Social Factors

Context
Several intergovernmental organizations (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, World Health Organization, United Nations) are urging countries to use well‐being indicators (e.g., life satisfaction) in addition to traditional economic indicators when making important policy decisions. As the number of governments implementing this new approach grows, so does the need to continue evaluating the health and well‐being outcomes we might observe from policies aimed at improving life satisfaction.

Methods
We evaluated whether positive change in life satisfaction (between t0;2006/2008 and t1;2010/2012) was associated with better outcomes on 35 indicators of physical, behavioral, and psychosocial health and well‐being (in t2;2014/2016). Data were from 12,998 participants in the University of Michigan's Health and Retirement Study—a prospective and nationally representative cohort of US adults over age 50.

Findings
Participants with the highest (versus lowest) life satisfaction had better subsequent outcomes on some physical health indicators (lower risk of pain, physical functioning limitations, and mortality; lower number of chronic conditions; and higher self‐rated health) and health behaviors (lower risk of sleep problems and more frequent physical activity), and nearly all psychosocial indicators (higher positive affect, optimism, purpose in life, mastery, health mastery, financial mastery, and likelihood of living with spouse/partner; and lower depression, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, negative affect, perceived constraints, and loneliness) over the 4‐year follow‐up period. However, life satisfaction was not subsequently associated with many specific health conditions (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, heart disease, lung disease, arthritis, overweight/obesity, or cognitive impairment), other health behaviors (i.e., binge drinking or smoking), or frequency of contact with children, family, or friends.

Conclusions
These results suggest that life satisfaction is a valuable target for policies aiming to enhance several indicators of psychosocial well‐being, health behaviors, and physical health outcomes.

It is worth pointing out that learning a foreign language in a multicultural context is a long and complex undertaking. Several factors influence whether or not English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students can accurately perceive and produce the foreign language. These variables can potentially contribute to the success and, or failure in learning and acquiring a foreign language. Given the Moroccan educational system, the research provided minimal insight into the relationship between those factors and language achievement. The present study's aim, therefore, was to investigate the environmental factors that affect students' academic performance. It also aimed to find out how these variables affect students' academic achievements. To achieve this aim, data have been collected via open-ended questionnaires, and interviews addressed mainly to First Year Students of Master Programs, Department of English, FLDM, USMBA-Fez. The findings have shown that students' academic achievements were significantly positively/negatively linked with the environmental factors, namely societal, home/family and school/classroom variables. The findings also revealed that the more highly sophisticated the social environment is, the more likely it is to foster EFL students' academic achievements. In addition, the more similarity exists between the students' cultures, the more successful the learning is. This study also showed that the development of EFL proficiency is a product of contextual factors influence. As such, the study concludes with several implications that brought up for possible effective change in the future to enhance the learning environment atmosphere, boost students' academic achievements, and, therefore, achieve better results.

A literatura sobre o apagamento de marcas morfológicas nos verbos e a inserção de novos pronomes no sistema linguístico, em diferentes análises e em diferentes dialetos do português no Brasil, é extensa. Sobre a perda das marcas morfológicas no verbo, podemos citar dois autores que, desde os anos 70, descrevem o fenômeno sob o enfoque da sociolinguística quantitativa: Naro (1981), Scherre (1989), Scherre & Naro (1992), Naro & Scherre (1999). Posteriormente, houve também contribuições acerca das variáveis de concordância verbal em estudos de variedades “rurbanas” (dialetos falados por migrantes pobres em grandes capitais do Brasil): mais especificamente Rodrigues (1987), na cidade de São Paulo, e Bortoni-Ricardo (1985), em Brasília.

Uma outra linha de pesquisa pode ser descrita como aquela que se iniciou com as sistematizações propostas por Tarallo (1991) para explicar os padrões de mudança sintática observados em tempo real de longa duração no “português brasileiro”.

