MIT
MIT
MIT
by
DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF SCIENCE
at the
June 1981
Signature of Author___
Department of Electrical Engineering and 91nputer Sc ien c e
May 15, 1981
Certified b y
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
MC H.fEShairman,
00hLdHac TTS
Departmental Graduate Committee
INSilUT
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUL 3 0 191
LIBRARIES
SPEAKING CLEARLY FOR THE HARD OF HEARING
by
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ORGANIZATIONAL NOTE
INTRODUCTION
General Remarks
Background Information
and speech sounds, and vocal effort. This study will only
normal listeners, and have not tested listeners with hear ing
impairments.
PAGE 11
successful.
syllable duration.
preceding speech.
(1966) found s ign i f icant corre lat ion 5 between CVR and
increase. The fact that Hecker was not able to match the
that his processing may have degraded the signal and/or that
clearly spoken unvoi ced plos ive consonant had much longer
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Object ive
robustness.
Test Materials
sentence:
article noun
both plural and singular noun and verb forms were employed,
one and two syllable words obtained from the Brown corpus
occuring more than four times per million (in the Brown
plural or past tense suffix (-s, -ed, or -d), the word was
Speakers
Recording Procedure
consonant more care fully and with grea ter (vocal) effort
s0
than in co nversationa 1 speech and to av oid slurring words
speaking conversationally.
PAGE 22
were equalized, and the five groups were dubbed onto the
test tape.
Impaired Listeners
Test Conditions
the ORTH system, the speech mate rials were presented with a
and MAX were chosen for each speaker and speaking mode
PAGE 24
and mode).
Experimental Procedure
listener was allowed to select the test ear. For the case
Lippmann's experiments.
PAGE 27
was not tested with an OMCL system. The MCL gains for a
Experimental Results
insertions.
analysis because she was only tested on the ORTH sys tem .
under the ORTH system.) The f undame ntal datum for the
confidence level.
were observed.
listeners with flat audiograms (MF, VF) were very sensi t ive
scores at the MAX level would hav e been subst antially higher
than at MCL. The inse nsi ti v ity to cha nges i n level of the
scores of the sloping loss list eners may re flect the fact
losses.
had less speech energy above threshold for the OMCL system
lis teners tended to get the same words right o r wrong), one
word could then be comp uted by averaging data for all words
probabil ities at the endpo ints. How ever, this effect is not
very dra matic. This sugge sts t hat most l istener err o rs are
seen.
with word position were found for Speaker and Listener, and
reflect the fact that there are fewer adjectives than nouns
such a hypothesis.
interaction.
et al, 1954).
data were not suita ble for phoneme er ror analysis. The other
answer was "star", the f act that the /s/ was deleted was
scores for ind i v idual phonemes were computed for all MCL
character ist ics of his clear sp eech with the clear speec h1 of
degraded under the OMCL system, consistent with the fact the
system.
observed.
DISCUSSION
PAGE 42
hearing-impaired listeners.
the magnitude of- the inte lligib ility differences for sets of
and con versationa 1 speech was very informal and probably not
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OSHIKA, B.T., ZUE, V.W., WEEKS, R.V., NEU, H., and AURBACH,
J. (1975). "The Role of P honological Rules in Speech
Understanding Research," IEEE T rans. Acoustics, Sp eech, and
Signal Processing ASSP-23, 104.
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TYPE
OF TEST HEARING SRT
LISTENER SEX AGE ETIOLOGY LOSS EAR W-22 AID dB ISO
MF F 58 Unknown BF L 48 Yes 70
VF F 61 Unknown BF L 92 Yes 65
GC M 64 Noise US R 28 No 15
Exposure
HS M 54 Noise BS L 64 No 0
Exposure
LF F 24 Congenital BF L 52 Yes 45
Table 3
ORTH SYSTEM
LISTE1NER
MF VF GC HS LF
MCL MAX NCL MAX MCL MAX MCL MAX MCL MAX
OMCL SYSTEM
MM CONV 98 99 98 103 67 72 83 96
MM CLR 98 98 100 106 64 73 87 96
MP CONV 98 98 99 110 65 74 88 97
MP CLR 98 99 102 105 66 73 86 97
TABLE 4
ORTH SYSTEM
CONVERSATIONAL CLEAR
MCL-10 MC L MAX MC L- 10 MCL MAX
MM 12 31 29 32 42 60 65 72
MF MP 12 33 37 51 30 46 53 56
MS 6 24 20 19 12 45 47 51
MM 57 72 70 74 75 86 87 90
VF MP 55 77 83 84 74 81 85 86
MS 41 66 72 65 50 81 81 78
MM 41 32 53 40 61 56 70 64
GC MP 59 49 56 53 6.5 52 65 58
MS 34 35 43 33 61 60 64 49
MM 54 51 53 66 71 77 82 87
HS MP 71 63 58 64 69 74 73 77
MS 49.- 49 42 32 54 76 59 77
MM 47 63 65 68 82 81 82 89
LF MP 61 83 81 78 79 84 83 86
MS 36 70 61 69 66 77 84 73
OMCL SYSTEM
MM 18 28 41 51 44 62 75 69
MF MP 25 52 65 63 36 70 71 65
MS 15 32 35 27 32 55 63 60
MM 52 66 65 78 73 87 93 92
VF MP 40 70 81 82 60 77 84 85
MS 35 51 64 73 49 68 74 79
MM 47 46 44 51 63 63 66 67
GC MP 58 57 59 52 62 57 68 66
MS 49 36 41 43 57 66 57 58
MM 49 70 66 72 75 87 83 91
HS MP 67 73 80 76 82 85 84 82
MS 62 62 60 67 81 83 82 82
TABLE 5
administered.
PAGE 54
SUM OF MEAN
SQUARES SQUARE DF F w (%) FACTOR
TABLE 6
TABLE 7
ORTH SYSTEM
VOICED SON ORANT OBSTRUENT PLACE SIBILANCE
CONV CLR CONV CLR CONV CLR CONV CLR CONV CLR
MM 55 89 72 87 48 77 43 64 15 17
MF MP 69 78 71 88 61 56 38 60 4 13
MS 47 71 71 84 42 59 36 44 0 22
riM 82 99 96 98 79 89 78 89 16 16
VF MP 92 93 98 98 86 91 86 87 27 23
MS 96 96 93 95 75 84 77 80 26 27
OMCL SYSTEM
MM 61 82 75 88 60 82 38 63 59 23
MF MP 80 89 85 91 78 77 59 78 13 11
MS 61 79 79 91 63 68 41 66 18 15
MM
H 81 95 92 96 73 95 73 92 13 23
VF MP 87 88 88 98 84 86 81 84 15 15
MS 80 80 93 95 71 77 62 70 17 15
TABLE 8
Ana lysi s.
PAGE 57
Listener MF
CONV-ORTH
Speaker Sonorant Voicing Fri cat ion P1ace
Sibi lance
MM 719 . 548 .476 .431 .147
MP 711 .689 .612 .375 .407
MS 712 .474 .422 .363 .044
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 866 .890 .772 .643 167
MP 875 .782 .557 .595 079
MS 836 .705 .590 .442 215
CONV-0MC L
MM 749 .608 .595 .377 587
MP 854 .796 .781 .589 126
MS 785 .614 .634 .410 178
CLEAR-0MCL
MM 875 .822 .819 629 229
MP 912 .888 .774 783 109
MS 909 .794 ..693 660 149
Listener VF
CONV-ORTH
MM .960 .820 .786 778 155
MP .978 .908 .862 859 272
MS .960 .927 .948 769 256
CLEAR-ORTH
MM .977 .989 .894 892 161
MP .983 .930 .905 866 248
MS .963 .950 .841 795 268
CONV-OMCL
MM .922 .808 .728 729 125
MP .969 .870 .836 808 145
MS .926 .804 .712 617 166
CLEAR-OMCL
MM .960 .953 .950 913 231
MP .965 .977 .855 840 151
MS .953 .800 .765 703 146
TABLE 9
130 00
110
90
70 x
x
50
VF
30
10'-;:
10 104 102 103
2j
0L
C,, 130 0
o--o----o-il--o--o
co
a 110
90 x
U) x
70
50
x GC. X.X"'* HS
30
0 10,2 3
CU) 10 1' 10 10 10
10
130 x-x DETECTION
110 THRESHOLD
- /
90 0-0 DISCOMFORT
70 THRESHOLD
50 0----0 DISCOMFORT
LF . THRESHOLD
30
ABOVE 120 DB
10 ' 2 3
10 10 1
FREQUENCY (KHZ)
DAY 1 | 1 | | 2 | | 3 I DAY 2 | 4 || 5 H 6 |
ORTH | CONV || CLR || CONV | OMCL I CLR || CONV || CLR
S1 I I1 || 12 || 13 | S2 1I2 || 13 || Il
I SL1 || SL2 II SL3 | | SLI || SL2 || SL3
DAY 3 I 7 I| 8 || 9 I DAY 4 I 10 || 11 || 12
ORTH | CLR || CONV || CLR I OMCL | CLR || CONV || CLR
S3 | 13 || II || 12 | Sl | I1 || 12 || I3
| SL1 || SL2 || SL3 | | SL5 || SL6 || SL7
DAY 5 | 13 || 14 || 15 I DAY 6 I 16 || 17 I| 18
ORTH | CONV | CLR || CONV | OMCL | CONV || CLR || CONV
S2 1 12 || 13 || I1 | S3 1I3 1|
Il | 12I
| SL5 || SL6 || SL7 | | SL5 || SL6 || SL7
DAY 7 | 19 || 20 || 21 | DAY 8 | 22 || 23 H 24
ORTH | CLR || CONV || CLR I o MC L | CONV || CLR || CONV
S1 1I3 || 12 || Il | S2 I I1 I| 13 | 12I
| SL3 || SL2 I| SL1 I | SL3 || SL2 || SL I
DAY 9 I 25 || 26 || 27 I DAY 10 1 28 || 29 || 30 1
ORTH | CONV || CLR || CONV I o MC L | CONV || CLR || CONV
S3 112 || I1 || 113 S1 1I3 || 12 Il
| SL3 || SL2 || SL1 | | SL7 || SL6 || SL5
DAY 1 1| 31 || 32 | 33 | DAY 1 21 34 | | 35 | . 36
ORTH I CLR || CONV || CLR | oMC L |1 CLR | | CONV | CLR
S2 I Il || 13 || 12 1 S 3 |1 12 | | II | 13
| SL7 || SL6 || SL5 I |1 SL7 | | SL6 | SL5
Figure 2
Experimental Plan
AFTER AFTER
DAY 3 1 1| 2 || 3 1 DAY 6 4 11 5 || 6 1
ORTH I CONV || CLR || CONV I OMCL I CLR || CONV I| CLR I
I2 I S1 || S2 | S3 I 12 I S3 |S S3 || S1 |
I SL4 |-SL4 II SL4 I | SL8 Ii SL8 II SL3 |
AFTER AFTER
DAY 9 7 I| 8 |I 9 I DAY 1 2 | 10 | | 11 | | 12 |
ORTH I CLR I| CONV || CLR I OMCL I CONV | | CLR | | CONV |
12 | S3 || S2 || Si I 12 | S1 | | S2 | | S3 |
I SL4 II SL4 H SL4 I | SL 3 || SL8 | | SL3 I
Figure 3
Additional Experiments
TAPE RECORDER
1I
I
ATTENUATOR
HEADPHONES
40
VF
30
20
10
0 ******,@
e-e-e*,e
-10' 2 4 2
10 10 10 103
z
40
I-
GCee. . HS
30
L
20
C /
z 10 '~eeee - . se*
0
-10
1 )2 10 4 102
40
LF
30 .
