People with Disabilities

Nowadays in the world, we are facing the era of
digital inclusion and the accessibility of software
has become a global concern, since this
environment plays a key role in the daily lives of
people with disabilities. The technology facilitates
the lives of these people, enabling them to create
new forms of relationships and fulfilling activities
before unavailable. For those reasons, this work
aims to develop a methodology for accessibility
testing to inspect all the phases of the project, from
its conception, when the test plan is done, until
delivery, after analyzing the tests results,
anticipating the errors, generating less rework,
reducing project costs, giving more importance to
accessibility and increasing the inclusion of people
with disabilities.

The National University of Samoa is immersed with the important task of refurbishing its facilities to cater to the increasing need for disability access. Since its establishment in 1984 and despite diligent efforts, infrastructure has always been an issue for the University due to its limited resources. The emergence of international and national legislations has made it mandatory for workplace and education facilities to cater to the needs of people with disabilities. With the recent movement of inclusive education to cater to people with disabilities, the pressure on the University and its planning and infrastructure is building year by year. This paper provides a brief context of the University's infrastructure development and the challenges it faces in addressing disability access. Additionally, the paper briefly covers on the emergence of international and national legislations on disability access and its contexts and influence to the infrastructure development of the National University of Samoa.

Over the last century there has been a shift from conceptualizing disability as a challenge to law and order, to viewing disability as a medical and/or economic deficit and then as a sociopolitical issue. In Canada, these changing conceptualizations of disability have been reflected in the development of disability policies, which form part of general Canadian social policies. Each model

Historically, employment rates for people with disabilities have been low. Despite legislation that prohibits the discrimination of this group in work settings, employers are reluctant to hire people with disabilities. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of employers with workers with disabilities. Three focus groups were conducted with 21 administrators from three business sectors (i.e., healthcare, hospitality, and retail). Content analysis indicated five primary themes: (1) importance of disability employment agencies and disability advocates; (2) persistence of manager bias; (3) lack of promotion opportunities; (4) costs associated with having workers with disabilities; and (5) benefits associated with having workers with disabilities. Implications include the need for intervention studies that address the challenges experienced by individuals with disabilities, particularly during hiring and promoting phases of employment, and educational efforts to inform administrators and managers of the few costs and numerous benefits associated with having workers with disabilities.

This study focuses on services for people with intellectual disability and high support needs from culturally and linguis- tically diverse backgrounds living in a suburban region of south-east Queensland. Previous Australian research about people with intellectual disability from diverse cultural back- grounds has largely occurred in Victoria and has focused on children only. Data in this study were collated through

Urban development that is both smart and sustainable is intrinsically linked to digital innovation in city management, as well as to the transition toward digital urban governance and the practice of digital citizenship. Cities on a global scale continuously launch new digital services and smart solutions in order to become places that are more resilient, efficient, and attractive. While digitally-driven urban development has become a new paradigm for cities, the digital divide is emerging as a serious concern when it comes to the goal of making cities accessible and inclusive for everyone, especially the most vulnerable. Issues such as digital inclusion and access to key urban services, information, and experiences by people with disabilities (PwD) are critical areas in which cities face important challenges related to ethical and responsible governance. The aim of this paper is to provide conceptual and empirical insights into the culture of digital accessibility of PwD on an urban scale. It argues that leadership in digital accessibility can inspire transformative change, allowing cities to be envisioned from the standpoint of digital inclusion and equity, thereby fostering a barrier-free, digital urban logic.

Although social work took a dominant position playing in different settings and specialities including children protection and disabilities from the 21st century in the world, it has just been recognized as a profession in Vietnam since 2010. International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) have indelibly imprinted on the process of formation and development of this new practice. The children in special circumstances and persons with disabilities are the top groups with massive demands of holistic social work services. Through case studies and reviews of secondary research, the author sought how INGOs have been contributing in developing social work case management with difficult children and persons with disabilities in Vietnam. It reveals their role models in researching, advocating, capacity building of staff and key stakeholders, piloting the best practices, and enhancing the delivery system of services in a participatory approach from local to central levels.