Dessa análise, surgiram inúmeros trabalhos que de algum modo mantêm diálogo com a proposta do autor até os dias mais atuais. As explicações sistemáticas de propriedades sintáticas, em variedades brasileiras, deram molde a fenômenos antes descritos isoladamente (classificados apenas como “brasileirismos”, cf. Tarallo,1991:75-81). O trabalho seminal
teve mais recentemente novas interpretações. Estes representam, por um lado, um aprofundamento formalista no estudo de fenômenos observados também por Tarallo (Kato et alli, 2001; Negrão& Viotti, 2001) e por outro representam possíveis aplicações de seus postulados a certas teorias sobre o fenômeno lingüístico chamado de gramaticalização (Zilles, 2002; Zilles, 2004; Ramos, 1997; e Vitral, 1996).
A partir desses trabalhos de referência, a pesquisa que se apresenta inicia uma discussão de como as características observadas em variedades do português no Brasil estão relacionadas a significados sociais que identificam falantes estratificados e pertencentes a
determinadas comunidades de fala (Labov, 2001; Milroy, 1980; Eckert, 1996). Já em Tarallo (1991:75-99) encontramos essa preocupação, quando descreve a “emergência” de uma gramática simultaneamente ao desenvolvimento de uma nova “noção de cidadania” na elite nacional.

Nesse quadro mais geral, a pesquisa enfoca a variação dos pronomes e da concordância verbal para a expressão de primeira pessoa do plural no dialeto falado por migrantes e filhos de migrantes, moradores de bairros de periferia da cidade de São Paulo.

De modo mais específico, essa pesquisa mantém diálogo com dois estudos sobre os pronomes de primeira pessoa do plural (Omena, 2003; Zilles, 2005) e com dois outros estudos sobre a concordância verbal na fala de migrantes em cidades grandes (Bortoni- Ricardo, 1985; Rodrigues, 1987).

Nosso objetivo central é demonstrar que a variedade falada nos bairros de periferia em São Paulo apresenta duas tendências contrárias às outras variedades: (a) a gente não constitui necessariamente o pronome favorito na comunidade e (b) o fenômeno de perda de marca morfológica tende a generalizar-se para a expressão da primeira pessoa do plural no verbo (por exemplo, nóis é).

A diferença observada no uso dos pronomes encontra motivação sobretudo no perfil sociolinguístico das comunidades em estudo: enquanto Omena (2003) e Zilles (2005) consideram falantes naturais de centros urbanos com distribuição social segundo a escolaridade, a atual pesquisa enfoca falantes moradores de bairros periféricos da cidade de São Paulo, muitos deles migrantes de zonas pobres do país, ou filhos destes.

No caso do apagamento do sufixo -mos, vamos verificar que filhos paulistanos com perfis semelhantes aos daqueles estudados por Bortoni-Ricardo (1985) e por Rodrigues (1987) não se comportam, como era esperado, de acordo com o processo de urbanização de dialetos rurais. Para as duas autoras, esse processo se dá basicamente com o reconhecimento, por parte do migrante, de que seus hábitos linguísticos são estigmatizados, e que portanto devem ser mudados. Nesses trabalhos, os falantes, que passaram por esse processo de mudança, somente demonstraram alterações no uso da variável de primeira pessoa do plural, se comparado à de terceira do plural.

O corpus para análise foi constituído com um trabalho de campo realizado num sub-distrito, de origem favelada, do bairro Brasilândia (Jardim Paulistano - zona norte da cidade de São Paulo). Foram gravadas vinte e quatro entrevistas sociolinguísticas com falantes de diferentes grupos representativos do bairro (associação de moradores, cooperativa de costureiras, jovens assistidos por programas sociais, frequentadores de quadras esportivas etc).

Researchers studying entrepreneurship have lent great value by exploring the factors that explain how entrepreneurs create new businesses and therefore, how societies and economies grow and prosper. Although there is considerable research based on psychological and economic approaches to entrepreneurship, the influence of cultural factors on the development of the company remains under study. However, the purpose of this article is to integrate, from a theoretical point of view, the socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurial activity.

