Prison and Corrections Reforms, Restorative Justice

The 1998 revelations by two former inmates of the Prison for Women in Kingston, that they were used as test subjects in LSD experiments, led to an internal investigation by the Correctional Services Canada. It was discovered that LSD was administered to inmates and that inmates were used in a number of other experiments, including clinical trials for pharmaceutical companies. This article seeks to reconstruct the social context that allowed these experiments to be conducted, focusing on three inter-related institutional factors that contributed to the abuse of prisoners during the period 1955 to 1975: ethical standards, the medical-industrial complex, and the correctional philosophy.

The Notes from the Field on the developments in the use of restorative justice for hate crime are largely framed from a North American and European perspective, signalling at first the legal/retributive 'gains' that were made in the global North in efforts to increase the punishment of hate crime offenders to conclude after a review of scant alternative practices that future tensions (read old-own emphasis) will likely persist between the punitive emphasis that governments have given to tackling hate crime and those who advocate a restorative approach to resolving harms. The tension between restorative and criminal justice as competing paradigms in dealing with hate or identity crime seems rather remote and appears here as a so-called First World problem when focusing also on more fundamental concerns in large parts of the world that relate to the very prosecution of victims of identity crimes as offenders by the state and criminal justice as its agent. To demonstrate, in Africa only, 34 countries (Human Dignity Trust, 2020) criminalise private, consensual sexual activity between adults of the same sex, and the death penalty is imposed for similar deeds in five countries. Also, on the colonial-postcolonial continuum, state hate crime has been imported and perpetrated in the majority of countries in the Commonwealth, most of them former British colonies.

This article examines prisons in Brazil that are co-governed by the state and local NGOs. This little-known but ground-breaking model of good prison administration has been quietly piloted over the last two decades. In São Paulo state from the late 1990s up to  22 small prisons known as Resocialization Centres (Centros de Ressocialização - CRs). They hold around 250 inmates, are located in provincial towns, and administered in an innovative partnership between the state prison authorities and non-profit bodies. The CRs comply with the human rights guarantees for detainees under domestic and international law, reportedly achieve far lower re-offending rates, and cost much less to run than conventional prisons. The article gives first an account of how the CR model emerged and developed. It then analyzes in turn the two unusual and interrelated characteristics for which the CRs are primarily notable: their rehabilitative regime and ethos, and their administrative set-up. It is based on a pilot study of four CRs conducted in October 2004, involving semi-structured interviews and focus groups, with the inmates, families, prison service and NGO staff, criminal justice system operators and opinion-formers in the local community. This is the first ever evaluative study conducted of the CR model.
[Originally published as ‘Os Centros de Ressocialização no Estado de São Paulo: Estado e sociedade civil em um novo paradigma de administração prisional e de reintegração de ofensores’ Revista de Estudos Criminais No. 26, July/Sept 2007, pp. 63-86 ISSN 1676-8698.]

Report about the Maui-Molokai Adult Drug Court, which I created and which achieved over 12 years an 84% success rate for graduates, measured by whether a graduate committed another felony crime.  The program has  many innovative features, not utilized by other drug courts.  So far as I know, this is the only article that describes evolution of a drug court.

Advancements  in  computer  systems  and  technologies  have
revolutionized the field of dentistry as well. These advancements
can be seen with the introduction and evolution of CAD/CAM
systems. The demand for such systems has grown dramatically
over the past decade and a large variety of different CAD/CAM
systems have been developed and marketed. The popularity of
these systems can be attributed to their efficiency of designing,
manufacturing and precision.

Abstract
Using scholarly research, the plight of children of incarcerated individuals, namely incarcerated mothers, is focused upon.  Questions addressing stigmatization issues, psychological implications, sociological factors, and education are discussed.  Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory is used as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of prison nursery programs.  The main inquiry is based on this social bond theory.  Whether or not the prison nursery concept is a real solution to prevent future delinquency in children who may otherwise not have the opportunity to bond with their parent is addressed. 
Conclusions:
Through interdisciplinary research it was concluded that sudden separation and intermittent exposure to incarcerated parents can cause lasting social/emotional issues that may have a long-term effect on development, which has the potential to lead to future delinquency.  Through programs that encourage parent and child bonding, recidivism and delinquent behavior is prevented/reduced, though aggression in these children remains a lasting concern. 
Keywords: parental incarceration, corrections, mothers, inmate, behavior, social bonding, delinquency, prison nursery, aggression

