War trauma and PTSD

The world currently faces terrible issues of corruption, conflicts, political instabilities, violence and injustices causing traumatic experiences for humans and nature. Likewise, Hos 4:1-3 offers a link between the corruption of the Israelite society and the wounds of the Earth community. These three verses are generally read as a ‫יב‬ ִ ‫ר‬ genre, in which Yahweh brings a lawsuit against the people of Israel. However, scholars mostly focus on the crimes and fate of humans, and ignore or silence the expression of trauma of the Earth as mourning and its non-human members as languishing. Using the framework of trauma studies, the insights of " Cosmic Covenant " from the book of Murray (1992) and the Earth Bible principles of interconnectedness and voice, this article aims to explore a unique aspect of Hosea's rhetoric of trauma establishing the relationship between people's misdeeds and the wounds of the natural world.

Service Members experience trauma on the literal battlefield so severe that it has a terminal effect on their faith. Many civilians may also experience events that produce a paralyzing effect through trauma on the figurative battlefield. Religious Existential Counseling allows a person to witness the effect of trauma on the personal belief system in which a triggered emotional response leads into a behavior, which may affect a person’s identity, their inner world and belief system. The inner world harbors many aspects of the identity, but one in particular is the belief system. The fact in which a person may disengage from the social world by a triggered emotional response, may lead into a change of behavior, affecting one’s identity, or even the core belief system. The belief system empowers a person to do many things such as minimize the effect of trauma, find meaning and purpose, and prepare for future trauma with self-confidence. The belief system interprets the signals of the core and translates them into the behavioral patterns. Behaviorally, the belief system acts as it has been taught, influenced, or inspired by its predecessor parts of the identity and core.  Evidence for this research presupposes that a reaction point, in which a person may acknowledge the response of the disengagement, may be identified and addressed prior to an effect to minimize the consequences. The behavior that ensues from any effect can be validated and normalized through discovery of the recognition of the limitation and acceptance in which a person has the option of self-care or professional counseling. If this person does not identify the disengagement trigger, or validate the response to the stimulus, the negative behavior will manifest and affect a person’s ability to choose. This ultimately affects the internal dimensions of the identity and distresses the spiritual world, or soul. A person can experience stress so intense that the core of their being is traumatized to their spiritual core. The spiritual core of the identity, exercised in the physical expression in a religious relationship to God, is the refuge and strength that is available. The three concepts that have been proven through research to have an influence on  trauma as one enters into spiritual fellowship with other like-believers, finding meaning and purpose in life through this fellowship, which creates an ongoing relationship with God. Whether a person can determine the location of the spiritual part of his or her identity, does not negate the fact that everyone is spiritual. Each person worships something in life. It is the spiritual core that focuses on a relationship with God, a higher power, that can provide that resilience and prevention of the sustained trauma on a literal or figurative battlefield.

Визначено особливості соціально-психологічної реабілітації як активації здатності особистості, що постраждала від воєнної травматизації, до життєтворення; розглянуто етапи процесу реабілітації та технології, які доцільно використовувати на кожному з них. Показано, що реабілітаційні впливи розгортаються у 4-векторній – персонально-інструментально-просторово-часовій площині, в межах якої всі чотири напрями реабілітації мають взаємопідсилювальний вплив. Розглянуто ресурси, що забезпечують підтримку і оновлення психологічного здоров’я. Визначено найважливіші аспекти реабілітації в умовах масивної та пролонгованої травматизації, які досліджуються співторобітниками лабораторії соціальної психології особистості Інституту соціальної та політичної психології.

How can a child soldier reintegrate into society after such trauma? The stories of child soldiers vary depending on the war, region and specific circumstances.

However, their rehabilitation and “life after” stories seem to hold similar value. Ishmael, a child soldier, believes the goal of rehabilitation is not to forget everything from time as a child soldier. He stated, “sometimes some of these things don’t need to be washed out of you, as most people will think.”

The key to happiness is integration back into the community through awareness and education to community members, as well as rehabilitation programs, vocational training and counseling provided for the victim.