The objective of this paper is to review, systematize, and summarize empirical research on the antecedents and consequences of brand loyalty. The literature review has identified five categories of antecedents to brand loyalty associated with consumer, brand, social, corporate and relational factors. The type of loyalty formed varies according to the combination of various antecedents, with premium loyalty being considered the most desirable. Apart from summarizing the literature on brand loyalty, this review has practical implications for marketing managers. Customer expectations at each stage of the customer decision process must be understood, and therefore combined with the various antecedents to incite premium loyalty. Managers must apply not just behavioural but also affective components in their marketing strategies to achieve optimal results.

The main objective of the study is to find out the social and economic determinants of
cardiovascular disease. A cross sectional survey was conducted at the public cardiology wards
and private cardiologist clinics. Saturation sampling technique was utilized to gather
information. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that high blood
pressure and low fruits consumption are the major causes of cardiovascular disease for all age
groups. Stress, smoking, education and physical inactivity are also causes of cardiovascular
disease.

Variation in Address Forms for Arab Married and Unmarried Women in the Workplace: A Sociolinguistic Study


Mays Qasem Ajlouni
Department of English language and literature
Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University,
Irbid – Jordan.
Lutfi Abulhaija
Department of English language and literature
Faculty of Arts, Yarmouk University,
Irbid – Jordan.



Abstract:
This study aims at investigating address forms that are usually used in the workplace to address Arab married and unmarried women, from a sociolinguistic point of view. Despite the universality of the notion of using address forms, the elements that make them up and the rules that govern their use are cultural and social bound. It examines the use of address forms in relation to the impact of social variables such as gender, age and status on the form being used. To this end, a discourse completion task (DCT) was used to collect data. Analysis of 2000 occurrences of using address terms was carried out. Occurrences were collected from 100 Jordanian people working for JHAS organization. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively. Data were categorized into ten major categories. Results of the study highlight the most persistent terms of address. Results show that personal ‘first name’ form was the most frequently used address form, while ‘kinship terms’ were the least used form of address.

Key words: address form, first name, (un)married woman, social factor, sociolinguistics, workplace

This research explores the specific use of the prominent social media website Twitter during the 2010 Pakistan floods to examine whether users tend to tweet/retweet links from traditional versus social media, what countries these users are tweeting from, and whether there is a correlation between location and the linking of traditional versus social media. The study finds that Western users have an overwhelming preference for linking to traditional media and Pakistani users have a slight preference for linking to social media. The study also concludes that authorities and hubs in our sample have a significant preference for linking to social media rather than traditional media sites. The findings of this study suggest that there is a perceived legitimacy of social media during disasters by users in Pakistan. Additionally, it provides insights into how social media may be – albeit minimally – challenging the dominant position of traditional media in disaster reporting in developing countries.

SUMMARY Energy use in Australia faces three major challenges: air pollution arising from fossil fuel combustion, depletion of our modest oil reserves, and global warming contributions from greenhouse gas emissions. Energy conservation is a means of responding to all three challenges. This paper focuses on conservation of residential and passenger transport energy. These are directly controlled by households, hence social factors are likely to be important in energy conservation. On the basis of an analysis of energy consumption patterns from 1950 to 1995, it is argued that greater emphasis will need to be placed on enhancing social efficiency, that is, the effectiveness with which a given output is used to satisfy human needs. To date the emphasis has been on increasing technical efficiency. It is found that in certain important cases, promoting technical efficiency can be detrimental to social efficiency, leading to an overall rise in household energy use. Finally, the various policy options available for achieving energy savings are analysed, and it is concluded that in general non-price policies are more equitable and usually more effective.

The main objective of the study is to examine the social causes of diseases. The association among social determinants and diseases is intended to find out because in our society, importance of social factors is not fully recognized. The questionnaire based survey was conducted at public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Fifteen hundred in home patients were interviewed to gather the required data. It is found that there is a strong association between disease and social determinants. Stress causes a negative effect on a person’s health. It is also found that low literacy rate and inadequate health care facilities are the major factors impacting the health status. Majority of areas have medical facilities but most of these medical facilities are not fully facilitated.

