Pacific Northwest

This is my MA Thesis at WSU on the Ozette Baskets.  I attempted to do two parts of the scientific approach here, (1) observe and describe the 112 ancient Ozette baskets available at the time and (2) classify the basket attributes and types into explicit units of analysis for later use in the third part of the scientific approach (3)  explain and create hypotheses about these basket in comparisons to all other known Northwest Coast wet sites for my Ph.D. dissertation.  I also only do Ozette baskets in this study, and the Ph.D. dissertation also includes Ozette hats and mats.  To use the basket, hats, and mats classification and type designations, PLEASE USE THE 1977 and updated 2019 PH.D. DISSERTATION AS YOUR REFERENCE.  THIS MA HAD DIFFERENT TYPE NUMBER DESIGNATIONS, SO NOT CURRENT FOR COMPARATIVE WORK.

Here's how I describe this work in the original MA Thesis:

INTRODUCTION

The aims of this study are; first, to describe what has been found in the realm of baskets at the 0zette Site (45 CA 24), Cape Alava, Washing­ton; second, to establish a foundation for predicting what should be ex­pected in future excavations of baskets from this time period at 0zette; and third, to establish control of these data so that the 0zette baskets can be compared with both historic and prehistoric baskets in this area and elsewhere. This study will later be expanded to include the other forms of basketry--hats, mats, and cradles--and the cordage and knots at 0zette.

The baskets from 0zette were excavated from beneath a massive mudslide which, in prehistoric time (estimated to be about 500 years ago), covered a section of an occupied Indian village. The cultural material of this village closely resembles the historic materials of the Makah and Southern Nootkan groups. Almost all vegetal artifacts were preserved in a waterlogged environment under the mudslide. At present the area covered by the slide is being excavated and exposed from the seaward edge toward the center. The first longhouse encountered is nearly excavated. All the baskets in this house have not yet been recovered, but a large enough sample is available so that a basic study such as this can be accomplished. The collection of baskets used for this paper numbers 112 specimens [much higher for the 1977, 2019 Ph.D. dissertation]. The collection surely will be several times this size when excavations have been completed.

The universe for this study is from the first buried house exca­vated at Ozette (house B70 in the excavation series). This house is similar to the long shed roof structures of historic Makah, Nootka, and other coastal peoples. It is 66 feet long and about 36 feet wide, or approxi­mately 2,375 square feet in area. Baskets in the house were generally
found around the inside wall, along the bench-bed platform area where most of the household activities took place. Baskets found outside the house were generally broken, discarded ones. This analysis differs from previous studies of basketry in terms of the analytic techniques used. Nonetheless, the various attributes of baskets and the terminology used to describe them are standard and have been developed and used in studies of basketry over the past 70 years.

The conflux of two growing areas of technology–collaboration and visualization–into a new research direction, collaborative visualization, provides new research challenges. Technology now allows us to easily connect and collaborate with one another–in settings as diverse as over networked computers, across mobile devices, or using shared displays such as interactive walls and tabletop surfaces. Digital information is now regularly accessed by multiple people in order to share information, to view it together, to analyze it, or to form ...

We have developed a secure, collaborative, web-based electronic notebook (EN) designed to provide researchers and students with a means to record and share their primary research notes and data. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) supports a variety of common multimedia formats and can easily be extended to allow entry and display of custom data types.

Oregon was the single most important missionary destination for the Methodist Episcopal missionary society in the 1830s and early 1840s.  This is true with regard to both financial expenditure and the number of personnel sent to this foreign land. Schoolmate sweethearts from Maine, Elvira and Henry Perkins, became the most culturally and linguistically adept missionaries working in Oregon during the initial phase of Methodism’s work in the Pacific Northwest. Henry Perkins’s journal reveals how he understood and carried out the work of Bible translation and evangelistic camp meetings among Native American groups along the Columbia River.  Large sections of the journal, clearly intended to be read by Methodists back east, also provide a glimpse into how Henry and perhaps also Elvira Perkins understood their work and how they believed it – and the missionary calling at large – should be valued by supporters.  I describe these sections as "recruitment discourses," and they illustrate how a few Methodists in the antebellum American west saw the theological and social obstacles which laid before them for the fulfillment of that mission.

