Sustainable Technologies for Water Purification

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closed (30 September 2024)

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30 November 2024

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

A large amount of emerging environmental contaminants, such as antibiotics, organic dyes, pesticides, heavy metal ions, and so on, are emitted daily into water bodies due to industrialization, which leads to a worsening crisis for water environments. Water scarcity has resulted in severe challenges. A variety of emerging technologies concerning water purification and treatment, such as membrane filtration, adsorption, chemical oxidation, catalytic degradation, biotechnology, and so on, have been developed to decrease pollution efficiently. This Special Issue “Sustainable Technologies for Water Purification” discusses relevant sustainable technologies for water and wastewater treatment pertaining to a nanoscale approach, membrane-based technologies for water recovery and reuse, the energy and water nexus, degradation of organic pollutants, nascent technologies, bio and bio-inspired materials for water reclamation and integrated systems, and an overview of wastewater treatment plants.

Prof. Dr. Rakesh Govind
Dr. Barry T. Hart
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Molecules molecules	4.2	7.4	1996	15.1 Days	CHF 2700	Submit
Pollutants pollutants	-	-	2021	28.9 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
Separations separations	2.5	3.0	2014	12.4 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	20 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Water water	3.0	5.8	2009	16.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit

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60 pages, 6757 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Ball-Milled Materials and Their Applications for Adsorptive Removal of Aqueous Pollutants

by Pei Gao, Xuanhao Fan, Da Sun, Guoming Zeng, Quanfeng Wang and Qihui Wang

Water 2024, 16(12), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121639 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

Ball milling, as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach, has been popular in materials synthesis to solve problems involving toxic reagents, high temperatures, or high pressure, which has the potential for large-scale production. However, there are few reviews specifically concentrating on the latest progress [...] Read more.

Ball milling, as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach, has been popular in materials synthesis to solve problems involving toxic reagents, high temperatures, or high pressure, which has the potential for large-scale production. However, there are few reviews specifically concentrating on the latest progress in materials characteristics before and after ball milling as well as the adsorptive application for aqueous pollutants. Hence, this paper summarized the principle and classification of ball milling and reviewed the advances of mechanochemical materials in categories as well as their adsorption performance of organic and inorganic pollutants. Ball milling has the capacity to change materials’ crystal structure, specific surface areas, pore volumes, and particle sizes and even promote grafting reactions to obtain functional groups to surfaces. This improved the adsorption amount, changed the equilibrium time, and strengthened the adsorption force for contaminants. Most studies showed that the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model fitted experimental data well. The regeneration methods include ball milling and thermal and solvent methods. The potential future developments in this field were also proposed. This work tries to review the latest advances in ball-milled materials and their application for pollutant adsorption and provides a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical properties of materials before and after ball milling, as well as their effects on pollutants’ adsorption behavior. This is conducive to laying a foundation for further research on water decontamination by ball-milled materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Technologies for Water Purification)