20 -
10 -
-10 2
10
FREQUENCY (KHZ)
Figure 5. OMCL
frequency gain
characteristics chosen
by impaired listeners.
Page 63
100 I I
90
80
70
x
60
0
U
Cl) 50
0
0
40
30 - 0-0 MM
20 MP
10 - x- x MS
I I
0
CONV CLEAR
SPEAKING MODE
100
90
80
70
60 +
40
40- -- *MF -
30 - --- 0 VF
20 - x-. x GC
10- +---+ HS
01 1
CONV CLEAR
SPEAKING MODE
100
90~
80 ~
70 - ...... . -+--
60 -
o -.---------------- x .------ -
o) 50 -
40~ MF
30 - VF
20 ~ x---- x GC
10 +---+ HS
0
MCL-10 MCL MAX
PRESENTATION LEVEL
100 I I I I
90
80
70 0~
- ~
60
0
U) 50 4,/0 X0
0
0
40 ~ a x ~
30
OMCL
20 MM
ORTH a---- MP
X-- X MS
10
0
MF VF GC HS
LISTENER
100 I
90
80
0 S
70
S
-.
60 .- X
0
Xe
50
0
40 x-
30
OMCL
20 *-* MM
ORTH a----a MP
10 x- x MS
I I I
0
MCL-10 MCL MAX
PRESENTATION LEVEL
100
90
80
70
I-
60 ~~
-
0
50
0
0 40
30
RETEST
20 ~** ORTH -
TEST a----a OMCL
10
~ ~I
0
MF VF GC HS
LISTENER
0.5
CONV
0.4
0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3 4
0.5
CLEAR
0.4 -
0.3 ~
0.0
0 1 2 3 4
NUMBER OF CORRECT RESPONSES PER WORD
100.0
L-
75.0 .-
0
50.0
25.0
NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 1 SENTENCE
100.0
0 75.0~
U 'ft"f ". 1% O 1
S50.0 '....
25.0
ADJ NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 2 SENTENCE
100.0 I I I
75.0 o
0
*
cr_
0
0 50.0
I I I
25.0
NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 1 SENTENCE
100.0
- ~
75.0
0
CC)
0
0
50.0 4b.
x
- --
25.0
ADJ NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 2 SENTENCE
100.0
75.0 0 0 - : ::-....:-+-
0 x.. .-- X
- ..-------- *
0
50.0
I I *
25.0
NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 1 SENTENCE
100.0 I I i
75.0
0
00
0
50.0
I I i i
25.0
ADJ NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 2 SENTENCE
100 1 . 1 1
96 CONV CLEAR
92
0-0
w 88 -0 / ,x -/
x
84 ~ -
80-
z 76 - -
010N 72 -I MM
68 - MP
a---- MP
64 -X... x MS
60 1 1 1
FRIC PLOS SEMI NASAL VOWEL
PHONEME CLASS
100 I I I I I
95 O~-....o
~EJ
90 '%
Ek
\0
F- 85 0
U
wU \~
0
0 80 - '0
0
C-, 0
75
-0
z
0 70
r
CL
65 -
0
60 *-- MF
a----a VF
55
ORTH OMCL
I
50
FRIC PLOS SEMI NASAL VOWEL
PHONEME CLASS
100
95
0,%
90
85 - ~ % ~
z
I- 80 4,-
0
z 75
0
70
z 65
0
60 -*--* CONV-
0
55 - 0----0 CLEAR'-
50
SONOR VOICE OBSTR PLACE
ARTICULATORY FEATURE
INTRODUCTION
General Remarks
Mater ia ls
Zue, 1976; Klatt, 1975). The phonetic labels for all three
etc.
PAGE 79
phonetic ch anges, long and short term RMS spectra, form ant
deta i 1.
General Remarks
all speakers.
speec h.
Prosodic Phenomena
are shown in Table 1. They range from 160 to 200 wpm for
durations a re much les s than the 250 msec durat ion commonly
case, except that here, all pause 'time is excluded from the
monosyllables*.
loss in naturalness.
for speaker "CC" and data from Peter son and Lehi ste (1960)
difference. Except for NP, 0 nly VOT's for unvoiced plosi ves
FO. Fig ure 12 dis plays (averag ed over all 50 sentences) the
value).
Phonological Phenomena
the sonorant.
position.
two-thirds res u lted from vowel r educt ion, the rest resulted
from pronuncia t ion changes suc h as /a wr/ -> /ar/. The vowel
and MS.
Phonetic Phenomena
PAGE 95
s(n) = Signal
msec)
and the RMS i ntensity in the final vowel averaged over all
were made.
studies.
dB), and nasals and semivowels did not show any substantial
(Wi lliams et al. 1966) repo rts postvocalic Cv rat ios for
plosi ves ra ng ing from -24 to -32 dB; a dmi ttedly, the
in other stu dies, even in Chen ' s study on plosi ves spoken
conversati ona lly and c lear ly. Again, however, the wide
increase vocal effo rt, a speaker 's CV ratio decr eases, not
0 utput.
rate decreased. Gay (1978) o bse rved no such effect, but the
lip rounding.
Spec if ica lly, the spectra of /t/ and /s/ (the most fre quent 1 y
The resul ts are shown in Figures 19 and 20. For these cases,
is the result.
PAGE 102
DISCUSSION
Acoustical Measurements
However, only data for /t/ and /s/ were examined, for which
I
PAGE 106
Detai led phoneme error analyses were only feasible for two
adjective and the verb. However, many other vari ables were
conversati onal speech in word medial and word fi nal posi t ion
when foll owed by other pos i ves and fri cat iv es. It is
p los i ves, but t hat the in tell igi bility of both increa S ed in
aids, it is obvio us that the relat ionship between aco ust ical
could be attempted.
PAGE 112
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABRAMS, M.H., GOF FARD, S.J., MILLER, J., SANFORD, F.H., and
STEVENS, S.S. ( 1944). "Speech Intelligibility in Noise,"
ORSD Report-4023.
HORII, Y., HOUSE, A.S., LI, K .P., and RINGEL, R.L. (1973).
"Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Produced Without Oral
Sensation, " J. Speech and Hear ing Research 16, 6 7.
OSHIKA, B.T., ZUE, V.W., WEEKS, R.V., NEU H., and AURBACH
J. (1975). "The Role of Phonological Rules in Speec h
Understanding Research," IEEE Trans. Aco ust i cs, Spe ech, an d
Signal Processing ASSP-23, 104.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
Algorithm 1).
time.
time.
t ime.
Reference
CONVERSATIONAL CLEAR
SPEECH SPEECH
MM 205 101
MP 160 91
MS 199 101
TABLE I
M
m 4.2 3.9 2.2 1.9
TABLE 2
without pauses.
PAGE 121
TYPE 1
NOUN VERB
PROB LENGTH PROB LENGTH
MM CONV .14 19. .13 57.
MM CLEAR .71 114. .91 123.
MP CONV .14 134. .13 92.
MM CLEAR 1.00 109. .91 122.
MS CONV .14 41. .13 74.
MS CLEAR .93 141. .91 169.
NO. OF DATA
POINTS 14 23
TYPE 2
ADJ NOUN VERB
PROB LENGTH PROB LENGTH PROB L ENGTH
MM CONV .43 56. .13 69. .21 47.
MM CLEAR .57 127. .69 188. .83 137.
MP CONV .14 62. .13 76. .09 67.
MM CLEAR .93 129. 1.00 121. 1.00 127.
MS CONV .43 76. .13 90. .26 54.
MS CLEAR .71 125. 1.00 185. 1.00 208.
NO. OF DATA
POINTS 14 16 23
TABLE 3
adjectives) sentences.
at
PAGE 122
w 1
NO. OF DATA
POINTS. 5 6 4
TABLE 4
MM MP MS
CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR
CON FUN CON FUN CON FUN CON FUN CON FUN CON FUN
VR 28 88 18 47 23 83 23 36 35 88 20 33
BE 39 9 8 9 24 7 9 12 41 14 16 10
D 6 1 0 1 5 1 1 1 7 1 2 1
AF 4 5 2 1 3 5 2 1 3 3 2 0
SI 1 0 38 0 1 0 36 2 2 0 21 3
MSD 9 13 2 6 6 19 2 6 13 15 3 4'
TABLE 5
VR : Vowel Reduction
BE : Burst Elimination
D : Degemination
AF : Alveolar Flapping
SI Sound Insertion
MSD: Miscellaneous Sound Deletions
CON: Content Words
FUN: Function Words
PAGE 124
PREVOCALIC
MM MP MS N
CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR
p -23 - 8 -16 -4 -21 -16 16
t -17 - 9 -11 -4 -16 -12 18
k -18 - 6 -11 -5 -18 -14 19
d -20 -15 -13 -13 -18 -14 16
g -16 -13 -11 - 8 -15 -14 8
f -23 -12 -25 -28 -23 -29 9
th -25 -19 -17 -17 -23 -22 3
s -10 - 5 - 8 -11 -14 -12 24
sh -11 - 3 - 5 -2 - 8 -6 8
v -17 -14 -16 -15 -18 -11 2
POSTVOCALIC
TABLE 6
- m Dh
p~~
quick
r world
~I'rrr Muct
CCNVE SATIONAL
I 4
3
2
14 I
0
1 =A S p a 8 tae f I g
ht s kwi w
CLEAR
I
7
Ik
4
I 01
.........
Ia JlIil
IfT1
0'
hI z k wit w w I di m A 8 t p a s a f 1 * gi
- SPECTROGRACS
OF HI CK WOODKWST
PASS IN
A FLAV
FORCLEAR
AND
CONVERSATIONIAL
SPEECH.
