons are flowing at just the right moment.

The contacts of the commentator are attached to the axle of the electromagnet,
so they spin with the magnet. The brushes are just two pieces of springy metal or
carbon that make contact with the contacts of the commentator.

a. Putting It All Together:

When you put all of these parts together, what you have is a complete
electric motor.
 In this figure, the armature winding has been left out so that it is easier to
see the commentator in action. The key thing to notice is that as the armature
passes through the horizontal position, the poles of the electromagnet flip.

Because of the flip, the North Pole of the electromagnet is always above the axle
so it can repel the field magnet's North Pole and attract the field magnet's South
Pole.

If you ever take apart an electric motor you will find that it contains the
same pieces described above: two small permanent magnets, a commentator, two
brushes and an electromagnet made by winding wire around a piece of metal.
Almost always, however, the rotor will have three poles rather than the two poles
as shown in this article. There are two good reasons for a motor to have three
poles:

It causes the motor to have better dynamics. In a two-pole motor, if the

electromagnet is at the balance point, perfectly horizontal between the two poles
of the field magnet when the motor starts; you can imagine the armature getting
"stuck" there. That never happens in a three-pole motor.

BATTERY

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess
solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated
sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage. In
fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt.
Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available
storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in
capital costs. It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to
available energy and local demand pattern. To be economically attractive the
storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of
properties:
(1) Low cost
(2) Long life
(3) High reliability
(4) High overall efficiency
(5) Low discharge
(6) Minimum maintenance
(A) Ampere hour efficiency
(B) Watt hour efficiency
We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for
lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.
In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of
excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are
isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for
storage. In fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt.
Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available
storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in
capital costs. It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to
available energy and local demand pattern. To be economically attractive the
storage of solar electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of
properties:
 (7) Low cost
(8) Long life
(9) High reliability
(10) High overall efficiency
(11) Low discharge
(12) Minimum maintenance
(A) Ampere hour efficiency
(B) Watt hour efficiency
We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for
lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.
LEAD-ACID WET CELL:
Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the
type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid
(H₂SO₄). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile,
for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One
cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series
combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.
The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be
recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore
the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However,
heat with excessive charge and discharge currents short ends the useful life to
about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of secondary
cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells
for a specified battery voltage.
CONSTRUCTION:
Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a
group of plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the
electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony alloy. This
construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the
grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive and
negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive
plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂). The negative electrode is spongy lead
(pb).
Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The
electrolyte is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged to
from the plates. With maintenance-free batteries, little or no water need be added
in normal service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without
provision for adding water.

Fig 5.1 Layout of Battery

Battery Specification:
Battery capacity: 12V, 1.3Ah.
This is chargeable one
Battery charging time: 20min.

Specifications
Shaft diameter: 15mm
Material: mild steel
Length: 26 inch
Shaft

Shaft is a common and important machine element. It is a rotating member, in

general, has a circular cross-section and is used to transmit power. The shaft may
be hollow or solid. The shaft is supported on bearings and it rotates a set of gears
or pulleys for the purpose of power transmission. The shaft is generally acted
upon by bending moment, torsion and axial force. Design of shaft primarily
involves in determining stresses at critical point in the shaft that is arising due to
aforementioned loading. Other two similar forms of a shaft are axle and spindle.
Axle is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels etc. and do
not transmit any torque. Spindle is simply defined as a short shaft. However,
design method remains the same for axle and spindle as that for a shaft. 8.1.2
Standard sizes of Shafts Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the
market are, Up to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments 25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments 50
to 100 mm 2.0 mm increments 100 to 200 mm 5.0 mm increments 8.1.3 Material
for Shafts The ferrous, non-ferrous materials and non metals are used as shaft
material depending on the application. Some of the common ferrous materials
used for shaft are discussed below. Hot-rolled plain carbon steel. These materials
are least expensive. Since it is hot rolled, scaling is always present on the surface
and machining is required to make the surface smooth.

Since it is cold drawn it has got its inherent characteristics of smooth bright finish.
Amount of machining therefore is minimal. Better yield strength is also obtained.
This is widely used for general purpose transmission shaft.