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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Horizontal section of a grinding container and powder mixture [<a href="#B70-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Reprinted from Current Research Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 5, Thambiliyagodage C., Wijesekera R., Ball milling—A green and sustainable technique for the preparation of titanium based materials from ilmenite, 100236, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The classification of ball mills: (<b>a</b>) a stirred ball mill, (<b>b</b>) a vibration ball mill, (<b>c</b>) a tumbler ball mill, and (<b>d</b>) a planetary ball mill [<a href="#B39-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B71-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">71</a>]. Reprinted from Science of The Total Environment, 825, Yin Z., Zhang Q., Li S.; Cagnetta G., Huang J., Deng S., Yu G., Mechanochemical synthesis of catalysts and reagents for water decontamination: Recent advances and perspective, 153992, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier. Reprinted from LET Electric Power Applications, 16, Xu Y., Zhang B., Feng G., Electromagnetic design and thermal analysis of module combined permanent magnet motor with wrapped type for mine ball mill, 139–157, Copyright (2021), with permission from Wiley.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Schematic representation of (<b>a</b>) carboxylic groups-modified ACs (AC-COOH) [<a href="#B77-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">77</a>], (<b>b</b>) ball-milled iron–biochar composites [<a href="#B79-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">79</a>], (<b>c</b>) nanobiochars [<a href="#B80-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">80</a>], (<b>d</b>) thiol-modified biochars [<a href="#B55-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">55</a>], (<b>e</b>) BM-FeS@NBCs [<a href="#B10-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">10</a>] preparation. (<b>a</b>) Reprinted from Journal of Molecular Liquids, 346, Sh. Gohr M., Abd-Elhamid A.I., El-Shanshory A.A., Soliman H.M.A., Adsorption of cationic dyes onto chemically modified activated carbon: Kinetics and thermodynamic study, 118227, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Reprinted from Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 30, Chen C., Yang F., Beesley L., Trakal L., Ma Y., Sun Y., Zhang Z., Ding Y., Removal of cadmium in aqueous solutions using a ball milling-assisted one-pot pyrolyzed iron-biochar composite derived from cotton husk, 12571–12583, Copyright (2023), with permission from Springer Nature. (<b>c</b>) Reprinted from Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, Naghdi M., Taheran M., Brar S.K., Rouissi T., Verma M., Surampalli R.Y., Valero J.R., A green method for production of nanobiochar by ball milling-optimization and characterization, 1394–1405, Copyright (2017), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>d</b>) Reprinted from Chemosphere, 294, Zhao L., Zhang Y., Wang L., Lyu H., Xia S., Tang J., Effective removal of Hg(ΙΙ) and MeHg from aqueous environment by ball milling aided thiol-modification of biochars: Effect of different pyrolysis temperatures, 133820., Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>e</b>) Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, 306, Qu J., Zhang W., Bi F., Yan S., Miao X., Zhang B., Wang Y., Ge C., Zhang Y., Two-step ball milling-assisted synthesis of N-doped biochar loaded with ferrous sulfide for enhanced adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) and tetracycline from water, 119398, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Schematic diagram of (<b>a</b>) FeOx@CNTs [<a href="#B66-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">66</a>] and (<b>b</b>) PGO preparation [<a href="#B121-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">121</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Reprinted from Chemosphere, 288, Cheng Z., Lyu H., Shen B., Tian J., Sun Y., Wu C., Removal of antimonite (Sb(III)) from aqueous solution using a magnetic iron-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite: Experimental observations and governing mechanisms, 132581, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Reprinted from Nanomaterials, 9, Olszewski R., Nadolska M., Lapinski M., Przesniak-Welenc M., Cieslik B.M., Zelechowska K., Solvent-free synthesis of phosphonic graphene derivative and its application in mercury ions adsorption, 485, Copyright (2019), with permission from MDPI.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Mechanochemical synthesis of ZVIs [<a href="#B144-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">144</a>]. Reprinted from Journal of Environment Management, 181, Ambika S., Devasena M., Nambi I.M., Synthesis, characterization and performance of high energy ball milled meso-scale zero valent iron in Fenton reaction, 847–855, Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Mechanism diagrams of governing mechanisms of (<b>a</b>) Ni(II) adsorption onto unmilled and milled biochars [<a href="#B86-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">86</a>]; (<b>b</b>) Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) adsorption on BM-NBBCs [<a href="#B169-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">169</a>]; (<b>c</b>) U(VI) uptake on PFBCs [<a href="#B89-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, 233, Lyu H., Gao B., He F.; Zimmerman A.R., Ding C., Huang H., Tang J., Effects of ball milling on the physicochemical and sorptive properties of biochar: Experimental observations and governing mechanisms, 54–63, Copyright (2018), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Reprinted from Journal of Hazardous Materials, 387, Xiao J.; Hu R.; Chen G., Micro-nano-engineered nitrogenous bone biochar developed with a ball-milling technique for high-efficiency removal of aquatic Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II), 121980, Copyright (2020), with permission from Elsevier. (<b>c</b>) Reprinted from Journal of Molecular Liquids, 303, Zhou Y., Xiao J., Hu R., Wang T., Shao X., Chen G., Chen L., Tian X., Engineered phosphorous-functionalized biochar with enhanced porosity using phytic acid-assisted ball milling for efficient and selective uptake of aquatic uranium, 112659, Copyright (2020), with permission from Elsevier.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Mechanism diagrams of governing mechanisms of MB adsorption onto unmilled and milled biochars [<a href="#B181-water-16-01639" class="html-bibr">181</a>]. Reprinted from Chemical Engineering Journal, 335, Lyu H., Gao B., He F., Zimmerman A.R., Ding C., Tang J., Crittenden J.C. Experimental and modeling investigations of ball-milled biochar for the removal of aqueous methylene blue, 110–119, Copyright (2018), with permission from Elsevier.</p> Full article ">