9u
03~
Page 127
100
90-~
80
70
60
0
(n 50
40-
30 - MM
20 - MP
10 - X-~~ x MS -
0
CONV CLEAR
SPEAKING MODE
45.0
MM CONV MM CLEAR
30.0
15.0
0.0 a 1 4 I23
5
(n 0 10 20 30 40 5C o 10 20 3040 50
a.. 45.0
MP CONV
O
30.0
U-
15.0
z
*1 W WI'
I.! \%.AK..
o 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 5C 0 10 20 30 40 50
45.0
MS CONV
30.0
15.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
PAUSE LENGTH (CSEC)
400 I I I
FUNCTION WORDS
300
U I]2OCLEAR
z
0 200
D= 0
0
100
2
41 aCONV
I I I
0
1000
CONTENT WORDS
U 750
2
aCLEAR
z
0 500
~ -
250 - 2UCONV
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
1000
WU
800 ~2aC
2
CL - *.
z
0
Cr 600 -t
----------------- 4--- -----
x-
0
3: 400
2aco
200
NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 1 SENTENCE
1000
Lii
800 ~-2aCL ---- x --- p
--
z
0 -xe
600
0
400
.2aco
200
ADJ NOUN VERB NOUN
TYPE 2 SENTENCE
300
LAX VOWELS
U) 200 CL
200
6 100}-2
z 20 C -0 -
300
D 42ac TENSE VOWELS
0
0 100}
~-
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
500 |
400 2aCL
0 //-x
L-X
300 -2co /
XX
x-x
/
1002- -
0
UNV UNV NAS VOIC VOIC OPEN
PLOS FRIC PLOS FRIC SYL
3 5 2 2 3 1
POSTVOCALIC CONSONANT
500 I
X
400
200-~
00
300
-a-
200 I "2aCL
C') 'Itj
z
0
0
100
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
300
WORD-INITIAL POSITION
(1 200 .2CL
Z
0
CC
10 0 2 *
OC
300
POSTVOCALIC POSITION
U) 200 .2CL
z
0
Cr 100-
2a"co
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
240
UNVOICED PLOSIVES
160 - 2 'CL ~
z
0
80
j2aco
60
VOICED PLOSIVES
wU . 2aCL
40
z
0 - ~
F:
20
2aco
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
400
UNVOICED FRICATIVES
U 300
LCL - L2acL
(I)
Z
o 200
j2aco
o 100
200
VOICED FRICATIVES
5 150 ----
woww
w 2 CL
z
o 100-
50 ~ 2aco
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
400
WORD-INITIAL POSITION -iNNN
-{
N
2 aCL
300
N 5
z
0 200
FQ * --
2
100 aco
i I I
0
400 I I
WORD-MEDIAL POSITION
300
-} 2 aTCL
L
e0
Lo
z
0 200 0
0 100 2aco
i i I
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
200
NASALS
U 150 - CL 00-
z
o 100
1=
50 -12aco
0 1
240
SEMIVOWELS
3 180 - -
_ 1 CL
z
o 120
D 2a
O 60 - co-
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
100 1
MM CONV MM CLEAR
50
0
70 170 270 70 170 270
100
0
0- MP CONV MP CLEAR
x
~~ 50
0
70 170 270 70 170 270
100 1 1
MS CONV MS CLEAR
50
0
70 170 270 70 170 270
FO (Hz)
240
N
z 200
e
U-160 -2
S120
80
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
-20 I iF
I I I I I I I I i iI
-30
C',
.1
0 x
z -40 x
w
H x,.
0
0 -50 *-* MM xx
..
0 4
o----a MP
H x------ xMS
'x
-60
-70 I
I
I
I
I II II liiiI I I
I I I I I I I I I
FREQUENCY (HZ)
10 I i 7iI
8
()
x.'... X./X
H 2 -X -
>-2 0
x
00
.. .. x MS
S -
1-
0 -4 ax----a-M
-8-
-1 . IM I I i i I I I 1 1
10 101
FREQUENCY (HZ)
- 2\
CI) 4
LU C]0
z
0
MM MP MS
SPEAKER
2600
2100 -1
1600
F-
0zI 1600
o I
0 a
1100 ,
----- x
600
300 450 600 750 900
FIRST FORMANT (HZ)
2600
2100 -
e-
5 1600- I
z
O
1100 - Ua
W
j-
C
600
300 450 600 750 900
FIRST FORMANT (HZ)4
2600
2100 ~
N e*%
0
LL
1600 ~
zI
0I
oU I
u ow
1100 - x- -
--
600
300 450 600 750 900
FIRST FORMANT (HZ)
2600
2100
N
z x
1600
z x
0
1100-
600 * I
300 450 600 750 900
FIRST FORMANT (HZ)
2600
2100
I-
z 1>
1600
00 46 0
30 45 60 5090
2600
2100
F-
o
LL
1600 -
z
0 z*
1100-
600 1
300 450 600 750 900
FIRST FORMANT (HZ)
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-10 M
-20
-30
z -40
z
-50
-60
-70
FREQUENCY (KHz)
Figure 18. Average long-term spectra of /s/. Spectra for clear speech
indicated by dotted line. Conversational speech indicated with solid line.
Standard deviation in y direction is approximately 5 dB.
Page 152
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 -
-10 MS
S-20
-30
z -40
-50
-60
-70n 1
FREQUENCY (KHz)
INTRODUCTION
the clear sentences was subs tanti al ly high er than that of the
occur in a "na tural" manner. The main dis adva ntage of this
(Malah, 1979).
PAGE 156
PRIOR WORK
normal-hearing listeners.
test mat er ials were CID-22 words The inte iligibility sco res
compression and time ex pans ion. The decre ase in scores was
Beasley, 1978) have inv estigate d time comp ression and fo und
that the change in speak ing rate associated wit h clear sp eec h
listener. For these rea sons, the results of pr evi ous work on
speech.
METHOD OF STUDY
that of his clear speech was 101 wpm. After processing with
speech was 100 wpm, and that of his clear speech was 200 wpm.
cha nge in the sho rt- term s pect rum of peech with out altering
experiments.
RESULTS
the scores do not return to exactly the same level as for the
extraneous distortion.
DISCUSSION
scores of the unprocessed spee ch. This result in'di cates that
gene ral trend of the results wo uld have remained the same.
rate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MF 30 63 23 27 26 57
VF 71 87 54 60 64 80
GC 43 63 34 34 40 46
HS 56 80 29 36 40 59
LF 64 82 62 69 72 84
AVE 53 75 40 45 48 65
TABLE I
100 I I
94
88
82 ~
o 76 - 0
o 64 -
58 -/-
52
46 ~d0-
1 1 1
40
FRIC PLOS SEMI NASAL VOWEL
100
94 -
88 - -
82 --
76 -0-
40
40
APPENDIX A
PP - p as in pot
TT - t " " top
KK - k cop
BB - b " " bat
DD - d " " dog
GG - g " " goat
FF - f " " fine
SS - s " " sat
SH - sh " " should
TH - th " " thin
VV - v " " vat
ZZ - z " "V zoo
ZH - z " " azure
DH - th " " those
CH - ch " " choose
JH - j joint
MM - m" man
NG - ng " sing
NN - n "V "V new
WW - w " " win
YY - y " " young
RR - r " " rat
LL - 1 " " louse
HH - h " " hard
IY - ee " " beet
IH - i " " bit
EY - ai " " bait
EH - e " " bet
UW - oo " " boot
UU - u " " put
AA - a " " father
PAGE 171
AO oa " boat
AW ou "T bought
AE a "V bat
UH u " but
ER er " " Bert
OY oi " join
AY " bite
oN ou "V " house
YU eau " beautiful
For nouns, two numbers are reported for word frequency. The
first number is the word frequency of th e singular noun fo rm,
the second, the plural form. Three w ord frequencies are
reported for verbs. The first two are t he same as for nou ns,
while the third is for the past ten se of the verb. In
addition, the prepositions allowed to follow each verb are
given, as well as an indication as to w hether the past te nse
is an irregular form (signified by a leading |1)., and an
indication that the verb must always be followed with a
preposition (signified by a leading %%).