Resumo - Os jogos digitais apresentam desdobramentos nas mais diversas áreas do desenvolvimento humano e em relação à sua relevância social, os jogos devem ser acessíveis a todos, inclusive às pessoas com deficiência. Considerando as diversas maneiras de compreender jogos digitais, como os modelos de game design, este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir como os princípios de inclusão, apresentados na Convenção dos Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência, podem ser articulados com os elementos dos jogos, de um modelo de game design. O artigo resulta em um conjunto de contribuições e reflexões para o projeto de jogos digitais inclusivos das pessoas com deficiência.

This paper recognizes that sexuality is shaped during childhood and that prevailing views on disability and the proper conduct of sexual relations within society are critical in forming the sexuality of people with disabilities. This paper reports on a research project carried out in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa that examines the viewpoints of two communities on disability

In recent years, choice making has been evaluated as an intervention for people with disabilities. This review examines applied research during the past two decades using choice as a distinct intervention or as part of an intervention package. Fourteen studies published between 1975 and 1996 were identified that implemented choice as an intervention to increase or decrease a target behavior. These studies applied choice-making in the following three broad areas: (a) vocational or domestic activities; (b) academic activities; and (c) leisure, recreational, or social activities. All of the studies indicated that choice-making procedures resulted in behavioral improvements with some, if not all of the participants.

The Danish Refugee Council (DRC) is implementing a UNHCR funded project entitled “Multi-sectoral assistance to Sudanese refugees in Upper Nile “in Maban. One of the project’s pillars is the Sexual Gender Based Violence (SGBV) prevention and response intervention, including a concept called SASA! - Start, Awareness, Support Action approach that is envisioned to create positive, supportive, and sustained changes in community knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviours related to gender-based violence and power. As a way to fully understand the situation on the ground before implementation of the SASA! Approach, DRC conducted a baseline survey for the SASA! Approach in April 2019. The main objective of the survey was to set the benchmarks of the project before SASA! activities were rolled out to the targeted communities.
Qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches were used; with quantitative data being collected using a structured questionnaire adopted from the SASA! toolkit and qualitative data being collected using a Focus Group Discussion guide (FGD) that was also adopted from the SASA! toolkit.  Quantitative data was collected by 6 trained enumerators (3 males and 3 females) who were selected from the host community in Maban whilst FGD data was collected by DRC male and female staff members working in Maban. A total of 200 refugees (100 males and 100 females) provided quantitative data for the survey whilst 96 refugees participated in the 8 FGDs that were conducted in the 4 camps in Maban. Quantitative data was collected using tablets that had KoBoCollect, a mobile data collection software installed in them. Data cleaning and analysis were conducted using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software and graphs were generated using MS Office 2016.
The following were the key findings from the survey:
 In terms of SGBV knowledge, respondents seem to be knowledgeable about SGBV issues. Respondents showed some understanding on the likely causes of domestic violence, e.g. knowing that domestic violence also affects children staying home.
 Regarding SGBV attitudes, 46% of the respondents highlighted that it didn’t matter for a woman to refuse having sex with her husband whilst 55% of the respondents mentioned that it did matter
 54% (51% males and 57% females) of the respondents mentioned that it was better to tolerate or accept violence as a way of keeping the family unified.
 86% of the respondents didn’t believe that women should share information that they have been beaten by their partners.
 60% of the respondents did not see any problem with man being regularly seen washing dishes at home by their friends whilst 40% of the respondents mentioned that it did matter to them to see married men being regularly seen by his friends washing dishes at home.
 68% of the respondents mentioned that people should intervene when the husband is beating his wife whilst 32% mentioned that no one should intervene in such a case. More male respondents saw it fit to intervene than females.
 Regarding SGBV skills and behaviour, 51% of the respondents did not provide assistance when they saw women experiencing violence in their homes
 31% of the respondents reported the violence cases that they witnessed in nearby homes whilst 57% did not report any of those cases.
 Only 32% of the respondents had spoken against violence against women in their communities in the last 12 months. religion influenced significantly (χ2 = 6.555, DF=1, p<0.05, N=200) on speaking against violence against women meaning more Christians (54%) than Muslims (28%) spoke against violence against women.
 35% of the women did things that were typically thought to be men’s roles whilst on the other hand, 47% of the men mentioned that they did things that were typically thought to be women’s roles.
 67% (74% males & 59% females) mentioned that they had a greater say (more influence/power in making decisions) than their partners in important decisions matters that affect them or their family.
 In terms of the resolving a disagreement between the male and female partners, 67% (67% males and 67% females) mentioned that they did not win or have the thing happen the way they wanted most of the time in the last 12 months meaning both parties equally gave in to the decisions of their partners.
 72% of the respondents mentioned that they felt respected by their partners for the past 12 months whilst 26% mentioned that they felt they were not respected by their partners. The results were statistically significant (χ2 = 33.951, DF=2, p<0.05, N=200) meaning more males felt respected by their partners than females.
 In terms of SASA! awareness, 24% of the respondents had seen some SASA! material before and only 23% of the respondents had seen someone in their community talking about SASA!
 51% (61% males and 41% females) had participated in activities related to safe and healthy relationships.
 One key lesson learned from the survey was that in most cases where action against violence/GBV was required, men appeared to be the ones trying to prevent violence against women whilst women themselves tended to distance themselves from such acts.
 In terms of recommendations, it is recommended some SASA! related indicators be developed by both the SGBV team and MEAL team. This will enable DRC to quantitatively measure how the SASA! intervention managed to impact the targeted communities.
 Looking at the low literacy levels of the respondents, it is recommended that DRC simplifies its SASA! literature so that those struggling to read can understand the literature. Another way would be to device other approaches to reach to people e.g. awareness campaigns do not require reading but instead listening thus accommodating the less educated.
In conclusion, the survey was a success in that it managed to address most of the issues under investigation. A detailed analysis on the survey findings can be found in the following sections of the report