15 pages, 6185 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Molecular Identification and Comprehensive Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Industrial Wastewater

by Kai Yan, Changfu Li, Weiyu Wang, Juan Guo and Haifeng Wang

Separations 2024, 11(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040121 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1764

Abstract

Industrial wastewater typically contains many organic and inorganic pollutants and is also contaminated by various microorganisms. Microbial species in industrial wastewater have not been extensively investigated. In this experiment, a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was isolated for the first time from industrial wastewater containing [...] Read more.

Industrial wastewater typically contains many organic and inorganic pollutants and is also contaminated by various microorganisms. Microbial species in industrial wastewater have not been extensively investigated. In this experiment, a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was isolated for the first time from industrial wastewater containing a high concentration of sulfate and phosphate. Mass spectrometry, genetic analysis, and biochemical identification were conducted to understand the genetic and biochemical characteristics of this Klebsiella pneumoniae strain recovered from industrial wastewater. Growth experiments revealed that it exhibited an excellent growth rate in nutrient broth. Further analyses showed that the strain was sensitive to most antibiotics but resistant to chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin. It also exhibited significant resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and cefotaxime/clavulanic acid. Resistance gene experiments indicated the presence of gyrA, OqxB, and ParC genes associated with antibiotic resistance in the isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. Proteomics uncovered the following three proteins related to drug resistance: the multi-drug resistant outer membrane protein MdtQ, the multi-drug resistant secretion protein, and the modulator of drug activity B, which are coexistent in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proteomics and bioinformatics analyses further analyzed the protein composition and functional enrichment of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from a high concentration in sulfate and phosphate industrial wastewater provides a new direction for further research on the characteristics and drug resistance traits of industrial wastewater microorganisms and the potential risks they may pose when released into the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Technologies for Water Purification)

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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>MALDI-TOF MS identification of the isolated <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> strain at different growth times and phylogenetic tree analysis. (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) represents the MALDI-TOF MS identification results of colony samples cultured for 12, 16, 20, and 24 h. (<b>E</b>) represents the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA gene sequences.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Growth curve of the isolated <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> strain. After 90 h of culture, the growth characteristics of <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> at different inoculum sizes were evaluated. (<b>A</b>) represents the control without inoculation (blank control), while (<b>B</b>–<b>H</b>) represents the growth of <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> with different inoculum sizes.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Analysis of drug resistance genes in <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> isolated from industrial wastewater. The bacterial genomic and plasmid DNA were used as templates for amplification with specific primers, and then the electrophoresis bands were sequenced. (<b>A</b>–<b>I</b>) represent the nucleic acid gel images of drug-resistance genes.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Analysis of drug resistance genes in <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> isolated from industrial wastewater. The bacterial genome and plasmids were used as templates for amplification with specific primers, and then the electrophoresis bands were sequenced. (<b>A</b>–<b>I</b>) represent the nucleic acid gel images of drug-resistance genes.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>GO classification of proteomics data for <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span>. (<b>A</b>), BP dotplot; (<b>B</b>), CE dotplot; (<b>C</b>), dotplot; (<b>D</b>), the x-axis represents protein count, and the y-axis represents GO term name.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>KEGG pathways of proteomics data for <span class="html-italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span>. (<b>A</b>), KEGG dot plot; (<b>B</b>), KEGG fisher barplot; (<b>C</b>), level 1 represents the classification of environmental information processing, genetic information processing, and metabolism; and level 2 represents the classification of metabolic and functional pathways.</p> Full article ">