PAGE 172
ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
15 APT AEPPTT
27 BACK BBAEKK
133 BAD BBAEDD
28 BARE BBEYRR
76 BASE BBEYSS
34 BENT BBEHNNTT
351 BEST BBEHSSTT
324 BIG BBIHGG
9 BLACK BBLLAEKK
11 BLANK BBLLAENGKK
9 BLEAK BBLLIYKK
42 BLIND BBLLAYNNDD
11 BLOND BBLLAANNDD
15 BLUE BBLLUW
6 BLUNT BBLLUHNNTT
20 BOLD BBAOLLDD
18 BRASS BBRRAESS
18 BRAVE BBRREYVV
63 BRIEF BBRRIYFF
77 BRIGHT BBRRAYTT
7 BRISK BBRRIHSSKK
82 BROAD BBRRAWDD
5 BROKE BBRRAOKK
62 BROWN BBRROWNN
6 BURNT BBERNNTT
22 CALM KKAAMM
23 CHEAP CHIYPP
29 CHIEF CHIYFF
5 CHOICE CHOYSS
48 CLEAN KKLLIYNN
196 CLEAR KKLLIYRR
72 CLOSE KKLLAOSS
10 COARSE KKAWRRSS
22 COLD KKAOLLDD
49 COOL KKUWLL
18 CROSS KKRRAWSS
15 CRUDE KKRRUWDD
15 CRUEL KKRRUWLL
5 CUTE KKYUTT
16 DAMP DDAEMMPP
22 DARK DDAARRKK
162 DEAD DDEHDD
11 DEAF DDEHFF
45 DEAR DDIYRR
85 DEEP DDIYPP
9 DENSE DDEHNNSS
5 DIM DDIHMM
5 DRAB DDRRAEBB
20 DRUNK DDRRUHNGKK
52 DRY DDRRAY
99 DUE DDUW
26 DULL DDUHLL
PAGE 173
14 DUMB DDUHMM
183 EAST IYSSTT
359 END EHNNDD
25 FAINT FFEYNNTT
63 FAIR FFEYRR
8 FAKE FFEYKK
27 FALSE FFAWLLSS
35 FAR FFAARR
31 FAST FFAESSTT
47 FAT FFAETT
8 FIERCE FFIYRRSS
6 FINE FFAYNN
59 FIRM FFERMM
14 FIT FFIHTT
10 FLAT FFLLAETT
5 FLUSH FFLLUHSH
13 FOND FFAANNDD
8 FRAIL FFRREYLL
18 FRANK FFRRAENNKK
223 FREE FFRRIY
79 FRESH FFRREHSH
142 FRONT FFRRUHNNTT
219 FULL FFUHLL
6 GAUNT GGAWNNTT
26 GAY GGEY
38 GLAD GGLLAEDD
12 GOLD GGAOLLDD
707 GOOD GGUUDD
30 GRAND GGRRAENNDD
19 GRAVE GGRREYVV
5 GRAY GGRREY *
595 GREAT GGRREYTT
20 GREEN GGRRIYNN
6 GREY GGRREY
14 GRIM GGRRIHMM
18 GROSS GGRRAOSS
152 HARD HHAARRDD
12 HARSH HHARSH
7 HIGH HHAY
5 HOARSE HHAWRRSS
123 HOT HHAATT
55 HUGE HHYUJH
11 HURT HHERTT
21 ILL IHLL
16 JOINT JHOYNNTT
21 JUST JHUHSSTT
11 KEEN KKIYNN
295 KIND KKAYNNDD
354 LARGE LLAARRJH
8 LAST LLAESSTT
130 LATE LLEYTT
13 LEAN LLIYNN
126 LEFT LLEHFFTT
61 LIGHT LLAYTT
PAGE 174
9 LIMP LLIHMMPP
20 LIVE LLIHVV
8 LONE LLAONN
521 LONG LLAWNG
41 LOOSE LLUWSS
173 LOST LLAWSSTT
14 LOUD LLOWDD
143 LOW LLAO
5 LUSH LLUHSH
35 MAD MMAEDD
10 MAIN MMEYNN
13 MALE MMEYLL
29 MEAN MMIYNN
47 MERE MMIYRR
14 MILD MMAYLLDD
5 MOCK MMAAKK
11 MOIST MMOYSSTT
16 NEAR NNIYRR
21 NEAT NNIYTT
13 NET NNEHTT
1057 NEW NNUW
74 NICE NNAYSS
206 NORTH NNAWRRTH
19 NUDE NNUWDD
10 NULL NNUHLL
44 ODD AADD
582 OLD AOLLDD
57 PALE PPEYLL
99 PAST PPAESSTT
8 PET PPEHTT
46 PINK PPIYNNKK
36 PLAIN PPLLEYNN
105 POOR PPUWRR
36 PRIME PPRRAYMM
6 PROMPT PPRRAAM1PPTT
11 PRONE PPRRAONN
50 PROUD PPRROWDD
55 PURE PPYURR
12 QUAINT KKWWEYNNTT
6 QUEER KK.WWIYRR
59 QUICK KKWWIHKK
41 RARE RREYRR
43 RAW RRAW
232 REAL RRIYLL
28 REAR RRIYRR
6 RED RREHDD
70 RICH RRIHCH
132 RIGHT RRAYTT
11 RIPE RRAYPP
40 ROUGH RRUHFF
13 ROUND RROWNNDD
6 RUDE RRUWDD
32 SAD SSAEDD
51 SAFE SSEYFF
PAGE 175
35 TOUGH TTUHFF
5 TRIM TTRRIHMM
224 TRUE TTRRUW
10 VAIN VVEYNN
61 VAST VVAESSTT
5 VILE VVAYLL
64 WARM WW'AARRMM
32 WEAK WWIYKK
9 WEIRD WWIYRRDD
14 WELL WWEHLL
235 WEST WWEHSSTT
47 WET WWEHTT
8 WHITE HWAYTT
50 WHOLE HHAOLL
115 WIDE WWAYDD
51 WILD WWAYLLDD
33 WISE WWAYZZ
34 WORST WWERSSTT
8 WRONG RRAWNG
5 WRY RRAY
363 YOUNG YYUHNG
PAGE 177
TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
9 COMPACT KKAAMM''--PPAEKKTT
161 COMPLETE KKAAMM''--PPLLIYTT
59 COMPLEX KKAAMM''--PPLLEHKKSS
20 CONCRETE KKAANN''--KKRRIYTT
46 CONSCIOUS KKAANN''--SHUHSS
59 CONSTANT KKAANN''--SSTTAENNTT
9 CONTENT KKAANN''--TTEHNNTT
6 CORDIAL KKAWRR''--JHUHLL
39 CORRECT KKAW--RREHKK(TT''
7 CORRUPT KKAW--RRUHPPTT''
18 COSMIC KKAAZZ''--MMIHKK
16 COSTLY KKAWSSTT''--LLIY
14 COUNTLESS KKAONNTT''--LLEHSS
32 CRAZY KKRREY''--ZZIY
5 CRIMSON KKRRIHMMri''--ZZIHNN
7 CROWDED KKRROW''--DDEHDD
29 CRUCIAL KKRRUW''--SHUHLL
5 CURLY KI(ER''--LLIY
81 CURRENT KKUH''--RREHNNTT
43 DAILY DDEY''--LLIY
6 DAPPER DDAE''--PPER
18 DEADLY DDEHDD''--LLIY
20 DECENT DDIY''--SSEHNNTT
5 DINGY DDIHNN''--JHIY
108 DIRECT DDIH--RREHKKTT''
36 DIRTY DDER''--TTIY
7 DISCRETE DDIHSS--KKRRIYTT''
8 DISMAL DDIHZZ''--MMUHLL
36 DISTANT DDIH''--SSTTIHNNTT
42 DISTINCT DDIH--SSTTIYNGKKTT
13 DIVERSE DDAY--VVERSS''
27 DIVINE DDIH--VVAYNN''
36 DOUBLE DDUH''--BBIHLL
21 DOUBTFUL DDOWTT''--FFUULL
7 DOWNWARD DDOWNN''--WWERDD
11 DRASTIC DDRRAE''--SSTTIHKK
10 DREADFUL DDRREHDD''--FFUULL
6 DREARY DDRRIY''--RRIY
6 DRUNKEN DDRRUHNG''--KKIHNN
16 DUSTY DDUH''--SSTTIY
34 DYING DDAY''--IYNG
27 EAGER IY''--GGER
242 EARLY ER''--LLIY
15 EARNEST ER''--NNEHSSTT
6 EARTHLY ERTH''--LLIY
10 EARTHY ER''--THIY
11 EASTERN IYSS''--TTERNN
111 EASY IY''--ZZIY
64 EMPTY EHMMPP''--TTIY
20 ENDLESS EHNNDD''--LLEHSS
148 ENTIRE EHNN''--TTAYRR
82 EQUAL IY''--KKWWAALL
8 ERECT IY--RREHKKTT''
13 ETHNIC EHTH''--NNIHKK
PAGE 179
25 EVEN IY''--VVEHNN
39 EVIL IY"'--VVIHLL
27 EXACT EHGG--ZZAEKKTT''
19 EXCESS EHKK''--SSEHSS
11 EXPERT EHKK''--SSPPERTT
5 EXPRESS EHKK''--SSPPRREHSS
48 EXTRA EHKK''--SSTTRRAA
53 EXTREME EHKK''--SSTTRRIYMM
10 FAITHFUL FFEYTH''--FFUULL
34 FALLEN FFAW''--LLEHNN
89 FAMOUS FFEY''--MMUHSS
6 FANCY FFAENN''--SSIY
32 FARTHER FFAARR''--DHER
19 FATAL FFEY''--TTUHLL
7 FATTY FFAE''--TTIY
8 FAULTY FFAWLL''--TTIY
13 FEARFUL FFIYRR''--FFUHLL
6 FEARLESS FFIYRR''--LLIHSS
8 FEEBLE FFIY''--BBUHLL
20 FEMALE FFIY''--MMEYLL
5 FERTILE FFER''--TTIHLL
5 FERVENT FFER''--VVIHNNTT
6 FEUDAL FFYU''--DDUHLL
7 FIERY FFAY''--RRIY
7 FILTHY FFIHLL''--THIY
142 FINAL FFAY''--NNUHLL
10 FINITE FFAY''--NNAYTT
16 FOOLISH FFUW''--LLIHSH
139 FOREIGN FFAA''--RRIHNN
47 FORMAL FFAWRR''--MMUHLL
131 FORMER FFAWRR''--MMER
6 FORTHRIGHT FFAWTH''--RRAYTT
18 FORWARD FFAWRR''---WWERDD
10 FRAGILE FFRRAE''--JHIHLL
11 FRANTIC FFRRAENN''--TTIHKK
32 FREQUENT FFRRIY''--KKNWEHNNTT
59 FRIENDLY FFRREHNN''--DDLLIY
6 FRIGHTFUL FFRRAYTT''--FFUHLL
5 FRIGID FFRRIH''--JHIHDD
27 FROZEN FFRRAO''--ZZEHNN
7 FRUITFUL FFRRUWTT''--FFUHLL
5 FRUITLESS FFRRUWTT''--LLEHSS
39 FUNNY FFUH''--NNIY
74 FURTHER FFER''--DHER
6 FUTILE FFYU''--TTIHLL
109 FUTURE FFYU''--CHER
7 FUZZY FFUH''--ZZIY
5 GALLANT GGAE''--LLIHNNTT
7 GAUDY GGAW''--DDIY
26 GENTLE JHEHNN''--TTIHLL
6 GHASTLY GGAE''--SSTTLLIY
13 GIFTED GGIHFF''--TTEHDD
5 GIRLISH GGER''--LLIHSH
7 GLARING GGLLEH''--RRIYNG
PAGE 180
24 GOLDEN GGAOLL''--DDIHNN
7 GORGEOUS GGAWRR''--JHUHSS
10 GRACEFUL GGRREYSS''--FFUHLL
9 GRACIOUS GGRREY''--SHUHSS
5 GRAPHIC GGRRAE''--FFIHKK
8 GREASY GGRRIY''--SSIY
5 GREEDY GGRRIY''--DDIY -
29 GUILTY GGIHLL''--TTIY
5 HAIRY HHEY''--RRIY
40 HANDSOME HHAENNDD''--SSUHMM
13 HANDY HHAENN''--DDIY
91 HAPPY HHAE''--PPIY
6 HARDY HHAR''--DDIY
5 HARMLESS HHARMM''--LLIHSS
5 HASTY HHEY''--SSTTIY
5 HAZY HHEY''--ZZIY
33 HEALTHY HHEHLL''--THIY
108 HEAVY HHEH''--VVIY
28 HELPFUL HHEHLLPP''--FFUULL
21 HELPLESS HHEHLLPP''--LLIHSS
20 HIDDEN HHIH''--DDEHNN
8 HOLLOW HHAA''--LLAO
19 HOLY HHAO''--LLIY
47 HONEST AA''--NNEHSSTT
19 HOSTILE HHAA''--SSTTIHLL
261 HUMAN HHYU''--MIiIN
5 HUMANE HHYU''--MMEYNN
17 HUMBLE HHUHMM''--BBIHLL
23 HUNGRY HHUHNG''--GGRRIY
12 ICY AY''--SSIY
45 IDEAL AY--DDIYLL''
11 IDLE AY''--DDIHLL
14 IMMENSE IH--MMEHNNSS'
53 INNER IH''--NNER
13 INSANE IHNN--SSEYNN''
7 INSIDE IHNN--SSAYDD''
5 INSTANT IHNN''--SSTTAENNTT
14 INTACT IHNN--TTAEKKTT''
40 INTENSE IHNN--TTEHNNSS''
6 JUICY JHYU''--SSIY
20 JUNIOR JHYUNN''--YYAWRR
5 KINDLY KKAYNNDD''--LLIY
9 LAZY LLEY''--ZZIY
71 LEGAL LLIY''--GGUHLL
11 LENGTHY LLEHNN''--THIY
8 LESSER LLEH''--SSER
5 LETHAL LLIY''--THUHLL
15 LEVEL LLEH''--VVUHLL
19 LIQUID LLIH''--KKWWIHDD
285 LITTLE LLIH''--TTIHLL
275 LOCAL LLAO''--KKUHLL
5 LOFTY LLAWFF''--TTIY
11 LOUSY LLOW''--ZZIY
9 LOWER LLAO''--WWER
PAGE 181
20 LUCKY LLUH''--KKIY
10 LUNAR LLUW''--NNER
5 LYRIC LLIH''--RRIHKK
21 MAGIC MMAE''--JHIHKK
220 MAJOR MMEY''--JHER
7 MAPLE MMEY''--PPUHLL
21 MARBLE MMAARR''--BBUHLL
33 MASSIVE MMAE''--SSIHVV
24 MATURE MMAE--CHUWRRv'
6 MEAGER MMIY''--GGER
6 MERRY MMEH''--RRIY.
47 MIDDLE MMIH''--DDUHLL
14 MIGHTY MMAY''--TTIY
5 MINDFUL MMAYNNDD''--FFUULL
44 MINOR MMAY''--NNER
11 MINUTE MMAY--NNYUTT''
26 MOBILE MMAO''--BBUHLL
191 MODERN MMAA''--DDERNN
27 MODEST MMAA''--DDEHSSTT
13 MONSTROUS MMAANN''--SSTTRRUHSS
17 MONTHLY MMUHNNTH''--LLIY
135 MORAL MMAO''--RRUHLL
10 MORTAL MMAWRR''--TTUHLL
114 MOVING MMUW''--VVIYNG
10 MUDDY MMUH''--DDIY
5 MURKY MMER''--KKIY
61 NARROW NNAE''--RRAO
5 NASTY NNAE''--SSTTIY
36 NATIVE NNEY''--TTIHVV
10 NEEDLESS NNIYDD''--LLIHSS
5 NEEDY NNIY''--DDIY
24 NERVOUS NNER''--VVUHSS
32 NEUTRAL NNUW''--TTRRUHLL
6 NEWBORN NNUW''--BBAWRRNN
12 NIGHTTIME NNAY''--TTAYMM
23 NOBLE NNAO''--BBUHLL
6 NOISY NNOY''--ZZIY
133 NORMAL NNAWRR''--MMUHLL
24 NORTHERN NNAW''--DHERNN
11 NOVEL NNAA''--VVUHLL
11 OBSCURE AABB--SSKKYURR''
10 OILY OY''--LLIY
238 OPEN AO''--PPEHNN
8 ORANGE AA''--RRAENNJH
1702 OTHER UH''--DHER
6 OUTBOARD OWTT''--BBAWRRDD
19 OUTDOOR OWTT--DDAWRR''
28 OUTER OW''--TTER
5 OUTRIGHT OW''--TTRRAYTT