“Like nature, a single person can start a ripple in society. That person slowly plants seeds of hope while building and nurturing relationships. Those relationships turn into hundreds of people supporting a cause in their community” Carl Stauffer. It is in this spirit that the Kenyan judiciary sort to demystify its ‘independence’ through creation of Court Users’ Committees-CUCs that are inclusive of all stakeholders at all levels. The initiative focused on the participatory approach that promises success of the three critical thematic/strategic areas: expeditious delivery of service through enhanced case clearance initiatives, secondly to enhance access to justice and people-centeredness/ public engagement for all as envisaged in the operational framework (Judiciary Transformation Framework-JTF, 2012-2016) as this were presumed as obstacles to justice delivery. Despite the great strides made in effecting service delivery and the enormous financial support systems directed to achieving this ambitious and noble framework, five years down the line much more efforts and focus is needed to address the shortcomings of the CJS. This is based on observations made during the 2nd bi-annual CUC conference in Nairobi( December 1st to 3rd 2016)  where the Deputy Chief Justice in her remarks acknowledged the fact that the justice system requires more strengthening of its processes to enhance accessibility of justice since the existing gaps were still inhibiting client needs satisfaction.

Hailing from Papua New Guinea, the world‟s most linguistically and socially diverse locale, the JCDS: Journal of Communication and Development Studies (formerly titled the JLCS: Journal
of Language and Communication Studies (ISSN 1992-1322) is published twice a year (June and January)  by  the  Department  of  Communication  and  Development  Studies  at  the  Papua  New Guinea  University  of  Technology.  It  is  interested  in  research  papers  falling  under  two  broad disciplinary „umbrellas,‟i.e., English for Academic Purposes (EAP)/English for Special Purposes (ESP) and Communication for Development.

In this essay, I explore turn of the 20th century reform movement histories of two containment institutions’ architecture, located just outside the city of Chicago. Reform movements surrounding a prison, Stateville Correctional Center, and a mental health treatment center, Elgin Insane Asylum, can be used as tools to critically analyze strengths and weaknesses, or possibly initiate an entire rethinking, of rehabilitative institutions in our age. Using research from contemporary newspaper articles dated between 1840-1940, critical theory such as Foucault’s "Discipline & Punish" and the works of sociologists of architecture like Carla Yanni, I take a look at the possibility of reforming the rehabilitative institution such that inmates/patients are viewed not as having wronged society but instead as having somehow been wronged by society. The individual, in order to become truly rehabilitated, deserves freedom and autonomy, a sense of purpose and a sense of self-control. How can we reform treatment for these marginalized groups to be better? How have the identities of “criminal” and “insane” become blurred? What’s at stake in continuing our systems of removal and containment? How might we rethink containment systems, focused on removing the “other” from society, to instead focus on rehabilitation and reintroduction to society? We currently waste so much human potential and money on containment and capital punishment of those who break the law and those who suffer from severe mental illness; this essay attempts to interrogate this discourse. I wrote this essay for Rhetoric 116 (Spring 2016), titled Rhetoric, Culture & Society, instructed by Professor Marianne Constable at UC Berkeley. The focus of the course was homicide in Chicago, but we had the liberty of choosing a topic for our final research assignment.

Restorative justice goals are frequently articulated on micro, meso and macro levels. One macro-level goal frequently made by advocates is that restorative justice may serve as a viable means of reducing incarceration. Focusing on Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, this article argues that while these countries have seen some of the largest increases in incarceration within western industrialized countries, as well as the most widespread use of restorative justice, there is little evidence that restorative justice has reduced prison populations. It also argues that as currently practiced there is little reason to assume that restorative justice will have a significant impact on incarceration in the near future. Attention is given to the problem of the 'transformation assumption' inherent in restorative justice that micro-level changes in offender behaviours or restorative outcomes can significantly affect the larger social structures of punishment and incarceration.

This essay reveals the findings from conversations with administrators from Department of Corrections in the twelve North American states. Additionally, experts in the field of prisoner reentry in the federal government and community-based reentry programs were interviewed and the results of those interviews are presented here. This essay also relies on peer-reviewed literature that supports some of it's findings and ends with a view of some of the strategies that can be implemented to bring about change in the present system.