Learning a foreign language encompasses a process of trial and error that can lead to the progression of the learner’s interlanguage, meaning that the learners make use of their language knowledge that receives feedback and brings about progress through diagnosis of the problems and being corrected by the teacher. Therefore, there exists a need to analyze the underlying reasons causing the students to remain taciturn with a low willingness to communicate (WTC) during a language class. There has been much work done investigating the role of the learner’s stable personal characteristics (traits) along with their situational changes at a specific time (states) that influence the student’s participation and interaction. In this study, we analyze the effect of a teacher’s gender on female /male student’s WTC in language classes where speaking is the focus. The research focuses on the potentials of male or female EFL teachers in isolation, and their varying roles in language classes of the opposite and same gender students. The analysis proposed here establishes that some of the effects found are due to different characteristics of men and women, and some are influenced by social/cultural orientations.

Keywords: Foreign Language Teaching, Willingness to Communicate, Gender, Social Factors, Cultural Orientations

The objective of this paper is to review, systematize, and summarize empirical research on the antecedents and consequences of brand loyalty. The literature review has identified five categories of antecedents to brand loyalty associated with consumer, brand, social, corporate and relational factors. The type of loyalty formed varies according to the combination of various antecedents, with premium loyalty being considered the most desirable. Apart from summarizing the literature on brand loyalty, this review has practical implications for marketing managers. Customer expectations at each stage of the customer decision process must be understood, and therefore combined with the various antecedents to incite premium loyalty. Managers must apply not just behavioural but also affective components in their marketing strategies to achieve optimal results.

The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of social factors on vocational career choices of students in Catholic-sponsored technical institutions located in the Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Kenya. The study was guided by the research question: What is the influence of social factors on vocational career choices in the aforementioned institutions? The study was grounded on Krumboltz theory of social learning. The empirical literature covered various societal factors. A Convergent parallel mixed method design was used whereby 292 respondents participated in the study. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were applied in sampling of institutions, administrators, teachers and students respectively. For data collection, interview guides were used for teachers and principals while questionnaires were employed to facilitate data collection from students. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences programme was used to aid analysis of quantitative data from the students while qualitative data from teachers and principals were organized into themes. Analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data were done independently then mixed at the end during interpretation. The study revealed that 91.6% of students are influenced by immediate people they interact with. It was also found that 55.6% never had prior working experience. The study revealed that as family and friends influence students in technical and vocational training institutions there is still a large number (49.3%) who make choices according to their own personal interest. Majority of the students (61.8%) perceived the courses they were pursuing as being very difficult but also marketable. Electrical installation was found to have the highest number of enrollment for national examinations followed by mechanics. The study recommended to Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development to introduce subjects at high school level that could expose students to vocational careers. It was further recommended that technical institutions should come up with guiding policies on how to help and streamline student’s choices on vocational careers.

This paper focuses on the multiple concepts regarding learning design in teaching and learning process, sheding light in the arguments that arising from its true content. It discusses the multiple definitions of learning design, highlighting their similarities and differences and underlines the contributing factors for these differences

The present study discusses the role of technology in learning foreign language. The concept of high-tech is not just for rocket scientists anymore. It is trickling down to everyday usage, and serving a useful purpose for humanity . Electronic learning and teaching is one of the human findings that have changed our world in the environment of lang uage teaching and learning. Technological development from 1990 leads to an increase in unity of web teaching courses and accordingly a unity in English language learning. This study is based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and examines the role of individual, organizational and social factors in accepting E-learning technology by English language students. The investigator used descriptive-survey method and a sample of questionnaire and interview with English language students who are the target sample of the present study. In order to testify the hypothesis of the study, the investigator used Pearson coefficient and SPSS version 19.

