KORALES: Anilao Coral Reef Conservation Park and Resort 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………... i

Letter to the Dean ……………………………………………………………………. ii
Certificate to Proceed ………………………………………………………………... iii
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………..... iv
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………….... v
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………… vii
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………. viii

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Nature of the Project ……………………………………….…... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………….…... 7
1.3 Project Goals and Objectives …………………………………………………….. 9
1.4 Project Scope and Limitations ……………………………………………….….. 16
1.5 Significance of the Project …………………………………………………….... 17
1.6 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………….….. 24
1.6.1 Acronyms
1.6.2 Technical Terms

Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Coral Reef Ecology & Resource Management ……....……………………… 25
2.1.1 General Overview on Coral Reef Ecosystems ……………… ………. 25
2.1.1.1 The Scleratinia - Hard Corals
2.1.1.2 The Alcyonacea - Soft Corals
2.1.1.3 Coral Distribution and the Global Context
2.1.1.4 Coral Reproduction
2.1.1.5 Coral Growth
2.1.1.6 Relationship between fishes and corals
2.1.1.7 Relationships between coral reefs & other coastal ecosystems
2.1.2 Assessment of Coral Reefs in the Philippines
2.1.2.1 Warming History of Coral Reefs
2.1.2.1 Current State of Philippine Reefs
Tsunamis in the Philippines
2.1.2.2 Coral Reef Extent and Status by Province
2.1.2.3 Number of Marine Species Existing in Philippine Reefs
2.1.2.4 Endangered Species
2.1.2.5 Coral Reefs Importance in the Philippines
2.1.2.5.1 Benefits and Opportunities to Man
2.1.3 Management Strategies
2.1.3.1 Fishes & corals are common pool resources
2.1.3.2 Community based management & co-management
2.1.3.3 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
2.1.3.4 Strategies for the management of coral reef resources
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2.1.4 Marine Protected Areas

2.1.4.1 Biological Effects of Marine Protected Areas
2.1.4.2 Marine Protected Area Design
2.1.4.3 Artificial reefs & coral farming: Two rehabilitation strategies
2.1.4.4 Socioeconomic aspects of marine protected areas
2.1.5 Map of the Philippines
2.1.5 Municipal Fisheries
2.1.5.1 Municipal Fisheries
2.1.5.2 Seasonal Shifts in fishing conditions
2.1.5.3 Migrant Fishermen
2.1.5.4 Decline in municipal fish catches
2.1.6 Threats and Solutions for Coral Reef Degradation in the Philippines
2.1.6.1 Anthropogenic impacts on Philippine coral reefs
2.1.6.2 Environmental, Social and Economic Impacts
2.1.6.3 Basic Solutions and Prevention
2.1.7 Reef Conservation and Rehabilitation in the Philippines
2.1.7.1 Institutions involved in coral reef resource management
2.1.7.2 Introduction to Government Units
2.1.7.3 Universities
2.1.7.4 Non-Governmental Organizations
2.1.7.5 Coastal communities and Peoples’ Organizations
2.1.9 The Marine Protected Area concept in the Philippine Setting
2.1.9.1 History
2.1.9.2 Number, Size, & Geographical Distribution of MPA’s
2.1.10 Case Study: El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area
2.1.10.1 Introduction
2.1.10.2 Impacts on the ENTMRPA
2.1.10.3 ENTMRPA description
2.1.10.4 Socio-economic Characteristics of the Protected Area
2.1.10.5 Management History & Management Regulations
2.1.10.6 Zoning
2.1.10.8 Enforcement of the Protected Area Rules & Conservation Fee
2.1.10.9 Summary of the Management of ENTMRPA
2.1.11 Discussion & Solutions
2.1.11.1 Impact-specific mitigation
2.1.11.2 Marine Protected Areas
2.1.11.3 Enforcement of Legislation pertaining to coral reefs
2.1.11.4 Importance of information, education and research
2.1.11.5 Conclusion
2.2 Disappearing Destinations:
Climate Change & Challenges for Coastal Tourism
2.2.1 Current Issues, Challenges & Polemics
2.2.2 Climate Change and its Impacts on Tourism:
2.2.2.1 Regional Assessments, Knowledge Gaps and Issues
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2.2.3 Managing the Coastal Zone