The United States is in the midst of a public health crisis: Every year, well over 24,000 Americans die from opioid overdose. This staggering death toll is equivalent to a weekly jumbo jet crash. After a decade of rapid growth, overdose caused by prescription opioids and heroin now tops the accidental death rankings, beating out automobile accidents, AIDS, and other high-profile killers. Overdose does not discriminate, cutting across all geographic, economic, and racial divides. But some groups are especially vulnerable. This article is dedicated to one such group: individuals re-entering the community from correctional settings. In the immediate two weeks after release, people in this group are almost 130 times more likely to die of an overdose than the general population.

It is easy to cast post-incarceration substance use — and consequent overdose — as the re-entering individual’s character weakness or a propensity towards reckless behavior. Nevertheless, modern addiction science reframes such relapse as a foreseeable consequence of the chronic nature of substance use disorders. This scientific evidence also provides clear guidance on how most of the resulting fatalities can be prevented. This article considers the creation of fatal overdose risk among formerly incarcerated individuals as an unacceptable collateral harm emanating from criminal justice involvement.

In order to address this largely overlooked public health problem, we explore a range of legal channels that can help persuade the state (broadly construed) to address a risk to which it substantially contributes. We consider a number of doctrinal approaches, guided by the belief that spending time behind bars must not translate to a death sentence for so many Americans. Whether as a part of possible legal actions or an action agenda on its own right, we present a number of programmatic interventions and policy reforms that may alleviate this crisis. Our analysis also highlights the potential role of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in facilitating overdose prevention before, during and post-incarceration. This agenda is especially timely given the current move by federal and state governments towards releasing large numbers of individuals incarcerated on drug-related charges to ease prison over-crowding or as a result of legal reforms, pardons, or exonerations.

In Section I, we provide an overview of the opioid overdose epidemic and the special vulnerability among criminal justice-involved individuals. In Section II, we examine the scientific evidence on prevention measures that should be, but are currently rarely deployed to address this vulnerability. In Section III, we explore various legal theories that could be invoked in efforts to motivate government actors to take a greater responsibility for preventing post-incarceration overdose deaths. In Section IV, we cover additional mechanisms to motivate institutional change. We conclude by outlining a policy and programmatic agenda for reducing the vulnerability of criminal justice-involved individuals to opioid overdose.

This Mapping Study seeks to support international engagement on security sector reform in Ukraine by identifying the extent and scope of current rule of law, security sector governance (SSG) and democratic oversight programming. By covering international and regional organisations’ initiatives, as well as national projects, the Study seeks to comprehensively map programmes assisting Ukraine’s democratic institutions, executive, government, independent oversight institutions, civil society, media and the security sector itself.

DCAF gratefully acknowledges the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ financial support for the project.

Remand detainees has been a historic grey area in the criminal justice system. Even after the release of the White Paper on Corrections (2005), the gap still existed. The White Paper on Remand Detention Management in South Africa seeks to address this Policy gaps. This new White Paper incorporates various theories to ensure effective cooperative governance from all relevant departments and formal structures of control.

Charles Dickens’s first American journey in 1842 constitutes an important chapter in his development as a writer and social reformer and would influence his outlook on social progress for many years to come. This paper discusses Dickens’s narrative treatment of this journey through his travelogue 'American Notes for General Circulation' (1842) in relation to his projects of reform, especially his commitment to an improvement of prisons and asylums. Dickens’s longstanding interest in the reform of asylums and the penal system clearly influenced his transatlantic journey, during which he travelled parts of the United States and Canada from January to June 1842, and his account combines the power of the journalist, the novelist and the reformer in its fact-based but highly selective view of the United States and its social dynamics.

Mass incarceration entrenches racial and class inequality and segregation. Before, during, and after low-income people of color enter prison, they experience a range of barriers and biases that make it difficult to break out of the prison pipeline. This article investigates food justice and restorative justice activists in Oakland, California who are intervening at the point of reentry. I argue for the significance of teasing out the connections between food and carceral politics as a way to expand the practice and understanding of food justice. Specifically, I show how the incarcerated geographies of former prisoners, that is, perspectives and experiences that result due to the prison pipeline, motivate the formation of a restorative food justice. The associated healing and mutual aid practices increase social equity by creating spaces to overcome the historical trauma of mass incarceration, produce living wage jobs, rearticulate relationships to food and land, and achieve policy reforms.

Fueled by a "moral panic" that evolved through the 1990s and into the mid-2000s, the war on "sex offenders" paralleled the war on drugs and was slated to eventually replace it as the drug war seemed to wane in popularity and success.  With the exception of property crimes and illegal immigrants, sex offense crimes have now become the fasted growing felony category entering the American prison system.