Introduction What has been identified as the relationship between natural resources and conflict? In what ways are natural resources used to trigger conflict and instability? Who are the main players and actors in resource conflicts? To address these questions, this article critically reviews the main theoretical and empirical works on natural resources conflict. This area was studied as the target population due to the rich forest and rangelands resources and considering the existing conflicts in the Ardabil province. The conflict of interest between exploiters and natural resource experts is one of the problems that may have remained from the period of nationalization of forests and rangeland (1962) and has become more critical gradually. In this regard, the inapplicability of the laws, the numerous transfers that have taken place over the years, and the lack of transparency of the border between national lands and exceptions, have led to many problems. This study seeks to investigate the reasons and causes of the conflict between the key natural resources key stakeholders including beneficiaries people who use the rangelands or forest and the local authority or national actors (government) over natural resources in the study area. Materials and Methods legal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and stakeholders. A number of 205 questionnaires were completed by the officials of natural resources of Ardabil and Garmi cities and its stakeholders with the Snowball Method. The validity of the main variables was more than 0.7, which is an acceptable number. Divergent validity index, among all features, was less than 0.9, which indicated that there is no dependence between the variables of each feature. Since the scale of measuring the views of experts and stakeholders is the rating, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the views of two groups on the causes of conflict in natural resources. Results and Discussion The results showed that the natural resources conflict in the whole region, there isn’t a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts in terms of perspective. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective of beneficiaries are lack of expertise of the resolution council, lack of government support for ranches, financial poverty, conflict with rangeland encroachers, low level of awareness of stakeholders, and according to the experts, lack of government support for ranches, lack of law, lack of rangeland cooperative, insufficient water in rangeland, financial poverty, lack of cooperation among the people and migration. Land grabbing, coaling, wood smuggling, and understory tillage aren’t the most challenging issues. From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues were not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce the conflicts. Conclusion It seems that the plans of stopping the exploitation of natural resources are more accepted in this region. Participatory management is one of the solutions to reduce the conflict which necessity of its implementation was not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints.

This research paper focused on factor analysis of motorcycle crashes in Malaysia. Statistics have shown that Malaysia has the highest road fatality risk (per 100,000 populations) among the ASEAN countries and more than 50% of the road accident fatalities involve motorcyclists. The research literature has shown that key factors that significantly involve in the motorcycles crashes are human factors, road and vehicle conditions and environment factors. The purpose of this research is to analyse the driving attitude, behaviour and habits of Malaysian motorcyclists especially the young students. For this purpose, a research survey (N=210) has been conducted in University Technology Malaysia (UTM) in order to perceive road user perception on key factors that contribute to motorcycle crashes in Malaysia among the young students. The results show that the highest factor that contributes to the motorcycle crashes in Malaysia is the human behavior factor, follow by road and vehicle and lastl...

Being in an environment, which causes stress, anxiety and uncertainty, are some of the elements, which have an influence on the well-being of human beings. Health care providers, health care receivers and health care workers all universally agree upon the fact that the aforementioned elements are undesirable and that there exists a relationship between certain factors of the environment and its influence on patients' well-being. Several researchers such as Sakallaris, Macallister, Voss, Smith, & Jonas (2015), Ulrich et al. (2006) and Van den Berg (2005) agree that well-being depends upon individual perspectives and that there exists a positive 'symbiotic' relationship between physical factors within the environment and non-physical factors (namely the social and psychological factors). The central objective of this study focused on determining to what extent physical factors, psychological and social factors of the current design of hospital healing environments of Surinamese hospital wards influence the self-perception of patient well-being. To identify the determining factors and the extent to which they could have influence on the self-perception of a patients' well-being, a quantitative study approach was used. The measuring instrument utilized for measuring well-being of patients was the WHO-5 Well-Being Index Scale as it has been proved to be a good measurement tool for measuring well-being among patients. The study of what the influencing factors of the healing environment on our well-being is, is still an ongoing debate amongst researchers. Therefore, the focus of this study was towards identifying the factors which arose out of the literature and which proposes a relationship between the physical and social and psychological factors and the influence on in-patients self perceived well-being. Through literature review, 28 variables (factors) where chosen and 14 dimensions have been identified for the Hospital Healing Environment (HHE). The dimensions have been separated into physical factors and social and psychological factors. The results from the collected data from the respondents (n=401) reveal that for the physical factors only the dimensions of PF-Scent [Beta:.116, p < .05] and PF-Service [Beta: .179, p < 0.05] revealed enough statistical significant evidence as being a positive influence on Self-Perceived Patient Well Being (SPPWB). The research also found that for sec psychological factors, the dimension of PsF-Privacy and Safety [Beta: .114. p < .05] and for sec social factors, the dimension of SF-Service [Beta:.1173. p< .05] revealed enough statistical significant evidence as being a positive influence on Self-Perceived Patient Well-Being (SPPWB). It is also revealed that Length of Stay (LOS) both moderates the relationship between physical, psychological and social factors positively and no moderation could be found for Type of Room/Hospital Room Classification (ToR/HRC). Also no mediating effect has been found for social and psychological factors on the relationship between physical factors and patient self-perceived well-being. As hospitals of the 21st century strategically are gradually moving more towards becoming patient-centered institutions, than the results and recommendations derived from this study has implications for the application of Evidence Based Design for future hospitals. This study recommends that certain strategic policies should be undertaken by the management of hospitals regarding the redesign or creation of a Healing Environment for a Hospital.