40 OUTSIDE OWTT--SSAYDD
5 OVAL AO''--VVUHLL
11 OVERT AO--VVERTT''
25 PAINFUL PPEYNN''--FFUHLL
37 PAINTING PPEYNN''--TTIYNG
PAGE 182
11 PARTIAL PPAR''--SHUHLL
11 PASSIVE PPAE''--SSIHVV
11 PATIENT PPEY''--SHIH4NNTT
58 PERFECT PPER''--FFEHKKTT
5 PERVERSE PPER--VVERSS''
6 PETTY PPEH''--TTIY
11 PHONY FFAO''--NNIY
7 PLASTIC PPLLAE''--SSTTIHKK
33 PLEASANT PPLLEH''--ZZEHNNTT
7 POLAR PPAO''--LLER
7 POLITE PPAO--LLAYTT''
12 POROUS PPAW''--RRUHSS
9 POTENT PPAO''--TTIHNNTT
22 PRECIOUS PPRREH''--SHUHSS
32 PRECISE PPRRIY--SSAYSS''
8 PREGNANT PPRREHGG''--NNIHNNTT
225 PRESENT PPRREH''--ZZEHNNTT
39 PRETTY PPRRIH''--TTIY
5 PRICELESS PPRRAYSS''--LLEHSS
183 PRIVATE PPRRAY''--VVIHTT
27 PROFOUND PPRRAO--FFOWNNDD''
95 PROPER PPRRAA''--PPER
272 PUBLIC PPUH''--BBLLIHKK
6 PUNY PPYU''--NNIY
8 PURPLE PPER''--PPUHLL
9 PUZZLING PPUH''--ZZLLIYNG
25 RACIAL RREY''--SHUHLL
5 RAINY RREY''--NNIY
31 RANDOM RRAENN''--DDUHfIM
42 RAPID RRAE''--PPIHDD
7 RAUCOUS RRAW''--KKUHSS
140 READY RREH'.'--DDIY
178 RECENT RRIY''--SSIHNNTT
9 RECKLESS RREHKK''--LLIHSS
32 REMOTE RRIY--MMAOTT''
12 RESTLESS RREHSSTT''--LLEHSS
11 RHYTHMIC RRIHDH''--MMIHKK
5 RIGHTEOUS RRAY''--CHUHSS
24 RIGID RRIH''--JHIHDD
5 RIVAL RRAY''--VVUHLL
9 ROCKY RRAA''--KKIY
7 ROSY RRAO''--ZZIY
17 ROUTINE RRUW--TTIYNN''
46 RURAL RRUW''--RRUHLL
7 RUSTY RRUH''--SSTTIY
7 RUTHLESS RRUWTH''--LLIHSS
6 SANDY SSAENN''--DDIY
19 SAVAGE SSAE''--VVIHJH
8 SCENIC SSIY''--NNIHKK
5 SCORNFUL SSKKAWRRNN''--FFUULL
373 SECOND SSEH''--KKUHNNDD
46 SECRET SSIY''--KKRREHTT
14 SECURE SSIH--KKYURR''
5 SELECT SSEH--LLEHKKTT''
PAGE 183
8 SELFISH SSEHLL''--FFIHSH
26 SENIOR SSIYNN''--YYER
9 SERENE SSEH--RRIYNN''
38 SEVERE SSEH--VVIYRR''
5 SHABBY SHAE''--BBIY
5 SHAKY SHEY''--KKIY
14 SHALLOW SHAE''--LLAO
49 SILENT SSAY''--LLEHNNTT
15 SILLY SSIH''--LLIY
6 SILVER SSIHLL''--VVER
158 SIMPLE SSIHMM''--PPIHLL
10 SIMPLEST SSIHMM''--PPLLEHSSTT
15 SINCERE SSIHNN--SSIYRR''
20 SIXTEEN SSIHKK''--SSTTIYNN
9 SKILLFUL SSKKIHLL''--FFUULL
8 SKINNY SSKKIH''--NNIY
6 SLEEPY SSLLIY''--PPIY
19 SLENDER SSLLEHNN''--DDER
5 SMOKY SSMMAO''--KKIY
16 SOBER SSAO''--BBER
361 SOCIAL SSAO''--SHUHLL
11 SOLEMN SSAA''--LLEHMM
69 SOLID SSAA''--LLIHDD
46 SORRY SSAA''--RRIY
30 SOUTHERN SSUH''--DHERNN
9 SPACIOUS SSPPEY''--SHUHSS
230 SPECIAL SSPPEH''--SHUHLL
6 SPECTRAL SSPPEHKK''--TTRRUHLL
5 SPEEDY SSPPIY''--DDIY
20 SPLENDID SSPPLLEHNN''--DDIHDD
16 STABLE SSTTEY''--BBUHLL
5 STAGNANT SSTTAEGG''--NNIHNNTT
66 STANDARD SSTTAENN''--DDERDD
12 STATIC SSTTAE''--TTIHKK
37 STEADY SSTTEH''--DDIY
9 STERILE SSTTEH''--RRIHLL
9 STICKY SSTTIH''--KKIY
5 STONY SSTTAO''--NNIY
12 STUBBORN SSTTUH''--BBERNN
24 STUPID SSTTUW''--PPIHDD
16 STURDY SSTTER''--DDIY
25 SUBTLE SSUH''--TTIHLL
37 SUDDEN SSUH''--DDIHNN
9 SULLEN SSUH''--LLEHNN
5 SUNDRY SSUHNN''--DDRRIY
12 SUNNY SSUH''--NNIY
14 SUPERB SSUW--PPERBBv'
5 SUPER SSUW''--PPER
18 SUPREME SSUW--PPRRIYMM''
7 SURFACE SSER''--FFIHSS
5 SWEATY SSWWEH''--TTIY
8 SWOLLEN SSWWAO''--LLIHNN
11 TENDER TTEHNN''--DDER
6 THANKFUL THAENGKK''--FFUHLL
PAGE 184
21 THOROUGH THUH''--RRAO
11 THOUGHTFUL THAWTT''--FFUULL
5 TIMID TTIH''--MIHDD
49 TINY TTAY''--NNIY
72 TOTAL TTAO''--TTUHLL
33 TRAGIC TTRRAE''--JHIHKK
21 UGLY UHGG''--LLIY
9 UNCHANGED UHNN--CHEYNNJHDD''
13 UNFAIR UHNN--FFEYRR'
42 UNKNOWN UH--NNAONN'
7 UNPAID UHNN--PPEYDD''
6 UNREAL UHNN--RRIYLL''
5 UNSEEN UHNN--SSIYNN''
9 UNTOUCHED UHNN--TTUHCHDD'"
57 UPPER UH''--PPER
40 URBAN ER''--BBIHNN
21 URGENT ER''--JHEHNNTT
17 USELESS YUSS''--LLEHSS
6 UTMOST UHTT''--MMAOSSTT
11 VACANT VVEY''--KKAENNTT
22 VALID VVAE''--LLIHDD
6 VIBRANT VVAY''--BBRRIHNNTT
17 VICIOUS VVIH''--SHUHSS
56 VITAL VVAY''--TTUHLL
25 VIVID VVIH''--VVIHDD
14 VOCAL VVAO''--KKUHLL
7 VULGAR VVUHLL''--GGER
106 WAITING WWEY''--TTIYNG
54 WALKING WWAW''--KKIYNG
5 WARLIKE WWAR''--LLAYKK
7 WARY WWEY''--RRIY
12 WEALTHY WWEHLL''--THIY
15 WEARY WWIY''--RRIY
14 WEEKLY WWIY''--KKLIY
18 WELCOME WWEHLL''--KKUHMM
34 WESTERN WWEH''--SSTTERNN
5 WHISTLING HWIHSS''--LLIYNG
9 WINDING WWAYNN''--DDIYNG
8 WIRY WWAY''--RRIY
9 WISHFUL WWIHSH''--FFUHLL
10 WITTY WWIH''--TTIY
50 WOODEN WWUH''--DDEHNN
149 WORKING WWER''--KKIYNG
9 WORLDLY WWERLLDD''--LLIY
8 WORTHWHILE WWERTH''--HWAYLL
25 WORTHY WWER''--DHIY
9 WOVEN WWAO''--VVEHNN
5 YEARLY YYIYRR''--LLIY
48 YELLOW YYEH''--LLAO
12 YOUTHFUL YUTH''--FFUULL
PAGE 185
ONE-SYLLABLE NOUNS
10-10.BUSH BBUUSH
5-3 BUST BBUHSSTT
12-1 CAB KKAEBB
9-2 CAGE KKEYJH
13-3 CAKE KKEYKK
8-0 CALF KKAEFF
49-22 CALL KKAWLL
65-18 CAMP KKAE1MMPP
22-5 CAN KKAENN
12-0 CANE KKEYNN
17-5 CAP KKAEPP
20-4 CAPE KKEYPP
270-112 CAR KKAARR
26-32 CARD KKAARRDD
36-1 CARE KKEYRR
5-5 CART KKAARRTT
349-146 CASE KKEYSS
23-3 CAST KKAESSTT
20-17 CAT KKAETT
78-28 CAUSE KKAWZZ
9-5 CAVE KKEYVV
65-81 CELL SSEHLL
155-26 CENT SSEHNNTT
'46-9 CHAIN CHEYNN
64-23 CHAIR CHEYRR
127-24 CHANCE CHAENNSS
104-43 CHARGE CHARJH
23-2 CHARM CHAARRMM
16-9 CHART CHAARRTT
36-15 CHECK CHEHKK
20-13 CHEEK CHIYKK
6-4 CHEER CHIYRR
9-0 CHEESE CHIYZZ
53-4 CHEST CHEHSSTT
29-3 CHIEF CHIYFF
13-2 CHILL CHIHLL
23-2 CHIN CHIHNN
16-2 CHIP CHIHPP
104-11 CHOICE CHOYSS
7-6 CHORD KKAWRRDD
7-16 CHORE CHAWRR
222-83 CHURCH CHERCH
69-46 CLAIM KKLLEYMM
5-2 CLASH KKLLAESH
164-76 CLASS KKLLAESS
9-4 CLAUSE KKLLAWZZ
85-1 CLAY KKLLEY
33-6 CLERK KKLLERKK
8-2 CLIFF KKLLIHFF
6-2 CLIP KKLLIHPP
19-8 CLOCK KKLLAAKK
42-0 CLOTH KKLLAWTH
25-33 CLOUD KKLLONDD
69-19 CLUB KKLLUHBB
PAGE 188
IPT SSKKRRIHPPTT
78-9 SEA SSIY
14-3 SEAL SSIYLL
7-7 SEAM SSIYiMM
58-1 SEARCH SSERCH
53-14 SEAT SSIYTT
39-42 SEED SSIYDD
34-0 SELF SSEHLLFF
300-12 SENSE SSEHNNSS
86-47 SET SSEHTT
84-11 SEX SSEHKKSS
25-11 SHADE SHEYDD
11-2 SHAFT SHAEFFTT
20-1 SHAME SHEYMM
77-25 SHAPE SHEYPP
56-41 SHARE SHEYRR
38-0 SHEAR SHIYRR
11-1 SHED SHEHDD
45-26 SHEET SHIYTT
12-0 SHELF SHEHLLFF
21-15 SHELL SHEHLL
6-2 SHIELD SHIYLLDD
25-15 SHIFT SHIHFFTT
76-43 SHIP SHIHPP
26-2 SHIRT SHERTT
28-4 SHOCK SHAAKK
14-44 SHOE SHUW
49-16 SHOP SHAAPP
41-9 SHORE SHAWRR
60-29 SHOT SHAATT
72-21 SHOW SHAO
13-2 SHOWER SHOWRR
5-4 SHRINE SHRRAYNN
363-98 SIDE SSAYDD
5-0 SIEGE SSIYJH
10-1 SIGH SSAY
82-15 SIGHT SSAYTT
73-66 SIGN SSAYNN
1 SSIHLLKK
50-16 SIN SSIHNN
12-0 SINK SSIYNNKK
63-16 SITE SSAYTT
133-12 SIZE SSAYZZ
15-17 SKETCH SSKKEHCH
41-37 SKILL SSKKIHLL
47-6 SKIN SSKKIHNN
19-3 SKIRT SSKKERTT
56-9 SKY SSKKAY
9-0 SLAB SSLLAEBB
5-0 SLATE SSLLEYTT
30-44 SLAVE SSLLEYVV
34-0 SLEEP SSLLIYPP
11-7 SLEEVE SSLLIYVV
10-2 SLICE SSLLAYSS
PAGE 199
TWO-SYLLABLE NOU.NS
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
AUXILIARY VERBS
ARTICLES
PREPOSITIONS
5305 by BBAY
9489 for FFAWRR
4369 from FFRRUHMM
21341 in IHNN
36411 of AAVV
6742 on AANN
26149 to TTUW
1895 up UHPP
7289 with WWIHDH
PAGE 240
APPENDIX B
SPEAKER MM
SP 1 LST 1 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 1 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 1 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 1 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 1 SU& 5
SP 1 LST 2 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 2 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 2 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 2 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 2 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 3 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 3 SUB 2
S P. 1 LST 3 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 3 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 3 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 4 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 4 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 4 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 4 SUB 4
PAGE 245
SP 1 LST 4 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 5 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 5 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 5 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 5 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 5 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 6 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 6 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 6 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 6 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 6 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 7 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 7 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 7 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 7 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 7 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 8 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 8 SUB 2