Granted, these are individuals who may have used poor judgment, who may have broken societal laws, and who certainly require redirection and rehabilitation, but like any human being, they do not deserve the criminal punishment and reprisals that include a lifetime of prison followed by societal castigation and abuse.  Like any addictive condition, the proclivity or preoccupation with fantasy crimes, even the most distasteful, qualify as a behavioral condition first and should be treated as such.

This is a book about prison, rehabilitation, cells, hallways, human psychology, values, conspiracy theory, justice, dysfunctions, "criminal minds", morality, and many more. The issues revealed in it are part of my work as educator in the biggest and most notorious prison in Rep. of Macedonia - Idrizovo.

This paper outlines the reasons why electronic monitoring is an alternative form of incarceration rather than an alternatives to incarceration. It highlights how an alternative to incarceration must be an actual substitute for locking people up in prisons or jails but must also embody a non-punitive philosophy.

Autorka predstavlja različite vrste programa i restorativnih mehanizama koji se primenjuju u radu sa počiniteljima seksualnih dela, naglašavajući da u javnosti još uvek nije dovoljno razvijena svest o prirodi i značaju alternativnih metoda lečenja i rehabilitacije i da iznalaženje pravednih zakonodavnih rešenja za počinitelje seksualnih dela nije nimalo jednostavan niti lak zadatak.

KLJUČNE REČI: seksualno zlostavljanje / nasilje / krivično delo / restorativna pravda / forenzički pacijenti

THE OVERIEW OF ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS AND PROGRAMS
IN WORK WITH THE SEXUAL ASSAULT PERPETRATION
The author analyzes different types of therapy and restorative approach for perpetrators of sexual offenses, emphasizing that public awareness of the nature and importance of alternative methods of treatment and rehabilitation is still not sufficiently developed, and that the finding of equitable legislative solutions for perpetrators of sexual offenses is not at all simple or easy task.

For more information on submitting a proposal to these or any of our other series, please contact me: mireille.yanow@palgrave-usa.com.

Critical Criminological Perspectives; Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology; Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology; Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity; Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia.

This is a news report on the ministry of the Rev. Nelson Fears, a former inmate turned pastor. On Friday, Feb. 7, 2020, he visited Wilkinson County Correctional Facility (WCCF), Woodville, Miss., where he addressed an audience of inmates. He shared his personal testimony and presented a message of hope. He was well received.

To create American manufacturing jobs and boost the economy generally, the U.S. and individual states should eliminate most labor-related regulation of prison industries and prison labor.  Globalization makes trade barriers within the U.S. counter-productive.

This essay examines Lil Wayne's Rikers Island memoir Gone 'Til November, certainly the most boring prison book ever written. I argue that the boredom has little to do with Wayne's narrative abilities or eye for the picturesque details of daily life behind bars. Instead, the boredom seeps from the reality of the experience itself, the punitive waste of time. I situate Wayne's experience in the political history of the C-76 facility at Rikers, and conclude by arguing that incarceration must be opposed not simply for its horrors, but also for the banality at its core.

In 2001, the Clark County Juvenile Court in Washington State implemented the use of “restorative community service” (RCS) as part of its larger adoption of a restorative justice framework. This paper explores the court’s implementation and use of RCS, including: (1) the types of institutional changes made by the court in its development of RCS, (2) the types and qualities of social interactions observed by the researcher through participant observation at several RCS sites, (3) the practical implications of these findings for proponents of restorative justice in the use of community service in youth settings, and (4)
the theoretical implications of these findings for sociological and criminological research on community service.

Since the late 1970s advocates of restorative justice (RJ) have argued that this approach to justice represents an alternative to the dominant social logics of punishment. Critical of rehabilitation and retribution in particular, proponents argue that traditional criminal justice practices exclude victims, limit the ability of offenders to take responsibility and make amends for harms, and place the needs of state policies of crime control over those of individuals and local communities. Moreover, many early RJ proponents were drawn from the prison abolition movement and other social movements, and in its early growth, RJ was frequently articulated not only as a response to victim exclusion or offender accountability, but also in terms of larger goals of transforming the criminal justice system, including the argument that RJ could function as a viable redress to the use and growth of incarceration.