The main objective of the study is to find out the social and economic factors affecting frequency of re-hospitalization. A cross sectional survey was conducted at the public and private hospitals of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Saturation sampling technique was utilized to gather information. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that one’s emotional state in
terms of worry about heath seems to be most closely related to frequency of being admitted in hospital. Older people are more likely to have been in the hospital more often than younger people. Not having a hospital in the community reduces the frequency of re-hospitalizations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of social factors on vocational career choices of students in Catholic-sponsored technical institutions located in the Catholic Diocese of Nakuru, Kenya. The study was guided by the research question: What is the influence of social factors on vocational career choices in the aforementioned institutions? The study was grounded on Krumboltz theory of social learning. The empirical literature covered various societal factors. A Convergent parallel mixed method design was used whereby 292 respondents participated in the study. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were applied in sampling of institutions, administrators, teachers and students respectively. For data collection, interview guides were used for teachers and principals while questionnaires were employed to facilitate data collection from students. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences programme was used to aid analysis of quantitative data fr...

The Non-Performing loans presented picture of a distorted and slow-paced economy. This issue became more critical when it was observed that NPLs were declining in South East countries except for Pakistan. This study has dual purposes: Firstly to build up a model clarifying the relationship between bank-specific, social factors and non-performing loans. Secondly, to investigate this model in the setting of Pakistani Banking sector as limited interest has been given in existing literature in defining the relationship between bank specific, social factors and non-performing loans. The quantitative methodology is used as it is the most suitable for fulfillment of the study objectives. The results show that various bank-specific factors like credit assessment, credit monitoring and rapid credit growth have significant affect on Non-Performing Loans, whereas interest has a weak significance on NPLs. The social factors including political interference and bankers’ incompetence have signifi...

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos portadores de Hepatite C cadastrados em um Serviço de Referência Regional para Hepatites Virais no interior do Estado de Minas Gerais. Método: Estudo descritivo, documental, com análise quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, com parecer n° 560.257.  Foram analisadas 128 fichas de notificação por hepatites virais no período de 2007 a julho de 2014. Resultados: 66% dos portadores são do sexo masculino de faixa etária entre 50 a 59 anos. 24,21% possui ensino fundamental completo e, 21,09% ensino superior completo. As exposições ao vírus mais relatadas pelos pacientes foram tratamento dentário (92,9%) e o uso de medicamentos injetáveis (67,9%). O genótipo 1 do vírus foi predominante seguido do genótipo 3. Conclusão: A maioria dos resultados encontrados pelo estudo condiz com o descrito na literatura. Acredita-se ser importante mais pesquisas nessa área.

abstract: This article examines the social characteristics of artists. The idea is that artists share some common characteristics that may have an effect on their becom-ing an artist. The process of acquiring the identification of artist is a multidimen-sional one, which is related to creativity, alongside many other factors that are inherently social. Here, emphasis is on the second kind of factors, the social ones. In order to show the importance of such factors, data from the author’s previous research are presented. The theoretical field of study is sociology of art with an emphasis on Janet Wolff’s ideas. The main hypothesis is that creativity and genius are preconditions for a person to become an artist, but are not sufficient in them-selves. The individual’s emergence as artist also relies on their social conditions. If certain social conditions are right, then an individual may be able to pursue artistic activities and become known as an artist.