Alloy steels

Alloy steel as one can understand is a mixture of various elements with the parent
steel to improve certain physical properties. To retain the total advantage of
alloying materials one requires heat treatment of the machine components after it
has been manufactured. Nickel, chromium and vanadium are some of the
common alloying materials. However, alloy steel is expensive. These materials
are used for relatively severe service conditions. When the situation demands
great strength then alloy steels are used. They have fewer tendencies to crack,
warp or distort in heat treatment. Residual stresses are also less compared to CS
(Carbon Steel). In certain cases the shaft needs to be wear resistant, and then more
attention has to be paid to make the surface of the shaft to be wear resistant. The
common types of surface hardening methods are,

Hardening of surface

Case hardening and carburizing

Cyaniding and nitriding

Design considerations for shaft

For the design of shaft following two methods are adopted, Design based on
Strength In this method, design is carried out so that stress at any location of the
shaft should not exceed the material yield stress. However, no consideration for
shaft deflection and shaft twist is included. Design based on Stiffness Basic idea
of design in such case depends on the allowable deflection and twist of the shaft.

Design based on Strength

The stress at any point on the shaft depends on the nature of load acting on it. The
stresses which may be present are as follows.

Basic stress equations:

Bending stress

Where,
M: Bending moment at the point of interest

do: Outer diameter of the shaft

k: Ratio of inner to outer diameters of the shaft ( k = 0 for a solid shaft because
inner diameter is zero )

Axial Stress

Where,

F: Axial force (tensile or compressive)

α: Column-action factor(= 1.0 for tensile load)

The term α has been introduced in the equation. This is known as column action
factor. What is a column action factor? This arises due the phenomenon of
buckling of long slender members which are acted upon by axial compressive
loads.

Here, α is defined as,

Where,

n = 1.0 for hinged end

n = 2.25 for fixed end

n = 1.6 for ends partly restrained, as in bearing

K = least radius of gyration,

L = shaft length

σ yc = yield stress in compression

Stress due to torsion

Where,

T : Torque on the shaft

xy τ : Shear stress due to torsion

Combined Bending and Axial stress

Both bending and axial stresses are normal stresses, hence the net normal stress
is given by,

The net normal stress can be either positive or negative. Normally, shear stress
due to torsion is only considered in a shaft and shear stress due to load on the
shaft is neglected.

Maximum shear stress theory

Design of the shaft mostly uses maximum shear stress theory. It states that a
machine member fails when the maximum shear stress at a point exceeds the
maximum allowable shear stress for the shaft material. Therefore,
Substituting the values of σx and τxy in the above equation, the final form is,

Therefore, the shaft diameter can be calculated in terms of external loads and
material properties. However, the above equation is further standardized for steel
shafting in terms of allowable design stress and load factors in ASME design code
for shaft.

The bearings are pressed smoothly to fit into the shafts because if
hammered the bearing may develop cracks. Bearing is made upon steel material
and bearing cap is mild steel.

Ball and roller bearings are used widely in instruments and machines in
order to minimize friction and power loss. While the concept of the ball bearing
dates back at least to Leonardo da Vinci, their design and manufacture has
become remarkably sophisticated.

This technology was brought to its p resent state of perfection only

after a long period of research and development. The benefits of such
specialized research can be obtained when it is possible to use a standardized
bearing of the proper size and type. However, such bearings cannot be used
indiscriminately without a careful study of the loads and operating conditions. In
addition, the bearing must be provided with adequate mounting, lubrication and
sealing. Design engineers have usually two possible sources for obtaining
information which they can use to select a bearing for their particular application:

a) Textbooks

b) Manufacturers’
 Catalogs Textbooks are excellent sources; however, they tend to be overly
detailed and aimed at the student of the subject matter rather than the practicing
designer. They, in most cases, contain information on how to design rather than
how to select a bearing for a particular application. Manufacturers’ catalogs, in
turn, are also excellent and contain a wealth of information which relates to the
products of the particular manufacturer. These catalogs, however, fail to provide
alternatives – which may divert the designer’s interest to products not
manufactured by them. Our Company, however, provides the broadest selection
of many types of bearings made by different manufacturers.

For this reason, we are interested in providing a condensed overview of the

subject matter in an objective manner, using data obtained from different texts,
handbooks and manufacturers’ literature. This information will enable the reader
to select the proper bearing in an expeditious manner. If the designer’s interest
exceeds the scope of the presented material, a list of references is provided at the
end of the Technical Section. At the same time, we are expressing our thanks and
are providing credit to the sources which supplied the material presented here.

Construction and Types of Ball Bearings:

A ball bearing usually consists of four parts: an inner ring, an outer ring,
the balls and the cage or separator.

To increase the contact area and permit larger loads to be carried, the balls
run in curvilinear grooves in the rings. The radius of the groove is slightly larger
than the radius of the ball, and a very slight amount of radial play must be
provided. The bearing is thus permitted to adjust itself to small amounts of
angular misalignment between the assembled shaft and mounting. The separator
keeps the balls evenly spaced and prevents them from touching each other on the
sides where their relative velocities are the greatest. Ball bearings are made in a
wide variety of types and sizes. Single-row radial bearings are made in four
series, extra light, light, medium, and heavy, for each bore, as illustrated in Fig.
1-3(a), (b), and (c).