SP I LST 8 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 8 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 8 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 9 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 9 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 9 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 9 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 9 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 10 SUB 1
SP I LST 10 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 10 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 10 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 10 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 11 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 11 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 11 SUB 3
PAGE 254
SP 1 LST 11 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 11 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 12 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 12 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 12 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 12 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 12 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 13 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 13 SUB 2
SP 1 LST 13 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 13 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 13 SUB 5
SP 1 LST 14 SUB 1
SP 1 LST 14 SUB 2
SP 1 LS-T 14 SUB 3
SP 1 LST 14 SUB 4
SP 1 LST 14 SUB 5
SPEAKER MP
SP 2 LST 1 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 1 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 1 SU B 3
SP 2 LST 1 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 1 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 2 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 2 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 2 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 2 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 2 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 3 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 3 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 3 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 3 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 3 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 4 SUB 1
PAGE 263
SP 2 LST 4 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 4 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 4 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 4 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 5 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 5 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 5 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 5 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 5 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 6 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 6 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 6 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 6 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 6 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 7 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 7 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 7 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 7 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 7 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 8 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 8 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 8 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 8 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 8 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 9 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 9 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 9 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 9 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 9 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 10 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 10 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 10 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 10 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 10 SUB 5
PAGE 272
SP 2 LST 11 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 11 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 11 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 11 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 11 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 12 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 12 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 12 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 12 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 12 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 13 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 13 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 13 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 13 SUB 4
SP 2 LST 13 SUB 5
SP 2 LST 14 SUB 1
SP 2 LST 14 SUB 2
SP 2 LST 14 SUB 3
SP 2 LST 14 SUB 4
PAGE 277
SP 2 LST 14 SUB 5
SPEAKER MS
SP 3 LST 1 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 1 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 1 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 1 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 1 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 2 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 2 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 2 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 2 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 3 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 3 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 3 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 3 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 3 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 4 SUB 1
PAGE 282
SP 3 LST 4 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 4 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 4 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 4 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 5 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 5 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 5 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 5 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 5 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 6 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 6 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 6 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 6 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 6 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 7 SUB 1 .
SP 3 LST 7 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 7 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 7 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 7 SUB 5
PAGE 287
SP 3 LST 8 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 8 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 8 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 8 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 8 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 9 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 9 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 9 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 9 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 9 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 10 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 10 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 10 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 10 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 10 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 11 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 11 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 11 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 11 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 11 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 12 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 12 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 12 SUB 3
SP 3 L.ST 12 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 12 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 13 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 13 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 13 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 13 SUB 4
SP 3 LST 13 SUB 5
SP 3 LST 14 SUB 1
SP 3 LST 14 SUB 2