Zadnji dan leta 1943 je preko Jadranskega morja odrinila prva skupina od skupaj skoraj 30.000 beguncev, ki so našli zatočišče v šotorskih begunskih taboriščih Egipta. Večino so sestavljali ženske in otroci. Daleč od doma in očetov, ki so se borili proti okupatorju v domovini, so ženske prevzele vlogo samohranilk, ki so skrbele za dobrobit svojih otrok. Pri tem sta jih podpirala Centralni odbor beguncev in zavezniško vodstvo taborišč, ki sta s pomočjo britanske vojske in ameriškega Rdečega križa zagotavljala primerno
prehrano za mnogokrat podhranjene otroke in mladino. Kljub nekaterim začetnim težavam so za otroke organizirali ustrezno zdravstveno varstvo. Na pobudo beguncev in njihovega vodstva so takoj po prihodu prve skupine v Egipt organizirali tudi prvi šolski pouk, ki so ga vodili vse do končnega zaprtja taborišč. Otroci v taboriščih so imeli tudi politični pouk in so bili kot pionirčki ter mladinci vzgajani kot dobri bodoči državljani povojne socialistične Jugoslavije.

THE DESERT CHILDREN: GROWING UP IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR YUGOSLAV REFUGEE CAMPS IN EGYPT: On the last day of 1943, the first group of almost 30.000, mostly Croat refugees set sail over the Meditearrean for tented refugee camps in Egypt. Most of the refugees were women and children, who relied on the guidance of the partisan and allied administration at the camps. Many children arrived to the camps malnourished and were dependent on the military provisions to help them recover their strength as well as voluntary societies to provide adequate medical support. With plenty of iniciative amongst the refugees, the first school classes were organised immediately after the arrival of the first group. These classes evolved into proper elementary and middle schools. The children refugees were also inducted into Pioneers' Association. In this manner, the partisan administration secured excellent citizens of the new Yugoslavia, at the same time giving thern practical foundation for further education after the war.

PERSONAL LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING
THE TRAUMATIC WAR EXPERIENCE
The personal landscape transformations are defined as the territory of a person's life, which has special dynamics, structural and functional characteristics, meaningful filling. In addition to specifying the landscape concept, the task was to determine the types of landscapes of combatants after returning from the war. The sample consisted of 91 combatants, higher education cadets, and volunteers. We used the written narrative method of the proposed scheme, a conversation, and a focused one-on-one interview. As a result, post-traumatic combatants' narratives consisted of war-related injuries (41.9%); family treason (24.7%); losses suffered in peacetime (23.5%); other difficult life situations (9.9%).
The following criteria for determining the type of landscape have been developed: meaningfulness of the past; assessment of the present; a vision of the future; value dominant. There is considered the value-semantic configuration of the individual`s life as an integral indicator of the landscape. The following types of landscapes have been identified: a) existential (differs from the unwillingness to rethink the traumatic past; to assess the present adequately; the inability to construct the future; the dominant for survival); b) family (distinguished by a good understanding of the past; adequate assessment of the present; detailed construction of the future; dominant of meaningful relationships); c) service (differs from family primarily by the criterion of dominant value - to be useful to the state, the fight against the aggressor, the army); d) self-realization (differs in the main value of self-development); e) pragmatic (distinguished by the major value of career advancement).
The most common landscapes are existential and family landscapes (25.0% each); in second place is landscapes of service and self-realization (17.3% each); on the third - pragmatic (13.6%). The hypothesis according to which the direct participation of military personnel in hostilities can act as a trigger for changing the personal landscape is confirmed.

The acts of war and violence are increasingly prevalent in contemporary society. Within the last decade, the use of weapons has become more efficient and powerful resulting in devastation and loss of human life. Globally, people in affected regions usually exhibit residual effects, these effects however tend to be more pronounced in children and young adults. This paper presents concrete research on the effects of war-trauma, migration-trauma and, parental (family) distress of refugee children (RC) with the aim of understanding the deviant behavior of refugee children in reported trauma cases reviewed. This paper established the impact of war-trauma on refugee children. Children with prolonged exposure to war or violence related events stand a higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which could result in violent behavior throughout their life time if proper intervention is not administered. Aggravated mental stress disorder could also be experienced due to migration trauma as the RC traverse several regions enroute their new environments; which in turn leads to family distress as separation occurs as well as acculturation issues.