The untold outlook from a inmate's standpoint about the negative externalities of retributive justice in prisons causing the formation of racial prison gangs and strengthens organized crime into slowly corrupting civil society towards the ideals of segregation.

This article explores the causal factors amalgamating adjudicative and investigative factors of wrongful conviction. It chronicles the interaction between the causal factors of confirmation bias, misleading specialized knowledge, and tunnel vision that are pathways to perfidy in the criminal justice system and are present in all wrongful convictions. This article considers social science frameworks on a broader scale for understanding wrongful convictions and also for understanding what the root causes are and the interactions between the causal factors that cause wrongful convictions. The article concludes with a discussion to stimulate progress on constitutional reform that advances policy on wrongful convictions.

Written by India’s leading prison reformer Vartika Nanda, this book is a detailed reportage of life inside prison. The book records the journey of five individuals whose lives changed after being sentenced to life imprisonment in Dasna Jail, and their search for meaning within their altered circumstances. The names of three of them might sound familiar to most people: Surinder Kohli, Dr. Rajesh Talwar and Dr. Nupur Talwar. The book combines methods of media and literature, and during the process of its creation fostered the construction of creative spaces that allowed inmates to find expression for their emotions. The process consciously aimed at rekindling hope in the lives of inmates. Dr. Rajesh and Nupur Talwar have contributed poems to the book which talk of their turbulent experiences. It presents the photograph of a 3D painting drawn on the central jail wall in Dasna and features the theme song of Dasna Jail, Tinka Tinka Tihar. It was released in both Hindi and English in the year 2016. The English translation was done by Dr. Nupur Talwar.

Considering India’s rich jurisprudence of juvenile justice, children’s amenability to reform, as well as the need for addressing victim’s needs and holding children accountable, this Chapter examines the possibility of application of Restorative Justice (RJ) processes within India’s Juvenile Justice system. It explains the concept of RJ, highlights international standards relevant to its practice, and presents research findings on its effectiveness in other jurisdictions on aspects such as victim satisfaction and reduction of recidivism. The Chapter examines compatibility of RJ practices with the philosophy and objectives of juvenile justice and general principles under the JJ Act, 2015 and provides a roadmap for its incorporation within the JJ system in consonance with the legal framework.

This article is an introduction to a special issue on prisons in the former Soviet Union. It discusses the main issues that become objects of prison reform including prisoner numbers, the organization of space, the production of order and the creation of oversight.

I ask that any individual that can help identify the multiple rights violations within these original reports of torture and abuse that have been smuggled out of the detention center to please , cite the various violations whether it be international federal or provincial