In this article, two pieces of similar studies on Iranian playwrights which were conducted in 20 years interval are compared. The aim of this comparison is first, to see what are the characteristics of Iranian playwrights and second, to see if any change is discernible during the period of study which is 20 years.
This article should be considered in the field of sociology of cinema as a branch of sociology of art. Theoretical framework of the study is based on Janet Wolff’s idea in which it is emphasized on the necessity of studying social factors and their impact on individuals becoming artists. In both pieces of research the method has been survey using the technique of questionnaire which was filled through interview.
The findings show that some of playwrights’ characteristics have been stable during the period of 20 years. These include birthplace, economic status, level of income, socio-economic strata, discipline of study and fathers’ occupation. Some of playwrights’ characteristics have been changed during the period of study. These include increase in the ratio of women writers, increase in academic degrees of writers, decrease in the ratio of married writers, decrease in those living in rental houses, increase in age medium, mean and other characteristics which are discussed in the article.

The research was conducted with the objective of bribery election in Jordan and
different causes to this crime and the impact of these reasons and causes on election,
were excluded for three different causes for bribe’s election’s spread to recommend
Jordan legislator to amend election code by imposing a deterrent punishment to this
crime beside to aware citizen’s with a serious effect of such practices.

he College of Environmental Design at U.C. Berkeley was the first in the U.S. to combine under one college the departments of architecture, landscape architecture and city planning, and to incorporate the concept of social and cultural factors into the curriculum of its architecture department. A product of the 1960s widespread protests of the “failure of the institution,” social factors in environmental design was a “response to a number of serious social problems as manifested in the physical design of our major institutions" (Lindheim, 1975).

The Social Factors program at Berkeley introduced social science methods to teach the design of buildings and environments more responsive to human needs. Previous curricula and teaching focused on the aesthetic and technical aspects of architecture and landscape architecture.

This exhibit explores the innovative approaches to design education that allowed students to translate socio-cultural values into physical forms. While highlighting the fertile years of the Social Factors program in the 1960s-1980s, the exhibit also conveys its long-term impact on scholars, designers, and students at (and beyond) Berkeley today.


Reference:

Lindheim, Roz.  (1975).  Introduction.  In Social and Behavioral Factors in Architectural Education: Evaluation of a Training Program.  Berkeley, CA: College of Environmental Design. 



Credits

Curators: Raymond Lifchez, Caitlin DeClercq, Ayda Melika
Exhibit Team: Chris Marino, Cailin Trimble, Jason Miller, Miguel Nieto

In the first half of the 20th century, Arab countries were mainly colonized by Britain and France. English and French became dominant in education and business. As most Arab countries gained independence in the 1950-1960’s, the cultural and linguistic influence of those colonizers continued. Therefore, use of Arabic as a national language was called for. Arabization became a widespread endeavor. Despite that, English became a dominant second/foreign language in some Arab countries, French in others, especially in the past decade or so with the advent of satellite T.V., Internet, social media and advancements in technology. A new linguistic phenomenon has appeared. Many Arabs, T.V. anchors and social media users prefer to use English or French words although Arabic equivalents exist. For example, students use "class, project, cancel, mobile"; Facebook and Twitter users use "share, comment, like, profile, message, tweet, hashtag"; and T.V. anchors use "break, agenda, politic, media" and others. A corpus of commonly used English/French words was collected.

A sample of language and translation students and faculty was tested and surveyed to find out whether they were familiar with the Arabic equivalents to foreign words commonly used, reasons for preferring to use foreign words, although Arabic equivalents exist, and the effects of this phenomenon on Arabic and education.

Results showed that instructors identified 56% of the Arabic equivalents to foreign words on the test, whereas students identified 52%. Students gave more accurate Arabic equivalents.

The participants gave historical, sociolinguistic, technological and globalization factors that affect the preference of foreign words to Arabic equivalents, in addition to brevity, poor knowledge of Arabic equivalents, especially new coinages. They think it is more prestigious to use foreign words, "everybody is doing it" and "it's a habit". Foreign words attract customers' attention more than native words, and more customers can be reached worldwide.