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Coatings
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Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and...
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Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 2736

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonina Chaban

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
National Research Council—National Institute of Optics, CNR-INO, Largo E. Fermi, 50125 Florence, Italy
Interests: non-invasive methodologies applied to the characterisation, diagnostics, and conservation treatment evaluation of architectural and archaeological surfaces
Dr. Jana Striova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute of Optics, National Council of Research, 50125 Florence, Italy
Interests: development of innovative protocols and systems (laser sources and spectroscopic imaging methods) for the diagnostics and conservation of cultural heritage objects and their surfaces
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rita Deiana

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, 35139 Padova, Italy
Interests: geophysical prospecting and non-invasive analysis of archaeological structures, historical buildings, and valuable surfaces (mosaics, frescoes, and stone coverings)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to share your research in MDPI’s Coatings (IF: 2.9) Special Issue on "Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage".

Architectural and archaeological surfaces are often highly valuable and fragile heritage assets, including wall paintings, mosaics, tiles, natural stone, and various types of polychrome and relief decorations, among others. The surface of these assets is exposed to various external risks, including environmental factors and intentional (vandalism) or unintentional damage, but its integrity can also be affected from the inside, through ageing processes in the immediate subsurface and the stability of the whole architectural/archaeological structure.

There is a strong demand for efficient technologies for the characterisation and conservation of valuable heritage surfaces in architecture and archaeology. This Special Issue collects research advancements proposed by heritage scientists, conservators and restorers, archaeologists, museum professionals, and art historians, among others, addressing the characterisation, documentation, study, monitoring, decision making, and conservation procedures of valuable architectural and archaeological surfaces.

This Special Issue welcomes original research articles and reviews on the following (or similar) topics:

  • Advanced non-invasive methods for the characterisation of architectural and archaeological surfaces;
  • Advanced surveying and monitoring technologies for the preservation of architectural and archaeological surfaces;
  • Advanced technologies and approaches for the documentation of architectural and archaeological surfaces;
  • Advanced methods and materials for the conservation of architectural and archaeological surfaces;
  • Advanced interdisciplinary studies on the preservation of architectural and archaeological surfaces.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Antonina Chaban
Dr. Jana Striova
Dr. Rita Deiana
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • conservation
  • architectural surface
  • archaeological surface
  • non-invasive characterisation
  • heritage science

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

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  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