100 Series 200 Series 300 Series Axial Thrust Angular Contact
Self-aligning Bearing Fig. 1-3 Types of Ball Bearings

The heavy series of bearings is designated by 400. Most, but not all,
manufacturers use a numbering system so devised that if the last two digits are
multiplied by 5, the result will be the bore in millimeters.

The digit in the third place from the right indicates the series number. Thus,
bearing 307 signifies a medium-series bearing of 35-mm bore. For additional
digits, which may be present in the catalog number of a bearing, refer to
manufacturer’s details.

Some makers list deep groove bearings and bearings with two rows of
balls. For bearing designations of Quality
Bearings & Components (QBC), see special
pages devoted to this purpose. The radial bearing
is able to carry a considerable amount of axial
thrust. However, when the load is directed
entirely along the axis, the thrust type of bearing
should be used. The angular contact bear- ing will take care of both radial and
axial loads. The self-aligning ball bearing will take care of large
amounts of angular misalignment. An increase in radial capacity may be
secured by using rings with deep grooves, or by employing a double-row radial
bearing. Radial bearings are divided into two general classes, depending on the
method of assembly. These are the Conrad, or no filling-notch type, and the
maximum, or filling-notch type. In the Conrad bearing, the balls are placed
between the rings as shown in Fig. 1-4(a). Then they are evenly spaced and the
separator is riveted in place. In the maximum-type bearing, the balls are a
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 100 Series Extra Light 200 Series Light 300 Series Medium
Axial Thrust Bearing Angular Contact Bearing Self-aligning Bearing Fig. 1-
3 Types of Ball Bearings Fig. 1-4 Methods of Assembly for Ball Bearings
(a) Conrad or non-filling notch type (b) Maximum or filling notch type.

DESIGN OF BALL BEARING:

Bearing No. 6202 (Data book page.no 4.13)

Outer Diameter of Bearing (D) = 35 mm

Thickness of Bearing (B) = 12 mm

Inner Diameter of the Bearing (d) = 15 mm

r₁ = Corner radii on shaft and housing

r₁ = 1(From design data book)

Maximum Speed = 14,000 rpm (From design data book)

Mean Diameter (dm) = (D + d) / 2

= (35 + 15) / 2

dm = 25 mm

Components:

S.no Components Specifications

 1 Dc motor 12v
2 Drive Gear drive
3 Frame Material Mild steel
4 Scraping Blade steel

Result and Discussion

The manufactured scraping machine can be worked just by single phase power
supply. It is in this manner adaptable and straightforward machine with four
scratching sharp edges. The aggregate cost of generation of a unit is assessed to
be including both assembling and work costs. This is moderate for a normal
clients. The execution tests directed showed that high benefits of grinding
efficiencies are achievable when contrasted with existing machines with single
scratching sharp edges.

Conclusion

Scraping is done in quick process than the conventional machines and time and
power consumption is very less. Man power needed is very less and thus this
machine is now implemented in several mass food production areas. The man
power and time consumption for scraping of coconut can be reducedby using
multi blade system using single drive.

Reference:

[1] Satip Rattanapaskorn , and Kiattisak Roonprasang “Design and development

of semi-automatic cutting machine for young coconuts” Mj. Int. J. Sci. Tech.
2008, 1(Special Issue), 1-6.
[2] K.P. Sodavadia and A.H. Makwana “Experimental Investigation on the
Performance of Coconut oil Based Nano Fluid as Lubricants during Turning of
AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel” International Journal of Advanced
Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2250-3234 Volume 4, Number 1 (2014), pp. 55-
60 Research India Publications.
[3]. S. Yahya and I. Mohd Zainal “Design and performance of young coconut
shaping machine” J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 42(1)(2014): 19 – 28.
[4]. Mani A, Jothilingam A “Design and Fabrication of Coconut Harvesting
Robot: COCOBOT” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, Special Issue 3, March 2014.
[6] 3. H. Rajanikanth1 , Prof. Reddy Naik. J2 : “Product Design and Development
of Tender Coconut Punching and Splitting Machine”[3] November 2015
4. Rey, H. D. 1956. Apparatus for splitting coconuts. United States Patent Office
2739630 .
[7]. Harach. C, Jarimopas. B (1995). Young coconut peeling machine. Kasetsart
University Journal (Natural Science), 29, 393–403 (inThai).
[8]. Jarimopas. B, Kuson. P (2007). A young coconut fruit opening machine.
Biosystems Engineering, 98(2), 185– 191.