Public spaces play an important role in providing good quality of life to the people living in the city. This is in line with the social goal on sustainable development, which thee purpose is to attain a higher social equity. According to World Health Organization (WHO) 500 million people equating to 10% of global population are disabled. Around 80% of these people live in development countries, and Iran encounters a more significant issue because of the eight-year war with Iraq (1980-1988). The war left many people injured and this has significantly increased the impairment rate, where in 2006 this population of people with disability was approximated to be over a million in Iran. Although many efforts have been done to people with disability, they still face vast difficulties since the urban spaces in Tehran still do not offer the facilities to serve people of all levels of ability and disability. All the disabled in developing countries especially Iran suffer poverty prevalence and inaccessibility to social and economic equal opportunities, and consequently from poor urban areas. Amongst problems of people with disabilities in Tehran, are about traveling in the city, uncomfortable urban spaces, lack of public facilities and accessibility to particular facilities for them and people with disability could not use urban public spaces such as other citizens. Thus, this paper first sought a definition of comfortable urban public spaces and then investigated some of the most important needs of blind and wheelchair users in urban public spaces. This study adopted quantitative method, where the satisfaction level is assessed via questionnaire survey conducted in Tehran as a case study. Some urban design methods and solutions were suggested to increase the satisfaction of blind and wheelchair users in terms of comfort level in urban public spaces.

Abstract This paper describes an empirical study of the problems encountered by 32 blind users on the Web. Task-based user evaluations were undertaken on 16 websites, yielding 1383 instances of user problems. The results showed that only 50.4% of the problems encountered by users were covered by Success Criteria in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0). For user problems that were covered by WCAG 2.0, 16.7% of websites implemented techniques recommended in WCAG 2.0 but the techniques did not ...

People with disabilities are prone to health problems and face discrimination and stigma and these problems were exacerbated during the COVID-19 epidemic. People with disabilities have an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 for several reasons, including due to difficulties in using basic protection measures and the need to comply with the requirements set for social distancing, and the risk of death due to COVID is estimated for persons with disabilities as being approximately double that of persons without disabilities. The society's response to the COVID-19 pandemic should also include disability as concern, protection of the rights and needs of people with disabilities, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainability and Development.

This guide covers all aspects of pedestrian and bicycle planning. It is intended for policy makers, planners and advocates who want the best current information on ways to make their communities better places for walking and cycling. It provides basic information on various planning and design concepts, and offers extensive references to help implement them. It describes general nonmotorized planning