Початок 1970-х років поставив на порядку денному вельми важливу проблему,  яка зумовила проведення цього політологічного дослідження: саме з початку 1970-х років поняття девіантності та злочинності остаточно перестали бути предметом кримінальної юстиції. Натомість зазначені категорії стали монопольною сферою політики: «девіанти», «злочинці», «злочини», «покарання», «кримінальна юстиція» та інші супутні категорії стали предметом виключно політичного дискурсу.
Традиційна кримінальна юстиція західних та західноорієнтованих держав, заснована на задекларованих демократичних ідеях, які у світлі міжнародних стандартів набула характеру вельми дискусійних станом на сьогодні абсолютів та аксіом, виявилася неготовою як до нових обсягів та форм традиційної злочинності, так і до девіантів нової формації (небезпечних, кар’єрних та звичних злочинців, статевих та насильницьких «хижаків», терористів, мігрантів, страйкарів, хуліганів, вандалів, футбольних фанатів, байкерів, споживачів напівлегальних речовин, провайдерів напівлегальних секс-послуг та азартних тощо), що надало великого імпульсу новим політичним поглядам на цілі та методи поводження зі злочинцями та девіантами, які у багатьох сферах набули радикальних форм.
З іншого боку, «новими» окремі з цих методів назвати доволі складно, адже саме наприкінці ХХ – початку ХХІ століття все частіше довелося звертатися до неприховано позитивістських ідей, сформованих ще наприкінці ХІХ століття, незважаючи на очевидну незручність та іноді навіть «аморальність» таких методів (як приклад можна згадати повернення до концепції небезпечного, кар’єрного або «природженого» злочинця).
Зміна дискурсу пенальності наприкінці ХХ століття відображає домінування неопозитивістської ідеології щодо девіантної поведінки та методів забезпечення соціального порядку. Так, вже декілька десятків років західне суспільство не турбується конкретним девіантом (навіть якщо гасла про «індивідуалізацію» та «повернення злочинця до суспільства» формально представлено як пріоритетні). Натомість пріоритетом стала оновлена позитивістська концепція захисту (убезпечення) суспільства.
Крім того, «юстиція» зазнала масового відтоку «справедливості», яка була замінена на менеджеріалістські показники «економічно обґрунтованого убезпечення», внаслідок чого «юстиція» обрала правий напрямок та, як наслідок, поступилася місцем «соціальному контролю», а з кінця 1990-х років – «соціально-технологічному контролю», що водночас не виключало популістську старанність в «обгортанні» такої ідеології гаслами демократичних цінностей та прав людини.
Одночасно у площині теоретичного осмислення «нормалізації девіантності» у другій половині ХХ століття відбулася непомітна, але водночас важлива революція, яка поставила під аргументований сумнів всю історію соціального контролю західного суспільства, піддавши докорінній ревізії усталені ідеї щодо передумов та причин виникнення традиційних інститутів соціального контролю (у першу чергу – поліції, в’язниць та пробації).
Крім того, у ХХІ столітті соціальний контроль над девіантами нової формації почав міцно асоціюватися з поняттями «криза» та «подолання кризи», внаслідок чого на відміну від традиційної класичної моделі кримінальної юстиції з терезами Феміди настало домінування crisis oriented model соціального контролю, заснованої на менеджеріалістських засадах, що додатково засвідчило перехід кримінальної юстиції зі сфери юриспруденції до царини політики.
На додаток перехід соціального контролю від юридичного до політичного дискурсу супроводжувався рядом субполітичних проєктів, які остаточно переключили «боротьбу зі злочинністю» та «повернення злочинців до суспільства» до політичної сфери («убезпечення суспільства», «оцінка ризиків», «менеджмент ризиків», «відповідальність місцевих громад», «медіація», «ресторативна юстиція», «відновне правосуддя» та інше). Відтак Ульріх Бек слушно наголошує, як адміністративно-правові засоби реалізації сучасних соціальних програм насправді пов’язані з категоріями нормалізації та нагляду .
Отже, в умовах сучасного дискурсу говорити про соціальний контроль поза межами політики не уявляється можливим. Краще сказати, соціальний контроль – це власне й виключно є політика, причому особливої політизованості цьому дискурсу надає той факт, що все, що пов’язане з виконанням кримінальних покарань та функціонуванням пенітенціарних установ, є сферою політичних ігор, домовленостей та проєктів, які перебувають на великій дистанції від класичної школи кримінального права й традиційної юридичної науки.
Відтак, викладене вище обумовлює нагальну потребу в аналізі пенітенціарної політики як складової соціального контролю виключно у рамках політичної науки та, як наслідок, у використанні більш широкої категорії пенальності, до якої входить широкий комплекс елементів (система покарань, організація влади, мораль, дискурси, репрезентація тощо).
Говорячи про трансформацію соціального контролю та пенітенціарної політики сучасних національних держав під впливом глобалізаційних процесів у ХХІ столітті, необхідно наголосити, що national state є одним з найбільш «постраждалих» від глобалізації. Відтак, в’язниця як політичний інститут та публічна агенція також не може стояти осторонь глобалізаційних процесів та не відчувати впливів глобалізації.
Тенденції, що характеризують системи кримінальної юстиції значної більшості сучасних країн (зростання в’язничного населення, перетворення пробації, медіації та відновного правосуддя на допоміжні атрибути ув’язнення, подальша абстрактизація загальнопревентивної парадигми, колапс реабілітаційного ідеалу та, як наслідок, докорінний перегляд традиційних цілей соціального контролю, домінування позитивістських засад у розробці та реалізації пенальної політики, дедалі більші обсяги приватизації пенітенціарних систем, переосмислення сутності та збільшення обсягів в’язничної праці) примушують під іншим кутом дивитися на сутність соціального контролю та його цілі, систему соціально-контрольних заходів до девіантів та злочинців, а також на основоположні засади функціонування національних систем кримінальної юстиції.
Відтак, пенітенціарна політика також не може не змінюватися, враховуючи трансформацію сутності національної держави як такої.
Зазначена ідея є основою нашого дослідження, адже ми здійснюємо спробу подивитися на сутність сучасних пенітенціарних систем та засади формування пенітенціарної політики крізь призму глобалізаційного розвитку та його наслідків.