2.2.4 Definitions and Typologies of Reef Tourism
2.2.4.1. Diving Destinations
2.2.5 Climate Change: Risk Management Issues & Challenges
2.2.6 Climate Change - Coral Reefs and Dive Tourism in South-east Asia
2.2.8.1 Adaptation & Response Strategies
2.2.7 Disappearing Destinations: Meeting Expectations
2.2.9.1 Recognizing Problems - Delivering Solutions
2.3 Conservation, Protection & Rehabilitation of Environment &
Natural Resources
2.3.1 State of the Environment and Natural Resources
2.3.1.1 Solid waste remains a major source of pollutants
2.3.1.2 The country’s unique biodiversity is under severe pressure
2.3.1.3 Coastal and marine resources are under threat
2.3.1.4 Vulnerability to environmental hazards & climate-related risks
2.3.2 Challenges
2.3.2.1 Policy Responses
2.3.2.2 Institutional Issues
2.3.2.2.1 Overlapping & conflicting policies
2.3.2.2.2 Govt. capacity for resource management is wanting
2.3.2.2.3 Inadequate Enforcement of Environ. Laws & Policies
2.3.2.2.4 Lack of a financing strategy for environment & natural
resources programs and CCA
2.3.3 Strategic Framework
2.4 The Essence of Eco Tourism
2.4.1 The Nature of Ecotourism
2.4.1.1 The Ecotourism Alternative
2.4.1.2 Sustainable Tourism: Conserving Nature's Base
2.4.1.3 Global Ethics
2.4.2 The Ecotourist: Understanding the market
2.4.2.1 Building a profile of the ecotourist
2.4.2.2 Concepts & Variables
2.3.2.2 Tourist Motivations
2.3.2.3 Tourism Interactions
2.3.2.4 Economic Differences
2.4.2.3 Tourist Typologies
2.4.3 Core criteria used to define ecotourism
2.4.3.1 Nature-based
2.4.3.2 Sustainability 1: Local participation & benefits
2.4.3.3 Sustainability 2: Conservation
2.4.4 Topics and Issues Important to Ecotourism
2.4.4.1 Socio-cultural and Ecological Impacts of Ecotourism
2.4.4.2 Economic Impacts and Marketing of Ecotourism
2.4.4.3 Development & Program Planning
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2.4.4.4 Conclusion
2.4.5 Tourism Development: Government, Industry, Policy and Planning
2.4.5.1 Sustainable Tourism Development
2.4.5.2 Planning & Policy Frameworks - Who is involved & How?
2.4.5.3 Govt.-led Planning & Policy Initiatives
2.4.6 Ecotourism & Marine Protected Areas: Sustainable visitor management
2.4.6.1 Tourism & Protected Areas
2.4.6.2 Protected Areas & Sustainable Management Strategies
2.4.6.3 Visitor Impact and Activity Management Process
2.4.6.4 Tourism Optimization Management Model
2.4.6.5 Managing Visitor Use
2.4.6.6 Zoning
2.4.7 Linking Conservation & Communities: Benefits & Social Costs
2.4.7.1 Ecotourism & Local Communities: Conflict or Cooperation?
2.4.7.2 The Issues and Problems
2.4.7.3 Employment
2.4.7.4 Local Planning & Development
2.4.8 Marketing Ecotourism: Meeting & Shaping Expectations & Demands
2.4.8.1 Ecotourism’s Place in the Tourism Industry
2.4.8.2 The ‘Greening’ Market
2.4.8.2 Strengths & Threats in Marketing Ecotourism
2.4.8.3 Opportunities & Weaknesses in Marketing Ecotourism
2.5 Reef-Based Tourism
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 The Diving Tourism Experience
2.5.2.1 Market Segments & Tourist Typologies for Diving Tourism
2.5.3 Environmental, Economic, & Social Impacts of Diving Tourism
2.5.3.1 Diving & Global Environmental Change: Mauritius Case Study
2.5.3.2 Environmental Management & Education: The Case of PADI
2.5.4 Management of Diving Tourism
2.5.4.1 Dive Tourism, Sustainable Tourism & Social Responsibility
2.5.4.2 Diverting Pressure from Coral Reefs: Artificial Underwater
Parks as a Means of Integrating Development & Reef Conservation
2.5.4.3 Attitudes to Preferences of Divers towards Regulations
2.5.4.4 Interpretation & Environmental Educ. as Conservation Tools
2.5.4.5 Managing Risk in Tourist Diving: Safety-Management
2.6 Recreation-oriented Artificial Reefs (AR) as a Conservation Tool
2.6.1 Use of AR’s as Recreational Diving Resources: Investigating Potentials
2.6.2 Measuring the Recreational Value of AR’s through a Synthesis of Data
2.6.3 The Relationship between Diver Experience Levels & Perceptions of
Attractiveness of Artificial Reefs - Examination of a Potential Management
Tool
2.6.4 The Enjoyment of Diving Use of Artificial & Natural Reef Habitats
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2.6.5 Artificial Reefs and Marine Protected Areas: A Study in Willingness to