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18 pages, 4314 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Application of an Electrocoagulation Process to the Sustainable Treatment of Initial Rainwater and the Simulation of a Flow Pattern in an Experimental Device

by Haiyan Yang, Zhe Wang, Kai Fu and Qingda Luo

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010161 - 23 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1268

Abstract

The pollutant content in initial rainwater is very high, so the treatment and research of initial rainwater has become an engagement issue in controlling non-point source pollution and realizing sustainable development in Chinese cities. This study explores the best flow pattern suitable for [...] Read more.

The pollutant content in initial rainwater is very high, so the treatment and research of initial rainwater has become an engagement issue in controlling non-point source pollution and realizing sustainable development in Chinese cities. This study explores the best flow pattern suitable for treating initial rainwater by electrocoagulation (EC), and a pilot-scale experiment is conducted to analyze the effect of the EC process on the treatment of initial rainwater. The findings indicate that the latter enhances the turbulent flow effect and the EC process treatment effect better under the two flow modes of parallel perforation flow and dislocation perforation flow. For the dislocation perforated flow pattern, the removal rates of suspended matter (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and phosphorus (TP) are 94.00%, 81.95%, and 98.97%, respectively, which reach the expected treatment targets. Using the electrocoagulation–filtration (ECF) process to treat initial rainwater, the final effluent exhibits high quality and could be used as urban circulating cooling water. Specifically, SS, COD, and TP concentrations are 15.00 mg/L, 21.06 mg/L, and 0.11 mg/L, respectively. The hydraulic retention time of the process is short, only 30 min, and the energy consumption is low, 0.57 kWh. This study provides a reference for the sustainable treatment of early urban rainwater and the design of the flow pattern of the EC process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Technologies for Water Purification)

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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Experimental device diagram. (<b>a</b>) Plan view of the EC device: 1. water intake tank; 2. water inlet pipe; 3. peristaltic pump; 4. electrocoagulation reactor; 5. perforated plate; 6. cathode power line; 7. DC power supply; 8. anode power line; 9. water outlet pipe; 10. sedimentation tank. (<b>b</b>) Plan view of the pilot-scale ECF reactor: 1. water inlet pipe; 2. lift pump; 3. EC device; 4. DC power supply; 5. cathode power cord; 6. anode power cable; 7. perforated plate; 8. slag baffle plate; 9. inclined plate sedimentation tank; 10. mud pipe; 11. discharge pipe of the electrocoagulation device; 12. filter basin; 13. overflow trough; 14. filter material layer; 15. aeration pipe; 16. filter outlet pipe. (<b>c</b>) Site layout of the EC device.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The layout of the metal plate in the EC device and internal grid division diagram. (<b>a</b>) Parallel perforation; (<b>b</b>) dislocation perforation.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>A streamline diagram and kinetic energy diagram of the fluid in the device under different flow conditions. (<b>a</b>) Parallel perforated flow; (<b>b</b>) dislocation perforated flow.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>The removal effect of the EC device on each pollutant under different flow conditions. (<b>a</b>) Parallel perforated flow; (<b>b</b>) dislocation perforated flow.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The removal effect of the EC process on pollutants. (<b>a</b>) The trial operation results of the pilot experiment under four working conditions; (<b>b</b>) the results of the continuous operation experiment of the pilot plant.</p> Full article ">

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