This paper explores the potential that involving communities in media production has in post-conflict countries to foster healing and reconciliation. The trauma caused by intense violence on individuals and their communities is severe. In this context, communication is important to help people make sense of their realities and engage in a dialogue, both within their social network and with other communities. By either directly or indirectly involving people in the production process, individuals are given the opportunity to tell their stories and express their feelings. At the same time, those who are exposed to these types of productions can gain understanding of others' experiences. All these elements enable individuals to begin healing. This is discussed through a review of four case studies involving different types of media projects and communication designs carried out in Sierra Leone in the aftermath of the civil war.

Інформаційний буклет для осіб, які зазнали впливу травматичних подій, їхніх родичів, фахівців, які працюють з психологічною травмою та інших зацікавлених осіб. Основні питання, на які мижна знайти відповідь у буклеті: Що таке травма та посттравматичний стресовий розлад (ПТСР)? Як допомогти собі та близьким впоратись із наслідками травми? Як та де шукати якісну фахову допомогу?

המאמר דן בצורך לבטל את המונח "הפרעה" בתסמונת הפוסט-טראומתית, ולהחליפו במונח "פציעה". הדיון מתמקד בטראומת מלחמה (קרב וטרור) בלבד, ומציע כי במקרים אלה תיקרא התסמונת PTSI, (Post-Traumatic Stress Injury) ולאPTSD  (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). הצורך בשינוי מתעורר בשל ההשלכות הפרקטיות המשמעותיות שיש לדיוק בהגדרה לגבי הפצועים, אך מנומק גם בכך שהמונח "פציעה" מתאר בדיוק רב יותר את התופעה המוגדרת כיום כ-PTSD. המאמר מבסס את העדפת האפיון של התסמונת הפוסט-טראומתית כפציעה על היבטים מחקריים ועל סוגיות חברתיות-פוליטיות. לאחר דיון בקריטריון המחולל (קריטריון A1), נתמכת טענת המחקר בעדויות מתחום חקר המוח, ומובהרת חשיבות השינוי בהקשר של צדק הכרתי. במאמר נטען כי שינוי המינוח עשוי להקטין את התיוג של פצועי הנפש, לסייע להחלמתם, ולהגדיל את מספר הפצועים הפונים לטיפול. עוד נטען כי שינוי ההגדרה חשוב לחיילים שנפשם נפצעה בעולם כולו, וכי בישראל יש לו חשיבות מיוחדת גם לגבי אזרחים.

Art Spiegelman's "Maus" is an emotional graphic novel about the life of Spiegelman himself and the atrocities that his parents faced during the Holocaust. This paper looks at Spiegelman's use of animals as characters and  how that connects to the idea of "dehumanization."

Psychological support is considered as a mediator of constructive personality transformations, which is a specially organized activity aimed at restoring and maintaining psychological health, professional self-realization, and deepening relations with a significant environment. It was determined that the results of the support are determined by activity, determination, responsibility, mutual tolerance of the parties to the accompanying interaction. The stages of support were analyzed: diagnostic-targeted, operational-instrumental, community-communicative, assessment and correction. Indicators of the effectiveness of support are determined: increase in the level of psychological well-being of the accompanying person, enhancement of community, dialogue, mutual tolerance of interaction between the recipient and agents; stimulating the involvement of the recipient in the joint work, his responsibility, empathy, optimism. Support strategies that can be used to obtain additional resources for restoring psychological health are disclosed: a strategy to overcome feelings of loneliness, alienation; a strategy for integrating traumatic experiences through new interpretations of what has been experienced; a strategy for testing new ways of engaging with the environment, a media strategy for improving self-regulation and self-efficacy.

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF
-- TOC and book summary in downloadable .pdf] 
According to the poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." To the ancient Egyptians they were prophecies, and in world folklore they have often marked visitations from the dead. For Freud they were expressions of "wish fulfillment," and for Jung, symbolic representations of mythical archetypes. Although there is still much disagreement about the significance and function of dreams, they seem to serve as a barometer of current mind and body states.