Pay to Access Folkstone Marine Reserve, Barbados, West Indies
2.6.6 Summary, Implications and Conclusion
2.7 Eco-Resort Planning & Design for The Tropics
2.7.1 Delineation of the Tropics
2.7.1.1 Tropical Climates and the Building
2.7.1.2 Ecology of the Tropics
2.7.2 Operational Issues in eco-friendly resort design
2.7.2.1 Energy Management
2.7.2.2 Water Management
2.7.2.3 Waste & Pollution Management
2.7.2.4 Impact of Building Materials & Construction Technology
2.7.2.5 Impacts from Tourist Presence in the Area
2.7.3 Eco-Tourism Rating Schemes
2.7.4 Tropical Eco-resort Design: A question of Environmental Response
2.7.5 Location
2.7.6 Site Planning - Sea Influence & Spatial Organization
2.7.7 Building Design
2.7.7.1 Building Layout
2.7.7.2 Envelope Design
2.7.7.3 Building Fabric
2.7.8 Resort Operation in Planning & Design Objectives
2.7.1 Building Parameters and Hotel Guidelines / LGU codes & Standards
2.8 Reef Research & Conservation Center Planning & Design
2.8.1 Summary of Spaces
2.9 Case Studies
2.9.1 Local Studies
2.9.2 International Studies (South-east Asia - Tropical Countries)
2.10 Synthesis and Recommendations

Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Approach
3.1.1 Prescriptive Research
3.1.2 Observational Research
3.1.3 Descriptive Method
3.2 Research Participants
3.3 Research Instrument
3.3.1 Interviews
3.3.2 Surveys
3.3.3 Case Studies
3.3.4 Library Research, Archival Research and E-Sources
3.3.5 Government Documents
3.4 Research Validation
3.4.1 Synthesis
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3.4.2 External Audit

3.4.3 Participation Feedback
3.5 Results and Discussion

Chapter IV: SITE SELECTION

4.1 Overview
4.2 Site Criteria
4.2.1 Visitor and Operational Accessibility
4.2.2 Accessibility from the reef diving spots
4.2.3 Existing Site Conditions
4.2.4 Topography/Site Contours
4.2.5 Adjacency to Waterfront Resort Developments
4.2.6 Future Expansion
4.2.7 Non-negotiables
4.3 Site Description & Justification
4.3.1 Vicinity Map
4.3.2 Lot Plan
4.4 SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)
4.5 Evaluation of Selected Sites

Chapter V: PROJECT PROFILE & ANALYSIS

5.1 Project Profile & Identification
5.1.1 Project Background
5.1.2 Project Trends, Characteristics & Issues
5.1.3 Project Viability
5.1.3 Government Support
5.1.4 Vision & Mission
5.2 Client Profile
5.2.1 Nature of Business
5.2.2 History
5.2.3 Vision & Mission
5.3 Business & Market Study
5.3.1 Technical Feasibility (Probable Capital & Operational Costs)
5.3.2 Socio-Economic (Cost vs. Benefit)
5.3.3 Financial Model (Demand vs. Revenues)
5.3 Organizational Chart of the Facilities
5.3.1 Organizational Chart of Marine Research & Conservation Center
5.3.3 Organizational Chart of Coastal Eco-Resorts / Eco-Parks
5.3.5 Organizational Chart of Dive Centers
5.4 Standard Operating Procedures / Activity & Operational Schedule
5.4.1 Scope of Services
5.4.2 Referrals
5.4.3 Operational Policies
5.4.4 Sample Individualized Program
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5.5.4.1 All Year Round Programs (Daily, Weekly, Monthly)

5.6 Legal & Regulatory Framework
5.6.1 Mabini-Batangas City Zoning Ordinance & CLUP
5.6.2 Constitution
5.6.3 Pertinent Rules, Laws, Presidential Decrees
5.6.4 Social & Environmental standards
5.6.5 Ordinances on Artificial Reef Deployments
5.6.6 Legislation & Enforcement
5.6.6.1 Philippine Legislation - Hierarchy of Importance
5.6.6.2 International conventions, Treaties and Agreements
5.6.6.3 The Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160)
5.6.6.4 The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 8550)
5.6.6.5 The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of
1992 (RA 7586)
5.6.6.6 Provincial & Municipal Legislation
5.6.6.7 Coastal law enforcement practitioners
5.7 Project Analysis
5.7.1 Feasibility Studies

Chapter VI: TECHNICAL RESEARCH DATA PRESENTATION

6.1 Overview – Primary and Secondary/ Archival Research Data
6.2 Site Data Analysis
6.2.1 Soil Studies
6.2.2 Hydrological Studies
6.2.3 Climate Study
6.2.4 Traffic Study
6.2.5 Demographics (Tourist & User Typologies)
6.2.6 Market Studies (Market Segmentation)
6.3 Archival Data Analysis
6.3.1 Data References
6.4 Observation Activities Analysis
6.4.1 Site Visit – Local Case Study
6.4.2 Site Visit – Local Case Study
6.4.3 Site Visit Analysis
6.4.4 Synthesis
6.5 Interview and Survey Analysis
6.5.1 Interviews
6.5.2 Survey Results
6.5.2.1 Introduction
6.5.2.2 Summary of Key Findings
6.5.2.3 Recommendations
6.5.2.4 Detailed Findings
6.5.3 Synthesis
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Chapter VII: SPATIAL PROGRAMMING

7.1 Overview
7.2 User Profile Analysis
7.2.1 User Profile According to Importance:
7.2.1.1 Primary Users (Administration, Operators, Etc.)
7.2.1.2 Secondary Users
7.2.13 Tertiary Users
7.2.2 Activity Patterns / Behavior Analysis of Each User Type
7.3 List of Spatial Requirements
7.4 Room Data Sheet
7.5 Summary of Area Requirements
7.6 Zoning Programs
7.6.1 Bubble Diagram
7.6.2 Adjacency Matrix
7.7 Architectural Space Program

Chapter VIII: CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

8.1 Design Objectives
8.2 Design Philosophy
8.3 Design Concepts
8.4 Design Considerations
8.5 Design Strategies

Bibliography - References

Appendices

Annex - Transcription of Interviews & Survey questionnaire with response totals