50 pages, 64978 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Surface Damage to Fuzhou’s Ancient Houses (Gu-Cuo) Using a Non-Destructive Testing Method Constructed via Machine Learning
by Lei Zhang, Yile Chen, Liang Zheng, Binwen Yan, Jiali Zhang, Ali Xie and Senyu Lou
Coatings 2024, 14(11), 1466; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14111466 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 525
Abstract
As an important part of traditional Chinese architecture, Fuzhou’s ancient houses have unique cultural and historical value. However, over time, environmental factors such as efflorescence and plant growth have caused surface damage to their gray brick walls, leading to a decline in the [...] Read more.
As an important part of traditional Chinese architecture, Fuzhou’s ancient houses have unique cultural and historical value. However, over time, environmental factors such as efflorescence and plant growth have caused surface damage to their gray brick walls, leading to a decline in the quality of the buildings’ structure and even posing a threat to the buildings’ safety. Traditional damage detection methods mainly rely on manual labor, which is inefficient and consumes a lot of human resources. In addition, traditional non-destructive detection methods, such as infrared imaging and laser scanning, often face difficulty in accurately identifying specific types of damage, such as efflorescence and plant growth, on the surface of gray bricks and are easily hampered by diverse surface features. This study uses the YOLOv8 machine learning model for the automated detection of two common types of damage to the gray brick walls of Fuzhou’s ancient houses: efflorescence and plant growth. We establish an efficient gray brick surface damage detection model through dataset collection and annotation, experimental parameter optimization, model evaluation, and analysis. The research results reveal the following. (1) Reasonable hyperparameter settings and model-assisted annotation significantly improve the detection accuracy and stability. (2) The model’s average precision (AP) is improved from 0.30 to 0.90, demonstrating good robustness in detecting complex backgrounds and high-resolution real-life images. The F1 value of the model’s gray brick detection efficiency is improved (classification model performance index) from 0.22 to 0.77. (3) The model’s ability to recognize the damage details of gray bricks under high-resolution conditions is significantly enhanced, demonstrating its ability to cope with complex environments. (4) The simplified data enhancement strategy effectively reduces the feature extraction interference and enhances the model’s adaptability in different environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Scope of the research and investigation (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>The locations where the photos were collected. The numbers in the figure represent the following: 1 is No. 108 Wushan Road; 2 is No. 151 Baima South Road; 3 is No. 169 Baima South Road; 4 is No. 17 Tianhuangling Lane; 5 is No. 20 Daguangli; 6 is No. 250 Dongguan Street; 7 is No. 254 Dongguan Street; 8 is No. 172 Heping Street; 9 is No. 44 Jing Street; 10 is Jiuyan Gong Dacuo; 11 is Kaiyinglu; 12 is No. 50 Nanhou Street; 13 is No. 174 Nanhou Street; 14 is Shangbao Qizhu Hall; 15 is No. 4 Weicuoli; 16 is No. 8 Weicuoli; 17 is the former residence of the Wei family; 18 is No. 135 Wushan Village; 19 is Wushan Mansion, Wushan Village; 20 is No. 1 Chiqian, Yijing Village; 21 is No. 9 Chiqian, Yijing Village; 22 is No. 11 Zhonglie Road; 23 is No. 50 Zhuzifang; 24 is No. 58 Taibaojing Lane; 25 is No. 6 Wenrufang; 26 is No. 42 Nanhou Street; 27 is No. 20 Daguangli; 28 is No. 2 Longjin Yizhi Lane; 29 is the former site of Yihua Photo Studio; 30 is No. 78–84 Zhongping Road; 31 is No. 88–98 Zhongping Road; and 32 is No. 53 Dongxing (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Research methods and steps (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>We used the LabelImg tool to label the collected images. Since the author uses the simplified Chinese version of the software, the Chinese displayed in the screenshot is that which comes with the LabelImg tool. The red box in the figure represents the marked range. (image source: screenshot from LabelImg tool).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Design of the YOLOv8 architecture used in this study (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Climate analysis of Fuzhou City (image source: drawn by the author via Ladybug).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Analysis of the annual wind frequency rise in Fuzhou (image source: drawn by the author via Ladybug).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Analysis of the enthalpy–humidity diagram for Fuzhou (image source: drawn by the author via Climate Consultant).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>The location of gray brick in an ancient Fuzhou house (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Ancient houses in Fuzhou feature gray brick on their façade (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>The location of gray bricks in the saddle fire wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>The location of gray bricks in the arched fire wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>The location of gray bricks in the herringbone fire wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>The distribution of gray bricks in the walls of Western-style buildings (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Schemes follow the same formatting, all images are normalized to 512 × 512 pixels. (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>The mAP numerical statistics of the first ten epochs of ten model optimization experiments (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Loss value change trend during model training (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>Performance statistics of the models at different epochs. (asterisk * in the figure indicates the median). In the figure, F1* indicates score threshold = 0.5; Recall* indicates score threshold = 0.5; Precision* indicates score threshold = 0.5. (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>Confusion matrix of the 23rd epoch model (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Confusion matrix of the 170th epoch model (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>Confusion matrix of the 204th epoch model (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>Confusion matrix of the 300th epoch model (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Analysis of the detection results of the different epoch models (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Feature map analysis of the model in the process of gray brick efflorescence detection (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Feature map analysis of the model in the process of gray brick plant growth detection (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Feature map of the model’s original image detection process for gray brick efflorescence (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Feature map of the model’s original image detection process for gray brick plant growth (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Testing of the model in field applications (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">
37 pages, 14338 KiB  
Article
Archaeological Excavation, Protection, and Display Engineering Design Practice: A Case Study in the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom
by Shihui Zhou, Lei Zhang, Yile Chen, Liang Zheng, Nengzhong Lei and Jiali Zhang
Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091220 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1518
Abstract
The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins [...] Read more.
The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins of a Han Dynasty city. Wuyi Mountain’s World Cultural and Natural Heritage Committee declared it a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is also the only imperial city site from the Han Dynasty that has been declared a World Heritage Site in China, and it is the most well-preserved large-scale imperial city site from the Middle Ages on the Pacific Rim. This study used comprehensive archaeological techniques, including archaeological excavation work, site information recording, erosion situation analysis, and geological surveys, to design and implement protective engineering projects in response to existing problems. In this study, the researchers conducted a geological survey of the study area to analyze the topography, rock and soil distribution characteristics, groundwater storage conditions, and geotechnical engineering conditions. At the same time, they explored the preservation status of the site, including the preservation status of the East Gate and the East City Wall, and they analyzed the causes of damage. Finally, the investigation and analysis results guided the design of a site display project, which included safeguarding against collapse and erosion, treating trees and shrubs, and designing the exhibition project for the East Gate. This study provides some practical reference for the excavation and archaeological work of the royal city in the surrounding areas. At the same time, in terms of the technical process of the project, it is also hoped to provide ideas for international ancient city excavation, display, and protection projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Map of Mount Wuyi with minor boundary modifications inscribed (image source: UNESCO World Heritage Center, <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/911/maps/" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/911/maps/</a>, (accessed on 15 August 2024).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Location analysis (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>General plan of the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>A plan involving the dimensioning and segmentation of the layout of the city wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Typical erosion of the soil remains (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Typical collapse of soil remains (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Typical growth of trees and shrubs in the soil remains (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>The displayed bricks and stones are partially cracked or missing (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Plan of the East Gate site, a and b in the figure represent the positions of the sections. (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>The photographs show the plan of the East City Gate ruins and the doorway, taken from west to east (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>East and west elevations of the East Gate site (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Sectional drawing (please refer to <a href="#coatings-14-01220-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a> for the details of cuts a-a and b-b) (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 13
<p>Aerial photo of the remains of the East City Wall (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 14
<p>Eastern facade of Section A of the East City Wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 15
<p>Western facade of Section A of the East City Wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 16
<p>Surveying and mapping status of Section A of the East Gate site (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 17
<p>Surveying and mapping status of Section B of the East Gate site (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 18
<p>East facade of Section B of the East City Wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 19
<p>West facade of Section B of the East City Wall (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 20
<p>Surveying and mapping status of Section C of the East Gate site (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 21
<p>East facade of Section C of the East City Wall, the red outline indicates the main area (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 22
<p>West facade of Section C of the East City Wall, the red outline indicates the main area (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 23
<p>Section D of the East City Wall (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 24
<p>Analysis of collapse treatment measures (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 25
<p>Plan of city wall drainage and temporary protection measures for the East Gate (image source: drawn by the author).</p> Full article ">Figure 26
<p>Environmental improvement of the lotus pond east of the East City Gate (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 27
<p>Rendering of the design scheme for the East City Gate Relic Exhibition Project (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 28
<p>Rendering of the design scheme for the East City Gate Relic Exhibition Project (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">Figure 29
<p>Rendering of the design scheme for the East City Gate Relic Exhibition Project (image source: provided by the excavation team for the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom).</p> Full article ">
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