In this volume, Deirdre Barrett brings together the study of dreams and the psychology of trauma. She has called on a distinguished group of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers--among them Rosalind Cartwright, Robert J. Lifton, and Oliver Sacks--to consider how trauma shapes dreaming and what the dreaming mind might reveal about trauma. The book focuses on catastrophic events, such as combat, political torture, natural disasters, and rape. The lasting effects of childhood trauma, such as sexual abuse or severe burns, on personality formation, the nature of memories of early trauma, and the development of defenses related to amnesia and dissociation are all considered. The book also takes up trauma and adult dreams, including Vietnam veterans and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Holocaust survivors and perpetrators, rape victims, and firestorm survivors. Finally, this volume concludes with a look at the potential "traumas of normal life," such as divorce, bereavement, and life-threatening illness, and the role of dreams in working through normal grief and loss.

Taken together, these diverse perspectives illuminate the universal and the particular effects of traumatic experience. For physicians and clinicians, determining the etiology of nightmares offers valuable diagnostic and therapeutic insights for individual treatment. This book provides a way of juxtaposing the research in the separate fields of trauma and dreams, and learning from their discoveries.

William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is an intriguing and intricate tragedy which depicts the consequences of ambition and manipulation. The storyline of the play is intriguing on its own, presenting the audience with enough drama and action to keep them interested till the very end, yet it could be said that the real value of the play is set deeper than the action happening on the surface. The destabilization and disintegration of Macbeth’s psyche provide the primary vehicles of the play’s acts. This process offers the chance to examine the tragedy from the actions of the characters as well as from a psychological standpoint, which could shed new light on Shakespeare’s hailed tragedy by applying the findings of modern psychological research, thus going beyond the often argued points of Macbeth being a tragic hero, evil or a victim of his circumstances.

Przyjmuje się, że podczas I wojny światowej w siłach zbrojnych cesarskich Niemiec służyło około 850 000 żołnierzy polskiej narodowości. Już podczas mobilizacji w sierpniu 1914 roku w szeregi kaiserowskiego wojska trafiło 320 000 Polaków. Niezwykle trafnie ujął to jeden z tych żołnierzy Leon Gawroński, pisząc kredą na tablicy podczas pamiątkowego zdjęcia w atelier: „Obcy mundur — dola taka...”.

Oddaję do rąk czytelnika wspomnienia doktora i chirurga Wojciecha Jedliny-Jacobsona, który w sierpniu 1914 roku został zmobilizowany, jako lekarz III batalionu 49. Pułku Piechoty, 8. Brygady Piechoty z 4. Dywizji Piechoty. Jednostka ta wchodziła do II Korpusu Armijnego, a ten do 1. Armii dowodzonej przez generała Alexandra von Klucka, której postawiono zadanie okrążenia i zdobycia Paryża. Zgodnie z przysięgą lekarską dr Jacobson niósł pomoc medyczną dla wszystkich rannych znajdowanych na pobojowiskach, czy dostarczanych na punkt opatrunkowy batalionu. W roku 1914 na froncie zachodnim uczestniczył ze swoim pułkiem w bitwie nad rzeką Gette, pod Mons, nad rzeką Sommą, pod Senlis i Ourcq, nad rzeką Aisne, pod Roye, Soupir, Ypres, a pod koniec 1914 roku na froncie wschodnim w bitwie pod Łodzią oraz nad Rawką i Bzurą. Dr Jacobson nie ukrywał, że był Polakiem, co wielokrotnie wzbudzało podejrzenia przełożonych o nielojalność i wypominanie, że był „przyjacielem Francuzów”. Autor wspomnień szczególnie dużo miejsca poświęcił niemieckim zbrodniom wojennym w Belgii, przytaczając wiele szczegółów z wydarzeń, których był świadkiem.

Do chwili obecnej ukazało się drukiem zaledwie kilka wspomnień żołnierzy wojsk niemieckich polskiej narodowości z czasu I wojny światowej. Jednak niewiele z nich reprezentuje, tak wysoki poziom pisarski. Dlatego też w tym miejscu należy podkreślić unikatowy charakter tych wspomnień, które zostały poddane edycji naukowej i opatrzone wstępem.

Dr Bartosz Kruszyński
Pomysłodawca wydania, redakcja naukowa, wstęp, wybór i edycja map oraz fotografii

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During the World War I in the armed forces of imperial Germany serve about 850 000 soldiers of Polish nationality. After mobilization in August 1914 the ranks of the kaiser's army went 320 000 Poles. Extremely aptly put it, one of these soldiers Leon Gawronski, writing with chalk on a blackboard during a photo in the studio: "Aliens uniform - such a fate ...".