SP 3 LST 14 SUB 3
SP 3 LST 14 SUB 4
PAGE 296
SP 3 LST 14 SUB 5
APPENDIX C
MF Female Age 53
seems to prefer that ear though she wears the hearing aid in
three years.
PAGE 298
VF Fema le Age 51
-.
PAGE 299
GC Male Age 63
World War II. He does not wear a hearing aid, but does not
HS Male Age 53
approxim ately four years ago. Since then, a very mild f lat
hearing loss has sligh tly wor sened and his ability to
LF Female Age 24
APPENDIX D
Sum of
Squares Square DF F Factor
.8091 .4045 2 91. 9* 6.2 SP
.3613 .3614 1 82. 1* 2.8 SY
.0617 .0308 2 7. 0* .4 SYxSP
5.9478 1.9826 3 450. 6* 46.3 LI
.0626 .0105 6 2. 4 .3 LIxSP
.6447 .2149 3 48. 8* 4.9 LIxSY
.1439 .0240 6 5. 5* .9 LIxSYxSP
3.3854 3.3854 1 769. 4* 26.4 MO
.4886 .2445 2 55. 5* 3.8 MOx S P
.0002 .0002 1 MOxSY
.0036 .0018 2 4 MOxSYxSP
.1359 .0453 3 10. 3* 1.0 MOx L I
.0625 .0104 6 2. 4 .3 MOxLIxSP
.0177 .0059 3 1. 3 MOxLIxSY
.0191 .0032 6 7 MOxLIxSYxSP
.1446 .1446 1 32. 9* 1.1 TR
.0446 .0223 2 5. 1* .3 TRxSP
.0037 .0037 1 8 TRxSY
.0198 .0099 2 2. 2 .1 TRxSYxSP
.1211 .0404 3 9. 2* .83 TRxLI
.0413 .0069 6 1. 6 .1 TRxLIxSP
.1024 .0341 3 7. 8* .7 TRxLIxSY
.0646 .0108 6 2. 5 .3 TRxLIxSYxSP
.0010 .0010 1 2 TRxMO
.0162 .0081 .2 1. 8 .1 TRxMOxSP
.0013 .0013 1 3 TRxMOxSY
.0092 .0046 2 1. 0 TRxMNOxSYxSP
.0059 .0020 3 5 .1 TRxMOxLI
.0492 .0082 6 1. 9 .2 TRxMOxLIxSP
.0094 .0031 3 7 TRxMOxLIxSY
.0267 .0044 6 1. 0 TRxMNOxLIxSYxSP
(Error Term)
APPENDIX E
Listener MF
CONV-OR TH
TEST LIST NOUN VERB NOUN
MM 2 24 29 10
MM 4 33 24 43
MP 4 50 41 41
MP 5 36 32 23
MS 3 31 21 14
MS 4 50 35 15
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 57 62 43
MM 4 48 52 62
MP 4 32 45 64
MP 5 55 45 45
MS 3 55 59 31
MS 4 46 58 35
CONV-0MCL
MM 6 44 32 28
MM 8 27 27 68
MP 1 73 64 52
MP 8 60 73 30
MS 7 24 40 24
MS 8 19 31 27
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 80 72 80
MM 8 59 55 68
MP 1 64 73 67
MP 8 87 80 67
MS 7 48 84 44
MS 8 35 69 46
PAGE 304
Listener VF
CONV-ORTH
TEST LIST NOUN VERB NOUN
MM 2 86 71 71
MM 4 57 52 67
MP 4 86 86 87
MP 5 78 61 87
MS 3 77 69 65
MS 4 71 71 71
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 95 100 95
MM 4. 76 90 90
MP 4 82 95 77
MP 5 87 91 78
MS 3 96 85 69
MS 4 86 93 86
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 76 76 68
MM 8 79 62 57
MP 1 91 82 73
MP 8 86 73 57
MS 7 52 56 56
MS 8 62 62 50
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 100 92 88
MM 8 95 90 95
MP 1 70 94 64
MP 8 87 90 80
MS 7 80 84 80
MS 8 65 81 62
PAGE 305
Listener GC
CONV-ORTH
TEST LIST NOUN VERB NOUN
MM 2 62 38 34
MM 4 38 10 12
MP 4 59 59 21
MP 5 59 45 30
MS 3 40 37 22
MS 4 46 46 36
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 50 50 55
MM 4 81 76 76
MP 4 43 67 81
MP 5 86 67 71
MS 3 72 76 59
MS 4 69 58 58
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 68 36 60
MM 8 55 23 68
MP I 61 48 70
MP 8 70 50 60
MS 7 40 32 56
MS 8 33 44 44
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 84 60 76
MM 8 73 64 64
MP 1 58 64 55
MP 8 77 73 60
MS 7 64 64 60
MS 8 46 81 77
PAGE 306
Listener HS
CONV-ORTH
TEST LIST NOUN VERB NOUN
MM 2 57 38 67
MM 4 55 40 65
MP 4 50 73 68
MP 5 60 45 55
MS 3 38 41 69
MS 4 50 62 42
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 79 58 79
MM 4 90 86 76
MP 4 75 80 70
MP 5 82 77 64
MS 3 86 76 66
MS 4 59 63 70
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 72 68 68
MM 8 68 68 73
MP 1 82 76 85
MP 8 81 71 81
MS 7 40 72 80
MS 8 52 72 68
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 88 80 92
MM 8 82 91 95
MP 1 81 84 88
MP 8 93 87 87
MS 7 88 88 88
MS 8 85 88 88
PAGE 307
Listener LF
CONV-OR TH
TEST LIST NOUN VERB NOUN
MM 2 57 57 67
MM 4 70 60 75
MP 4 86 82 91
MP 5 90 55 90
MS 3 69 69 62
MS 4 77 77 88
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 68 63 79
MM 4 100 90 76
MP 4 70 95 95
MP 5 95 82 91
MS 3 86 86 72
MS 4 93 9-3 81
PAGE 303
APPENDIX F
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%) Factor
.0766 .018 2 .8 WT
.1084 .108 1 2.1 .1 TR
.0069 .003 2 .1 .2 TRxWT
2.2991 1 .150 2 22.9* 3.8 SP
1.1434 .286 4 5.7* 1.6 S P x WT
.0125 .006 2 .1 .2 SPxTR
.8549 .214 4 4.3* 1.1 SPxTRxWNT
12.1502 12.150 1 241.7* 2 1.1 ro
.5880 .294 2 5.8* .8 MOx WT
.1638 .164 1 3.3 .2 MOxTR
.0090 .004 2 .1 .2 M10 x T R x WT
1.6272 .814 2 16.2* 2.7 MOxSP
.0707 .018 4 .4 .2 MOxSPxWNT
.5828 .291 2 5.8* .8 MOxSPxTR
.6556 .164 4 3.3* .8 MOxSPxTRxWT
1.3439 1.344 1 26.7* 2.3 SY
.0454 .023 2 .5 .1 SYxWT
.0014 .001 1 .0 .1 SYxTR
.0596 .030 2 .6 .1 SYxTRxWT
.3878 .194 2 3.9* .5 SYxSP
.8447 .211 4 4.2* 1.1 SYxSPxWT
.1172 .059 2 1.2 SYxSPxTR
.0456 .011 4 .2 SYxSPxTRxWNT
.0 .3 S Y x MO
.0016 .002 1
.3 .1 SYxMOxWNT
.0302 .015 2
.5 .1 SYxMOxTR
. 0229 .023 1
.0 .2 SYxMOxTRxWNT
.0013 .001 2
.0508 .025 2 .5 SYxMOxSP
.6 .2
.1 SYxM]OxSPxWT
.1122 .028 4 .3
.1625 .081 2 1.6 .1 SYxMOxSPxTR
.1616 .040 4 .8 SYxMOxSPxTRxWNT
21.1647 7.055 3 140.3* 3 LI
1.2254 .204 6 4.1* 1.6 LIxWT
.1891 .063 3 1.3 .1 LIxTR
.2956 .049 6 1.0 LIxTRxWT
.4659 .078 6 1.6 .3 LIxSP
.4434 .037 12 .7 .3 LIxSPxWT
.3500 .058 6 1.2 .1 LIxSPxTR
.5440 .045 12 .9 .1 LIxSPxTRxWNT
.0901 .030 3 .6 .1 LI xMO
.5059 .084 6 1.7 .4 LI x M0 x NT
.3021 .101 3 2.0 .3 LIxMOxTR
.1383 .023 6 .5 .3 LIxMOxTRxWT
.2428 .040 6 .8 .1 LIxMOxSP
.5252 .044 12 .9 .1 LIxMNO xSPxWT
.4227 .070 6 1.4 .2 LIxMOxSPxTR
PAGE 309
APPENDIX G
Listener MF
CONV-ORTH
MP 4 43 25 43 25
MP 5 46 29 46 14
MS 3 43 0 10 24
MS 4 38 0 13 8
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 83 45 66 48
MM 4 79 66 59 69
MP 4 39 39 46 54
MP 5 71 50 57 36
MS 3 48 29 43 38
MS 4 63 33 50 38
CONV-OMCL
M 6 40 16 16 8
MN 8 61 32 25 36
MP 1 82 53 65 59
MP 8 80 35 55 25
MS 7 60 20 40 16
MS 8 54 29 50 29
CLEAR-OMCL
M 6 72 60 84 60
MN 8 79 57 71 50
MP 1 82 71 71 71
MP 8 55 50 80 50
MS 7 88 52 68 52
MS 8 83 46 58 42
PAGE 311
Listener VF
CONV-OR TH
MP 4 93 82 75 96
MP 5 70 81 70 81
MS 3 83 50 50 63
MS 4 86 68 77 68
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 93 86 93 69
MM 4 100 83 86 85
MP 4 96 86 82 86
MP 5 96 93 85 81
MS 3 96 75 92 63
MS 4 86 91 77 50
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 88 44 76 44
MM 8 83 55 55 62
MP 1 94 71 71 82
MP 8 80 70 70 60
MS 7 64 36 52 44
MS 8 79 67 67 67
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 100 100 88 84
MM 8 86 83 90 76
MP 1 100 65 88 71
MP 8 85 85 85 75
MS 7 92 64 72 52
MS 8 79 54 71 63
PAGE 312
Listener GC
CONV-O R T H
MP 4 61 57 25 64
MP 5 - 57 36 29 64
MS 3 60 25 15 44
MS 4 46 25 17 29
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 67 70 43 53
MM 4 76 69 52 69
MP 4 59 41 31 55
MP 5 59 72 41 72
MS 3 52 24 57 67
MS 4 71 71 62 62
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 48 40 32 40
MM 8 61 50 46 43
MP 1 65 59 47 59
MP 8 65 50 50 50
MS 7 32 4 36 48
MS 8 57 39 35 35
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 80 72 40 48
MM 8 86 54 54 46
MP 1 71 41 53 59
MP 8 80 50 60 70
MS 7 68 36 48 60
MS 8 67 62 58 67
PAGE 313
Listener HS
CONV-ORTH
MP 4 68 57 46 50
MP 5 80 63 70 67
MS 3 38 14 19 57
MS 4 67 42 29 50
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 97 87 77 58
MM 4 83 83 90 66
MP 4 77 77 63 77
MP 5 75 68 79 68
MS 3 81 52 86 86
MS 4 57 35 70 57
CONV-0MCL
MM 6 76 72 76 56
MM 8 68 50 64
MP 1 88 59 100 71
MP 8 74 63 68 63
MS 7 64 48 76 56
MS 8 56 40 68 64
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 80 84 80 80
MM 8 89 75 90 79
MP 1 94 83 89 78
MP 8 80 70 75 90
MS 7 85 65 88 77
MS 8 75 88 67 83
PAGE 314
Listener LF
CONV-OR TH
MP 4 82 71 75 75
MP 5 87 77 90 87
MS 3 76 43 43 52
MS 4 75 46 50 75
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 97 77 87 81
MM 4 90 76 69 72
MP 4 77 80 90 83
MP 5 86 71 89 68
MS 3 86 76 48 71
MS 4 87 70 91 74
PAGE 315
APPENDIX H
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%) Factor
APPENDIX I
CONV-OR T H
LISTENER
TEST LIST MF VF GC HS LF
MM CO 2 55 88 69 77 81
MM CO 4 29 71 29 62 68
MP CO 5 47 79 44 88 91
MP CO 4 51 71 71 62 82
MS CO 3 21 64 54 29 50
MS CO 4 21 69 38 51 72
CLEAR-ORTH
MM CL 2 69 92 54 96 92
MM CL 4 71 74 79 79 79
MP CL 5 65 79 65 88 85
MP CL 4 53 96 71 91 98
MS CL 2 54 86 50 86 75
MS CL 4 54 74 62 64 79
CONV-OMCL
MM CO 6 46 62 51 81
MM CO 8 52 74 58 71
MP CO 1 73 90 73 93
MP CO 8 67 73 67 83
MS CO 7 44 66 25 75
MS CO 8 40 77 33 73
CLEAR-0MCL
MM CL 6 85 98 73 93
MM CL 8 74 84 61 84
MP CL 1 83 79 76 93
MP CL 8 73 85 85 94
MS CL 7 72 75 53 88
MS CL 8 57 73 73 83
PAGE 318
APPENDIX J
Listener MF
CONV-ORTH
TEST LIST FRIC PLOS SEMI NASAL VOW EL
MM 2 62 52 64 64 69
MM 4 50 45 56 67 71
MP 4 57 60 59 54 78
MP 5 53 61 65 68 72
MS 3 42 40 49 53 66
MS 4 42 43 44 62 55
C LEAR-ORTH
MM 2 80 78 80 80 94
MM 4 80 84 80 94 93
MP 4 42 77 68 81 85
