Trachea

Ceren ÜNAL 1 ÖZ Tunay Demran Koleksiyonu'nda yer alan bakır trakhy sikke Philadelphia'lı Theodoros Mankaphas'ın başkent Konstantinopolis'teki yönetime ve Bizans imparatoruna isyan ederek kendisini imparator ilan etmesinden sonra basılmış nadir bir buluntudur. Theodoros Mankaphas'ın imparator olarak resmen hüküm sürmek için adına sikke bastırması, yaşadığı yer Philadelphia ve çevre bölgeden askeri destek alması, 12. yüzyıl sonu-13. yüzyıl başlarında Batı Anadolu'da yaşanan karmaşa ve imparatorluk otoritesinin zayıflığını göstermektedir. Bu dönemde, imparatorluğun farklı yerlerinde görülen isyan ve ayrılık girişimleri aslında ekonomik ve siyasi bakımdan zor durumda olan imparatorluğun IV. Haçlı seferi ile yıkılmasının habercisiydiler. Theodoros Mankaphas'a atfedilen elektron ve billon aspron trakhy sikkeleri oldukça nadir buluntu olmalarından ve Bizans sikke tiplerinden oldukça farklı ikonografi ve yazı formuna sahip olmalarından çok önemlidirler. 12. yüzyıl sonu-13. yüzyıl başlarındaki siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal koşullar altında ortaya çıkan ve isyancı Theodoros Mankaphas'a atfedilen elektron ve billon sikkeler konusunda ise uzmanların farklı görüşleri bulunmaktadır. Günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalarda bu sikkelerin iki farklı görüş doğrultusunda sınıflandığı ve görüş ayrılıkları barındırdıkları bilinmektedir. Çalışmamızda, uzmanların sikkenin atfedilmesi gereken idareci hakkındaki farklı görüşleri incelenecek ve Tunay Demran Koleksiyonunda yer alan ve daha önce bakır birimi hakkında bir yayın yapılmamış nadir sikke buluntusu eşliğinde, Theodoros Mankaphas tarafından sirkülasyonda bir süreliğine de olsa yer bulmaları tartışılacaktır.

Most tracheobronchial and parenchymatous congenital abnormalities of the respiratory system are diagnosed in early life. However, some lesions may be initially silent and diagnosed only in adulthood. These cases included congenital abnormalies of the tracheobronchial tract (tracheal and/or bronchial stenosis, bronchogenic cysts, bronchial atresia, oesotracheal fistula, oesobronchial fistula, and tracheal diverticulum), and lung parenchyma itself (pulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoïd malformation, lobar emphysema, lobar or lung hypoplasia). To avoid dreadful complications, these rare cases deserve surgical management, and must be known by chest physicians and surgeons.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for a variety of invasive and non-invasive human infections. There are over 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae differing in their ability to adapt to the different niches within the host. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to discriminate clinical S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from either blood cultures (invasive site isolates) or other sites, including sputum, tracheal aspirate, ear, eye and skin swabs (non-invasive site isolates). Global protein expression profiles for five invasive site and six non-invasive site isolates representing five different serotypes (serotypes 4, 6, 9, 14 and 23) were obtained for each isolate and combined into a single data set using Progenesis SameSpots™ software. One-hundred and eighty six protein spots (39% of the protein spots in the dataset) differed significantly (ANOVA, p<0.05) in abundance between the invasive site (101 upregulated protein spots) and non-invasive site (85 upregulated protein spo...

Aim The aim of this work is to analyze, by means of noninvasive monitoring, the clinical effects of high intraperitoneal pressure for enough time to insert the first trocar. Methods Sixty-seven patients without significant lung problems were randomly divided into groups P12 (n = 30, maximum intraperitoneal pressure 12 mmHg) and P20 (n = 37, maximum intraperitoneal pressure 20 mmHg). A Veress needle was inserted into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitoneum. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR, in bpm), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2, expressed as percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2, in mmHg), mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mmHg), and intratracheal pressure (ITP, in cmH2O). Clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups at time point 0 (TP0, before CO2 insufflation), time point 1 (TP1, when intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg was reached in both groups), time point 2 (TP2, 5 min after reaching intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg in group P12 and of 20 mmHg in group P20), and time point 3 (TP3, 10 min after reaching intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg in group P12 and 10 min after TP1 in group P20, when intraperitoneal pressure decreased from 20 to 12 mmHg). Values outside of the normal range or occurrence of atypical phenomena suggestive of organic disease indicated clinical changes. Results Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding HR, MAP, ETCO2, and ITP. No significant clinical changes were observed. Conclusions Transitory, high intraperitoneal pressure (20 mmHg for 5 min) for insertion of the first trocar resulted in changes in HR, MAP, ETCO2, and ITP that were within the normal range, and no adverse clinical effects were observed. Therefore, the use of transitory, high intraperitoneal pressure is recommended to prevent iatrogenic injury during blind insertion of the first trocar. Nevertheless, it is not clear that this method would be safe in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Elephants have had to adapt to gravitational stresses imposed on their very large respiratory structures. We describe some unusual features of the elephant's respiratory system and speculate on their functional significance. A distensible network of collagen fibers fills the pleural space, loosely connects lung to chest wall but appears not to constrain lung-chest wall movements. Myriad spaces within the network and its rich supply of capillaries suggest effective local sources and sinks for pleural fluid that may replace the gravity-dependent flows of smaller mammals. The lung is partitioned into approximately equal to 1 cm3 parenchymal units by a system of thick, elastic septa that ramify throughout the lung from origins on the lung's elastic external capsule. Parenchymal units suspended upon the elastic septal system protect dependent alveoli from compression, thereby reducing the usual gravitational gradient of lung expansion. Intra-pulmonary airways are devoid of cartil...

The airway epithelia initiate and modulate the inflammatory responses to various pathogens. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-mediated Cl(-) secretion system plays a key role in mucociliary clearance of inhaled pathogens. We have explored the effects of Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic intracellular protozoan parasite, on Cl(-) secretion of the mouse tracheal epithelia. In this study, ATP-induced Cl(-) secretion indicated the presence of a biphasic short-circuit current (Isc) response, which was mediated by a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. However, the ATP-evoked Cl(-) secretion in T. gondii-infected mouse tracheal epithelia and the elevation of [Ca(2+)]i in T. gondii-infected human airway epithelial cells were suppressed. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression level of the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2-R) increased significantly in T. gondii-infected mouse tracheal c...