I give into the hands of the reader memories of doctor and surgeon Wojciech Jedlina-Jacobson, who in August 1914 was drafted, as a doctor at the 3rd Battalion, 49th Infantry Regiment, 8th Infantry Brigade, 4rd Infantry Division. This unit belonged to the 2nd Army Corps of the 1st Army, commanded by General Alexander von Klucka, which was ordered in 1914 to capture Paris. According to the medical oath Dr. Jacobson was carrying medical aid for all injuries found on battlefields, or delivered to the infirmary of the battalion.

In 1914 the Western Front participated with his regiment at the battles of Gette River, in Mons, over the River Somme, the Senlis and Ourcq, on the river Aisne, under Roye, Soupir, Ypres, and in late 1914 the eastern front in the battle near Lodz and the Rawka and Bzura.

Dr. Jacobson did not conceal that he was a Pole, which has repeatedly aroused the suspicions of disloyalty superiors and reproaches that he was "a friend of the French”.

Author of memories especially a lot of space devoted German war crimes in Belgium, citing many of the details of the events that he witnessed.

Until now it appeared in print only a few memories of soldiers Polish nationality in the German army from the time of the World War I. However, few of them represents such a high level as a writer. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the unique nature of these memories that have been edited scientific and preface.

Dr Bartosz Kruszynski
science editor

שנים ארוכות התנכרו החברה והממסד בישראל לנפגעי טראומת מלחמה, והאשימו אותם בפחדנות ובהשתמטות. למרות שיפור ניכר בסוגיה זו בשני העשורים האחרונים, טרם התפוגג הספק: האם טראומה נפשית בשל מלחמה היא אכן פציעה של הנפש, כפי שאובדן רגל או יד הוא פציעה של הגוף?
כאילו היא פצע נסתר הוא מחקר מדעי מקיף הנקרא כסיפור מרתק ומטלטל, המעלה ממעמקים את השאלות שאינן נשמעות על אודות הפצעים שאינם נראים של נפגעי טראומות המלחמה בישראל, מימי מלחמת הקוממיות עד עצם הימים האלה.
הספר אינו מסתפק באני הפרטי, אלא מרחיב וחודר אל תוככי האני הציבורי, התרבותי והמיתולוגי. המחברת בוחנת את קשרי הגומלין בין תחושת האיום על קיומנו האופפת את חיינו כישראלים ובין מידת הסובלנות שלנו כלפי הנפגעים; ומעלה שאלות נוקבות שנובעות מהתערערות ההסכמה הציבורית על משמעותה של המחויבות לחיילים פצועים ולנופלים בשבי.

(Comment): This is a rare study describing the development and validation of a psychological test of perceived social support as conducted in a war-torn field setting. Although originally developed for use with Bosnian adolescents who, due to ethnic cleansing and other war-related horrors, lost (due to traumatic deaths, genocide, abductions and disappearances, natural deaths, and lengthy or permanent involuntary separations from loved ones)  much of their social networks, the Multi-Sectory Social Support Inventory (MSSI) described herein can be used with many different child and adolescent populations. Four primary strengths of the MSSI  include: (1) It is based on Weiss's social provisions theory and is thus amenable to evaluating the perceived availability of specific types of support (e.g., pursuant to evaluating the "matching" hypothesis). (2) The MSSI  captures perceived social support from four different sectors of youths' social networks including nuclear family, extended family, peers, and adult friends and mentors (and is thus amenable to evaluating the "compensatory" hypothesis in a research study). (3) The MSSI can be used to help clients problem-solve which individuals within specific sectors are appropriate sources of specific types of support as part of an intervention, and thereby serve as a useful supplemental tool with different interventions (specifically the social support seeking skills sections) of several interventions I have co-authored including Psychological First Aid (PFA), Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR), and Trauma and Grief Component Therapy (TGCT). And (4) the MSSI has thus far been used in a variety of field studies, including in adapted form with war refugees (e.g., see the work of Heidi Ellis).

A true life story of facing war time conflict internally and externally to overcome extreme trauma, focusing on post lobotomy coping mechanisms and empowerment through reframing dynamics situations and sculpting the situation into your favor.

Burri’s paintings, with their emphasis upon process, exhibit the effects actions and time have upon matter –the wear and tear of burlap sacks, further stressed in areas by the artist and conspicuously repaired, integrated into the plane in one series of pictures, or the accelerated craquelure of paint in another.  Burri embraces the reality -or materiality- of matter, out of which he builds up a painting.

A specific cultural awareness and educational preparation is necessary to most effectively minister to US Military personnel and Veterans.  US Military Service Members and Veterans are a unique and the only voluntary minority group in the United States of America.  At different eras in American history US Military Service Members and Veterans have been lauded and despised by the people they serve.  Normally marginalized and viewed on the periphery of the majority culture.  The majority culture of the US historically defines minorities by race and ethnic origin.  Now, sexual identity and religion are definitions that are used to identify minority populations by the US Majority culture.  US Military Service Members and Veterans defy these majority culture categories of minority.  US Military Service Members and Veterans are visually, socially and ethnically a diverse population.  US Military Culture members embrace and live values formative of the original American social and cultural identity.  Additionally, other values that make the success of US Military operations possible seem incongruent with the expressed values of the contemporary US Majority culture.  Among these values are obedience and personal responsibility.  All of these values must be introduced, fostered and bred into US Military Service Members.  These same values are practical expressions of the reality of a life lived in a culture that existence is predicated on a need that is greater than the individual members of that culture, or that cultural group as a whole.  To facilitate effective ministry to this underserved population New York Theological Seminary adopted and implemented a new Doctor of Ministry Curriculum using its standard DMin program platform.

Kaum ein anderes Medium scheint besser geeignet, traumatische Verletzungen zu visualisieren und zu speichern, zu kommunizieren und zu transformieren, als der Film. Er macht sie sichtbar, indem er sie als Wunden ausstellt, er öffnet sie, legt den Finger in sie hinein oder bepflastert sie. Dabei bereichert er um neue Interpretations- und Darstellungsweisen sowie symbolische Deutungsmuster.

Der internationale, interdisziplinäre und bilinguale Sammelband mit Beiträgen von Geistes- und MedienwissenschaftlerInnen widmet sich der Paradoxie scheinbar un/sagbarer und un/darstellbarer  historischer Traumata. Diese lassen ein bewusstes Erinnern und eine adäquate Repräsentation des traumatisierenden Geschehens zunächst scheitern. Abgesehen von dieser Lücke bildet das „Trauma“ jedoch eine besondere zeitliche Struktur der Nachträglichkeit und Latenz, Indexikalität und Wiederholung aus. Diese ‚traumatische Zeitform‘, die in Alpträumen, Flashbacks, Loops, Halluzinationen und anderen Geisterscheinungen Ausdruck findet, lässt Parallelen zur Zeitlichkeit und Ästhetik des Films erkennen. Entlang klinischer, theoretischer und kultureller Traumakonzeptionen werden Spielfilme aus den letzten Jahrzehnten und unterschiedlichen nationalen Kontexten untersucht, in denen individuelle und kollektive Traumata – unter anderem in Verbindung mit der Shoah/dem Holocaust, dem Vietnamkrieg, den Irakkriegen, dem Israel-Palästina-Konflikt und 9/11 – inhaltlich und strukturell sowie ästhetisch-narrativ gestaltet werden.

Denial, anger, depression and acceptance, these are the stages of grief. Grief is a very complex emotion, a multifaceted response to loss, that is unique to each individual that has the unfortunate chance of experiencing it. Tim O'Brien is very much aware of this though, and his short story ​ The Things They Carried ​ is reflective of that. ​ The Things They Carried​ is Tim O'Brien's grand commentary on the true weight of war and grief and love. How difficult it is to maintain and develop relationships when faced with the likely possibility that those relationships could be shot down in an instant. O'Brien turns his characters into literary illustrations of the stages of grief by discussing how both physical and metaphorical belongings can affect someone's perspective of both themselves and the world around them. Turning each man into these reflections of grief that are in each moment after the death of Ted Lavender, one of their own. Reflections only made clear in the way they respond to his departure, the way they do or do not come to terms with his death. Denial is the simple act of refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred. In its full form, it is totally subconscious, though it may also have a significant conscious element, where the sufferer is simply refusing to acknowledge an uncomfortable situation. In ​ 'The Things They Carried' ​ Rat Kiley is in denial about Ted Lavender's death. He represents the first stage of grief in what can be found to be a highlighting moment of the piece, "Oh shit, Rat Kiley said, the guy's dead. The guy's dead, he kept saying, which seemed profound-the guy's dead" (O'Brien,