MP 5 83 81 84 77 85
MS 3 57 53 68 78 78
MS 4 63 65 70 62 79
CONV-0MCL
MM 6 61 54 55 60 71
MM 8 75 62 60 67 67
MP 1 78 78 74 84 88
MP 8 71 79 72 73 82
MS 7 58 58 53 63 67
MS 8 57 58 60 70 71
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 6 88 90 84 90 94
MM 8 78 76 72 85 90
MP 1 80 90 80 92 91
MP 8 71 92 83 92 94
MS 7 70 85 77 90 88
MS 8 69 76 72 73 76
PAGE 319
Listener VF
CONV- OR T H
TEST LIST FRIC PLOS SEMI NASAL VOWEL
MM 2 90 83 93 77 93
MM 4 86 84 92 93 91
MP 4 88 90 97 84 92
MP 5 92 92 98 96 96
MS 3 81 81 91 98 90
MS 4 82 81 8.4 89 89
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 2 92 97 99 88 97
MM 4 89 93 97 100 98
MP 4 91 94 97 93 98
MP 5 89 95 95 93 100
MS 3 86 89 95 95 96
MS 4 85 87 96 95 98
CONV-OMCL
MM 6 82 84 89 88 89
MM 8 82 79 85 80 93
MP 1 86 90 96 94 97
MP 8 76 84 94 89 92
MS 7 78 72 88 86 91
MS 8 59 67 78 83 82
CLEAR-0MCL
MM 6 96 98 99 98 100
MM 8 96 95 94 93 97
MP 1 73 90 98 95 94
MP 8 82 98 97 97 98
MS 7 74 77 97 84 93
MS 8 67 81 92 96 97
PAGE 320
APPENDIX K
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%) Factor
APPENDIX L
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%) Factor
APPENDIX H
Listener MF
CONV-OFTH
MM 38 38 49 60
MP 28 38 35 31
MS 41 49 58 61
CL EAR-OR TH
MM 33 29 18 21
MP 35 36 30 33
MS 27 26 49 39
CON V -0 MCL
MM 31 34 39 47
MP 33 26 34 37
MS 38 35 34 52
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 17 22 46 35
MP 43 28 18 33
MS 28 26 42 52
PAGE 324
Listener VF
CONV-OR TH
MM 33 18 39 56
MP 22 40 22 40
MS 42 39 43 56
CLEAR-ORTH
MM 31 12 17 50
MP 25 29 13 38
MS 28 8 0 22
CONV-0MCL
MM 29 14 41 55
MP 30 23 27 42
MS 37 35 29 54
CLEAR-OMCL
MM 23 14 20 38
MP 32 19 40 67
MS 25 27 38 23
PAGE 325
APPENDIX N
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%) Factor
APPENDIX 0
MM Conversational Speech
1 77 73 67 62 55 45 42 40 39 38 37 36 34 31 40
2 77 73 69 66 59 44 40 37 34 32 31 30 26 19 35
3 77 69 65 62 56 42 37 34 30 27 25 23 19 12 29
4 79 71 67 65 60 50 44 37 31 27 25 23 19 15 30
5 84 78 74 72 67 59 53 47 38 33 31 27 23 20 35
6 81 73 69 67 63 55 50 44 36 30 27 23 19 13 31
7 81 73 70 67 63 57 52 46 38 31 28 24 18 12 31
8 81 72 68 66 61 55 51 46 37 31 28 24 19 15 31
9 83 73 68 65 60 55 51 47 40 35 32 23 23 18 36
10 82 74 69 66 62 56 52 48 42 37 34 30 25 18 37
11 80 72 67 64 59 53 50 46 39 34 30 27 22 17 34
12 81 74 68 64 59 53 50 46 40 35 32 28 23 17 36
13 91 82 77 73 67 60 56 52 47 43 40 37 32 25 44
14 89 83 80 77 72 67 63 59 53 47 44 40 35 24 47
15 87 82 80 77 73 67 63 60 53 48 45 40 34 23 47
16 100 93 90 87 83 79 75 72 64 58 54 48 39 30 53
PAGE 327
MM Clear Speech
1 78 75 72 69 62 48 44 42 40 38 37 36 33 29 41
2 78 70 66 63 58 47 41 38 35 33 31 29 26 21 35
3 77 66 62 59 54 47 42 38 33 29 27 24 19 12 30
4 79 68 64 62 57 52 48 43 35 31 28 24 20 14 32
5 83 73 70 67 63 59 55 51 42 36 33 30 25 18 37
6 81 69 65 63 59 55 51 47 38 32 28 23 18 14 31
7 82 70 65 63 59 55 52 48 40 33 29 25 19 13 32
8 82 70 65 63 59 55 51 48 41 34 30 25 19 13 32
9 84 74 68 64 59 54 51 48 43 37 34 29 24 18 37
10 84 75 68 64 59 53 50 47 42 37 33 29 24 18 37
11 83 72 65 61 56 50 47 44 38 34 31 27 22 16 34
12 83 73 67 62 56 50 47 44 38 34 31 27 21 16 34
13 95 83 76 71 64 57 54 50 45 41 38 35 29 23 41
14 91 84 79 75 69 62 58 54 47 42 40 36 28 20 41
15 88 82 77 73 67 60 56 52 45 39 35 31 26 18 38
16 102 95 90 86 80 73 68 63 54 45 41 37 31 24 44
PAGE 328
MP Conversational Speech
1 77 70 66 62 53 44 42 40 38 37 36 35 32 28 40
2 77 71 68 65 56 40 36 34 31 30 28 27 24 18 32
3 76 69 65 61 54 41 36 33 28 25 23 21 17 12 27
4 78 71- 67 64 57 47 42 38 32 28 26 23 19 15 30
5 83 76 72 69 64 56 52 47 38 31 28 26 22 16 33
6 80 74 70 68 64 57 52 47 39 33 29 26 22 15 34
7 79 70 66 64 60 54 50 46 39 32 28 23 18 13 31
8 80 71 67 64 60 55 52 48 41 35 31' 26 20 12 33
9 82 74 70 67 63 58 55 51 44 39 35 30 25 19 38
10 82 75 70 67 62 58 55 51 44 39 35 31 26 18 30
11 82 74 69 66 62 57 54 50 43 38 34 30 25 17 38
12 83 75 70 66 62 57 54 51 46 41 38 34 28 19 40
13 91 81 75 71 65 59 55 52 47 43 40 36 30 20 42
14 89 83 80 78 73 67 62 58 51 44 40 37 31 22 44
15 87 82 80 77 73 67 64 60 53 42 38 35 30 23 42
16 99 92 87 84 80 74 70 66 58 49 43 38 33 21 46
PAGE 329
MP Clear Speech
1 77 76 74 71 59 48 45 43 41 39 38 37 33 27 42
2 78 74 71 67 58 45 40 33 35 32 31 29 26 22 35
3 80 71 66 62 56 45 41 37 31 27 25 21 16 10 28
4 79 72 67 64 59 50 45 40 34 29 27 23 19 14 30
5 82 74 70 67 63 57 53 47 38 32 29 26 22 17 34
6 81 73 70 68 64 58 54 49 40 33 29 26 22 17 34
7 82 72 68 65 61 55 52 48 41 34 30 26 20 11 33
8 83 73 68 65 61 57 54 51 44 37 33 27 21 15 34
9 84 77 72 68 64 59 56 53 47 40 36 30 24 19 38
10 85 78 73 69 64 59 56 52 45 39 35 30 25 20 34
11 84 77 72 63 64 59 55 52 44 38 35 31 26 20 39
12 84 76 70 67 62 57 53 50 44 40 37 33 27 19 40
13 94 31 74 69 64 58 55 51 44 39 36 32 27 20 39
14 91 84 80 76 70 62 58 55 50 46 44 38 26 17 40
15 88 83 79 74 68 82 58 55 49 45 42 38 30 21 44
16 100 92 86 82 75 69 65 61 53 47 44 40 35 27 47
PAGE 330
MS Conversational Speech
1 76 69 63 58 50 41 39 37 35 34 33 32 30 27 37
2 78 73 69 65 55 40 37 35 32 30 29 28 25 22 33
3 77 71 66 62 54 39 34 31 27 24 22 20 16 13 27
4 80 73 69 65 57 46 42 37 32 29 27 24 19 12 31
5 84 78 74 71 66 58 52 46 37 32 29 26 22 18 34
6 81 74 71 68 64 57 52 46 38 33 29 25 19 15 32
7 81 74 70 67 63 57 52 47 39 34 31 27 21 15 34
8 80 74 70 67 63 57 53 48 40 33 29 25 20 14 32
9 82 76 72 69 65 60 56 52 45 39 36 33 28 21 40
10 81 76 72 69 64 58 54 50 44 40 37 33 26 18 39
11 81 75 72 69 64 59 55 51 44 40 37 33 28 21 40
12 81 76 72 69 65 59 56 52 46 42 39 36 31 19 43
13 90. 82 77 74 68 62 59 56 52 48 46 42 36 27 48
14 88 83 81 79 76 72 70 67 60 54 49 44 37 25 50
15 86 82 80 79 76 73 70 67 62 55 50 45 .38 26 51
16 99 93 90 87 84 81 79 77 72 64 59 54 47 35 60
PAGE 331
MS Clear Speech
1 78 '76 73 69 57 43 40 39 37 35 35 33 31 26. 38
2 80 76 72 69 59 42 38 36 34 32 30 23 26 23 34
3 79 73 68 64 56 43 38 35 31 28 25 23 19 14 30
4 81 74 70 66 59 49 44 39 32 28 26 23 18 15 30
5 85 79 75 72 66 58 53 48 38 34 31 29 25 19 36
6 86 75 71 68 64 58 52 47 38 32 28 24 20 16 32
7 83 74 70 67 63 57 53 48 39 32 28 24 19 13 32
8 83 75 71 68 63 58 53 49 40 33 28 24 18 12 31
9 85 ;8 73 70 65 60 56 52 45 39 35 31 25 18 38
10 84 78 74 70 65 59 56 51 45 40 36 31 24 18 38
11 83 77 72 69 64 58 55 50 43 37 34 30 24 18 37
12 84 77 72 69 64 59 56 52 45 39 36 32 26 19 39
13 95 86 79 75 69 63 60 57 52 47 44 40 34 27 47
14 92 86 83 80 76 70 67 64 56 50 46 41 34 27 43
15 89 84 81 79 75 70 66 62 55 49 45 41 35 38 48
16 102 97 93 90 86 81 78 75 68 60 56 50 43 33 57
PAGE 332
APPENDIX P
Listener MF
ORTH
INITIAL NON-W4ORD-INITIAL
TEST LIST CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR
MM 2 42 80 59 77
MM 4 43 80 46 87
MP 4 64 92 59 73
MP 5- 53 85 64 73
MS 3 47 61 35 47
MS 4 40 63 4~6 46
OMCL
MM 6 48 90 58 98
MM 8 56 78 66 75
MP 1 82 88 76 91
MP 8 80 92 78 92
MS 7 53 87 62 84
MS 8 61 79 56 74
PAGE 333
Listener VF
ORTH
INITIAL NON-WORD-INITIAL
TEST LIST CONV CLEAR CONV CLEAR
MM 2 82 96 84 98
MM 4 82 94 85 92
MP 5 95 96 87 93
MP 4 89 97 94 94
MS 3 87 97 76 83
MS 4 95 94 71 77
OMCL
MM 6 79 100 87 97
MM 8 80 95 78 95
MP 1 93 97 88 86
MP 8 89 98 81 98
MS 7 69 89 66 75
MS 8 79 87 68 71
PAGE 334
APPENDIX Q
Sum of Mean
Squares Square DF F (%.) Factor
4.0447 4.045 1 163 1* 24.3 MO
.1926 .193 1 7 8* 1.0 P0
.0758 .076 1 3 1 .3 POx MO
2.2587 1.129 2 45 5* 13.4 SP
.4358 .218 2 8 8* 2.3 SPxMO
.3621 .181 2 7 3* 1.9 SPxPO
.0006 .000 2 0 .3 SPxPOxMO
5.4462 5.446 1 219 6* 32.8 LI
.2683 .268 1 10 8* 1.5 L Ix 0
.1882 .188 1 7 6* 1.0 LI xPO
.0001 .000 1 0 .2 LIxPOxMO
.0719 .036 2 1 5 .1 LIxSP
.0013 .001 2 0 .3 LIxSPxMO
.0734 .039 2 1 6 .2 LIxSPxPO
.0080 .004 2 2 .2 LIxSPxPOxMO
.2788 .279 1 11 2* 1.5 SY
.0249 .025 1 1 0 SYxMO
.0121 .012 1 5 .1 SYxPO
.0026 .003 1 1 .1 SYxPOxMO
.0271 .014 2 5 .1 SYxSP
.0155 .008 2 3 .2 SYxSPxMiO
.0271 .014 2 5 .1 SYxSPxPO
.0718 .036 2 1 4 .1 SYxSPxPOxMO
.9610 .961 1 38 8* 5.7 SYxLI
.0294 .029 1 1 2 SYxLIxMO
.0078 .008 1 3 .1 SYxLIxPO
.0368 .037 1 5 .1 SYxLIxPOxMO
.2796 .140 2 6* 1.4 SYxLIxSP
.0370 .018 2 7 .1 SYxLIxSPxMO
.0493 .025 2 0 SYxLIxSPxPO
.0118 .006 2 2 .2 SYxLIxSPxPOxM0
.0272 .027 1 1 TR
.0289 .029 1 2 T R x MO
.0042 .004 .1 TRxPO
.0102 .010 .1 TRxPOxMO
.0832 .042 1 .2 TRxSP
.1245 .062 2 .4 TRxSPxMO
.0643 .032 1 .1 TRxSPxPO
.0207 .010 TRxSPxPOx110
.2
.0000 .000 TR xLI
.0009 .001 .1 TRxLIxMO
.0017 .002 .1 TRxLIxPO
.0080 .008 .1 TRxLIxPOxMO
.0126 .006 .2 TRxLIxSP
.0425 .021 TRxLIxSPxMO
.0380 .019 .1 TRxLIxSPxPO
.0000 .000 .3 TRxLIxSPxPOxMO
PAGE 335
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE