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    Jejas Sel, Kematian Sel Dan Adaptasi Sel

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    SantiFaridKaluku
    This document discusses cell injury, cell death, and cell adaptation. It covers topics like reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, causes of cell injury like hypoxia and chemicals, and mechanisms of cell injury including ischemia, reactive oxygen species, and chemical induced injury. The mechanisms of ischemic and hypoxic injury on cells are explained in detail, covering both reversible and irreversible injury. The roles of mitochondria dysfunction, increased cytosolic calcium, and membrane damage are highlighted. Cell injury caused by free radicals and chemical injury mechanisms are also summarized.

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    Jejas Sel, Kematian Sel Dan Adaptasi Sel

    Uploaded by

    SantiFaridKaluku
    73 views33 pages
    This document discusses cell injury, cell death, and cell adaptation. It covers topics like reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, causes of cell injury like hypoxia and chemicals, and mechanisms of cell injury including ischemia, reactive oxygen species, and chemical induced injury. The mechanisms of ischemic and hypoxic injury on cells are explained in detail, covering both reversible and irreversible injury. The roles of mitochondria dysfunction, increased cytosolic calcium, and membrane damage are highlighted. Cell injury caused by free radicals and chemical injury mechanisms are also summarized.

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    jejas

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    This document discusses cell injury, cell death, and cell adaptation. It covers topics like reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, causes of cell injury like hypoxia and chemicals, and mechanisms of cell injury including ischemia, reactive oxygen species, and chemical induced injury. The mechanisms of ischemic and hypoxic injury on cells are explained in detail, covering both reversible and irreversible injury. The roles of mitochondria dysfunction, increased cytosolic calcium, and membrane damage are highlighted. Cell injury caused by free radicals and chemical injury mechanisms are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    73 views33 pages

    Jejas Sel, Kematian Sel Dan Adaptasi Sel

    Uploaded by

    SantiFaridKaluku
    This document discusses cell injury, cell death, and cell adaptation. It covers topics like reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, causes of cell injury like hypoxia and chemicals, and mechanisms of cell injury including ischemia, reactive oxygen species, and chemical induced injury. The mechanisms of ischemic and hypoxic injury on cells are explained in detail, covering both reversible and irreversible injury. The roles of mitochondria dysfunction, increased cytosolic calcium, and membrane damage are highlighted. Cell injury caused by free radicals and chemical injury mechanisms are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    JEJAS SEL, KEMATIAN SEL

    dan ADAPTASI SEL

    Sel dan Lingkungannya


    1. Adaptive Responses

    Atrophy
    Hipertrophy
    Hyperplasia
    Metaplasia

    2. Cell Injury

    Reversible
    Irreversible

    Kematian Sel
    1. Necrosis
    2. Apoptosis

    Penyebab Jejas Sel

    Hypoxia
    Physical Agents
    Chemicals and Drugs
    Microbiologic Agents
    Immunologic Reactions
    Genetic Defects
    Nutritional Imbalances

    Mekanisme dari Jejas Sel


    Ischemia
    Activated Oxygen Species (O2H2O2, OH)
    Radiation
    Inflammation
    Oxygen toxicity
    Chemicals
    Referfusion injury

    gambar

    Mekanisme dari Jejas Sel


    ISCHEMIC AND HYPOXIC INJURY

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Reversible
    Decreased oxidative phosphorylation
    reduced ATP
    increased cytosolic free calcium

    reduced activity of sodium pump


    accumulation of sodium by cell
    isosmotic gain of water (swelling)
    diffusion of potassium from cell

    Ischemic and Hypotic Injury


    Increased Cytosolic Calcium
    Sources
    mitochondria
    endoplasmic reticulum
    external to the cell

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Increased Cytosolic Calcium
    Consequences (activates enzymes)
    ATPase
    Decreased ATP

    phospholipase
    decreased phospholipids

    endonuclease
    nuclear chromatin damage

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Increased Cytosolic Calcium
    Consequences (activates enzymes)
    Protease
    Disruption of membrane and cytoskeletal proteins

    gambar

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas reversible
    Increased anaerobic glycolysis

    glycogen depletion
    lactic acid accumulation
    accumulation of inorganic phosphates
    reduced intracellular pH

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Reversible
    Pengaruh pada ribosomes
    Reduced protein synthesis

    Fungsi mitokondria jelek


    Kenaikan permeabilitas membran
    Kerusakan dari sitoskeleton
    Hilangnya mikrovilli
    Bentukan gelb di permukaan sel

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Reversible
    Pembengkakan dari mitochondria,
    endoplasmic reticulum dan sekitar sel

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Irreversible
    Perubahan Mitokhondria
    Vacuolisasi yang berat
    Peningkatan amorphous calcium

    Kerusakan ekstensif plasma membran


    Pembengkakan dari lysosomes
    Massive influx of calcium (on reperfusion)

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Irreversible
    Kehilangan yang terus berlangsung dari
    protein sel, coenzymes, ribonucleic acids dan
    metabolit lainnya
    Kebocoran dari enzymes terlihat di serum

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas Irreversible
    Jejas pada membran lysosom
    Penghancuran dari enzym yang bocor
    Mengaktifkan acid hydrolases yang akan menurunkan
    pH intrasellular disertai dengan kerusakan komponen sel

    Peningkatan kebocoran dari enzym sellular

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas irreversible
    Influx dari macromolecules dari interstitium
    Myelin figures whorled phospholipid masses

    Jejas Iskhemik dan Hipoksik


    Mekanisme dari jejas Irreversible
    Fenomena karakteristik irreversible
    Disfungsi mitokondria yang menetap (hilangnya
    fosforilase oksidatif dan pembentukan ATP)
    Gangguan yang berat dari fungsi membran
    merupakan faktor utama

    Jejas Iskhemik dan Hipoksik


    Mekanisme dari jejas Irreversibel
    Penyebab utama kerusakan membran
    Kehilangan yang progreasif dari fosfolipid
    membran
    Activasi dari fosfolipase
    Penurunan sintesa dari fosfolipid

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Mekanisme dari Jejas Irreversibel
    Penyebab utama kerusakan membran
    Keabnormalan sitoskeletal
    Activasi dari protease
    Pembengkakan sel

    Racun radikal oksigen


    Setelah perbaikan aliran darah

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Mekanisme dari Jejas Irreversibel
    Penyebab utama kerusakkan membran
    Kegagalan produksi lipid
    Dari perusakan fosfolipid
    Efek detergent pada membran

    Akibat dari influk kalsium yang masif

    Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury


    Jejas irreversibel anoksia sel masih belum
    seluruhnya difahami
    Sekarang cukup dikatakan bahwa: fosforilasi
    oksidatif dipengaruhi hipoksia, ATP yang vital,
    kerusakan selaput penting bagi timbulnya jejas
    letal sel dan ion kalsium, pada beberapa
    keadaan merupakan perantara penting bagi
    perubahan biokimia yang menyebabkan
    kematian sel

    Mekanisme Jejas Sel


    Jejas Sel disebabkan oleh
    Radikal bebas

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Jejas Radikal Bebas terlihat pada proses
    sbb:
    Jejas ok bahan kimia dan radiasi
    Keracunan oksigen dari gas-gas lainnya
    Penuaan sel
    Pembunuhan mikroba oleh sel fagosit
    Kerusakan ok radang
    Perusakan tumor oleh makrofag, dsb

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Definisi Radikal bebas
    Radikal Bebas adalah sejenis bahan kimia
    yang memiliki satu elektron tanpa pasangan
    pada orbit luarnya
    Sifatnya: tidak mantap, sangat reaktif dalam
    sel mengadakan reaksi dengan bahan kimia
    anorganik dan organik protein, lemak,
    karbohidrat

    Contoh Radikal Bebas


    OH-, H+, O2-

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Sumber dari Radikal Bebas
    Hidrolisis dari air OH- dan H+ dengan ionisasi
    radiasi
    Reaksi Redox pada fisiologi normal
    Respirasi
    Aksi oksidasi intracellular
    Reaksi logam transisi

    Metabolisme bahan kimia eksogen

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Mekanisme Jejas Radikal bebas
    Peroksidasi lemak dalam selaput organel
    sampai merusak retikulum endoplasma
    mitokondria dan komponen mikrosom lain
    Peroksidasi lipid pada membran
    Lemak poli tidak jenuh seperti yang terdapat dalam
    selaput mempunyai ikatan rangkap
    (polyunsaturated lipids)

    Kerusakan pada DNA


    Reaksi dengan thymine

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Mekanisme Jejas Radikal Bebas
    Hubungan silang protein (asam amino paling
    labil ialah metionin, histidin, sistin dan lisin
    Perusakan enzim inaktif-sulfhydryl
    Interaksi dengan asam-asam nukleat
    menyebabkan mutasi dalam kode genetika yang
    bila tidak diperbaiki, berakibat gangguan sel

    Jejas Sel disebabkan


    RADIKAL BEBAS
    Rusaknya Radikal Bebas
    Radikal dapat rusak secara spontan
    Kecepatan perusakan ditingkatkan secara
    bermakna dengan adanya
    Superoxide dismutase
    Glutathione
    Catalase

    Antioxidants (vitamin E, ceruloplasmin)


    Menyekat pembentukan radikal bebas atau
    membuatnya inaktif

    Mekanisme jejas Sel


    Jejas karena Bahan Kimia

    Jejas Kimia
    Mekanisme dari jejas Kimia
    Reaksi langsung dengan komponen sel
    Ikatan mecury binding menjadi sulfhydryl groups

    Perubahan menjadi reaksi metabolit beracun


    Melibatkan liver
    Biasanya oleh P-450 mixed fungsi pencampur
    oksidasi
    Melibatkan bentukan radikal bebas
    CCl4 dirubah menjadi CCl3

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