I call the complexity of the cultural complexes of the Ryukyus "the Ryukyu complex." Applying Thomas Singer and Samuel L. Kimble's concept of the cultural complex and Michael Vannoy Adams' multicultural imagination of the mythological unconscious to the topoanalysis of the Ryukyu complex, ecopsychology discloses place and placing of the Ryukyu complex in (1) the notion of nirai, the "paradise afar in the ocean,"  (2) the visiting deities of carnivals, (3)  absolute immanence of the resident deity, (4) illness narratives of noro, the "priestess" and yuta, the "shamaness,"  and (5) the archetypal defense of the cultural complex traumatized by the war.

Trauma helpers require specialized supervision. Individual, group and team supervision for trauma counselors and therapists are described and evaluated. Originally published in:
Wilson, J.  P. & Drozdek B. (Eds) (2004),  Broken Spirits. Philadelphia: Bruner/Mazel

According to Morrison, race and home have always been priorities in her work. All her novels focus on race-inflected topics, and home, which African-Americans have been historically dispossessed of, is also one of her concerns as it is strongly related to healing, identity, and self-authorship. Among her novels, Paradise (1997) and Home (2010) are the ones that most clearly delineate the theme of home. The objective of this paper is to analyze how Morrison's concept of home, explicated in her address at the conference entitled "Race Matters" at Princeton University in 1997, is shown in these two works. Morrison's design, that is, to create a space in her fiction where race both matters and is irrelevant; a space that is explicitly gendered, open, borderless and communal, is successful in both novels. Nevertheless, when comparing Paradise and Home, there are some major differences in how she handles the theme of home. Most importantly, the two novels arrive at rather contrasting conclusions: in Paradise, home as haven can only be short-lived, whereas there is an overwhelmingly positive closure at the end of Home involving complete healing.

This chapter focuses on the multidimensional trauma of witnesses to mass ethnic violence. The author analyzes the personal experiences of civilians during World War II in Eastern Galicia (once a multi-ethnic borderland region: before 1939 in Poland, now in Ukraine). What makes Galicia an exceptional case study is the continuity of mass violence of different kinds and against different groups of the population: Soviet repression and mass killings, the Holocaust, ethnic cleansing of Poles committed by Ukrainian nationalists, and conflict between Soviet authorities and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Drawing on existing concepts from the field of bystanders’ studies, for example, Michael Rothberg’s implicated subject and Omer Bartov’s communal genocide, the author proposes to understand the trauma of Galician bystanders as a complex and multidimensional experience, psychological as well as collective and communal.

The article inter-discusses the experiments conducted by German doctors at Ravensbrück concentration camp on Polish women and their impact on the fateof the operated patients. The experimental lower limbs bone operations conducted in antiseptic regime and with intended contagion were discussed. Medical reportsand recollections of the operated patients, the course of the operations and their
consequences are presented based on evidence. After the war, these experiments were recognised as war crimes and crimes against humanity. Depending on the degree of mutilation caused by the operation and the lack of medical post-procedure care and
rehabilitation, the war stress and the poor camp conditions, the state of the operated patients deteriorated. The authors considered the experiments to be criminal medical experiments. They were carried out by doctors, but in violation of medical ethics. They were carried out on healthy women. The experiments resulted in physical impairment,
which even led to disability. In addition, they suffered severe post-traumatic stress disorder, compounded by the post-experiment trauma and the harm associated with the experiments. Some women were excluded from social roles because of their ailments.

For over fifteen years it has been an accepted historical practice to refer to episodes within ancient Greek history, and portrayals of characters in Greek drama, as exhibiting behaviours akin to modern veterans suffering with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Indeed, it is becoming more and more common that figures from ancient history are being retrospectively diagnosed with PTSD. Yet, to date no book length treatment exists to debate the validity of this implied universalism: that PTSD can be found and equated in history, with little regard for the social and chronological boundaries which separate the present from the past. So what is the argument for PTSD in ancient Greece, and what, if any, are its flaws? Presented here are two authors presenting the opposing views to the debate, as it stands, using the same quoted sources to highlight the differences in interpretation.