Through the centuries, Native American women of the Pacific Northwest have been known as the " gatherers " of their tribes, picking berries, digging roots, and cutting grasses, plants and bark for medicinal remedies. They have collected wapato and aquatic plants from their canoes and prepared their harvests for winter storage. They have woven beautiful baskets, beaded buckskin and created moccasins for utility and for trade. Later, with men, they harvested domestic fruits and hops for field wages. Most important were the seasonal gathering rounds or journeys. It was a time of sharing travel and trade expeditions among families, often traversing the land for several hundred miles in a few weeks. The women prepared the hides during great hunts and cleaned the fish along Pacific Northwest rivers. Using handmade scrapers and ancient methods, they prepared the skins for use or trade. They sun-dried the fish and eel or berries, placing them into sealed hand woven baskets for secure winter storage. A lesser known fact true to many of the Columbia River people was that women conducted most of the barter and trade. Through trade, they often acquired beads and shells for the elegant work that decorated their family's clothing. They created moccasins, shirts, dresses, harnesses and teepees and huts made of animal skins and woven tullies. Collection and trade was central to the seasonal lives of Columbia River peoples and women were often the key figures who bore the knowledge, talent and traditions through many generations. Seasonal gatherings were a marvelous adventure for young people and adults but also a great deal of work. There was the ever-present risk of the unsuccessful hunt or the shortfall in abundance of wild berries that would carry families and villages through the winter. Leah Conner, an elder with the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, recalled one such adventure many years ago when her mother was a young woman in the early 1920's: " All summer long they would take off with their uncle and father and his sister and Elsie and Vera and a couple of dogs and a cat. Cats rode on my mother's saddle… And dogs [they] made boxes [moccasins?] for the dogs, so they could travel and not get sore feet. And then they got to Heppner and started digging roots. [And they went] on to the mountains and they'd stop at Sumpter and traded for coffee and sugar. And they traded what they had made on the way-a dried deer tan hide and made moccasins and gloves and things they could sell or trade for….It was their life on the seasonal rounds. They collected all their food in the summer time and by the time they got to Vale on the Snake River they'd dry all the fish and they'd come home with dried fish, dried deer meat, and dried all kinds of roots and berries. And they would have all this food and even though they had all this food, small portions, packs of this food, they would still take in people, relatives, who didn't have a home. And they lived this way all their lives. And it was beautiful how they took care of each other-the dogs survived and the cat survived, all the way from Heppner to Vale and back. " i

On Washington’s Olympic Peninsula, the Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe (JST) is implementing cultural heritage approaches to reclaim tribal histories threatened by nineteenth century settler colonial narratives of ethnic erasure. Exiled from their capital village of Qatáy in Port Townsend during the 1870s as a result of government-mandated arson and displacement, JST homelands also include Olympic National Park, popularly lauded as a pristine wilderness area. Emanating from the Tribe’s previously unrecognized federal status, accusations of assimilation and extinction have simultaneously contributed to the non-Indigenous public’s denial of JST existence. By restoring archaeological sites with modern significance and erecting counter-monuments to commemorate tribal leaders and events, the JST have embarked upon a journey of challenging their veiled history. Perhaps surprisingly, this resistance against historical amnesia has produced reconciliatory outcomes between the Tribe and non-Natives. Through a lens of resiliency and regeneration, this article documents one tribal nation’s opposition to being consigned to the past, and their dedication to continued relevancy for future generations.

Substantial contributions to the archaeological study of gender in the Pacific Northwest have been made over the past 30 years. Despite these advances, considerations of gender—particularly those which embrace feminist epistemologies—continue to be markedly lacking. This article surveys gender/feminist approaches to archaeology in the Pacific Northwest by examining archaeological studies of and references to gender in published and grey literature. It also explores regional trends in research presented at annual Northwest Anthropological Conference meetings from 1990 to 2016. Results suggest that a diversity of approaches to exploring gender have been taken but there is considerable work to be done, particularly on the Southern Plateau which has the least engagement with gender, and in the realm of theory where practitioners have been reticent to embrace feminism and its potential for emancipatory change. Archaeologists in the Northwest are well positioned to more effectively embrace gender and feminist perspectives in their practice, mitigate sexism/androcentrism, and contribute
to contemporary discussions about queer/non-binary, female, and male dynamics.

This dissertation involves the development of a geologic framework applied to upper Pleistocene and earliest Holocene archaeological site discovery. It is argued that efforts to identify colonizer archaeological sites require knowledge of geologic processes, Quaternary stratigraphic detail and an understanding of basic soil science principles. An overview of Quaternary geologic deposits based on previous work in the region is
presented. This is augmented by original research which presents a new, proposed regional pedostratigraphic framework, a new source of lithic raw material, the Beezley chalcedony, and details of a new cache of lithic tools with Paleoindian affinities made from this previously undescribed stone source.

The relationship between climate change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (ca. 12,600-10,200 cal B.P.) and cultural responses to attendant shifts in the environment remains a vexing issue for archaeologists. This study compiles and analyzes glacial, palynological, faunal, and stratigraphic/geomorphological proxy datasets for climate change in the Pacific Northwest of North America and compares them to the coeval archaeological record. The primary purpose of this exercise is to consider the potential ways in which climate change at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary affected cultural development for Late Paleoindian-Early Archaic peoples in the Pacific Northwest. Results indicate that climatic and environmental change at this interval was rapid or abrupt, and of a magnitude that likely produced varying adaptational responses by peoples of different cultural traditions who appear across the region at this period. Transformations in tools and technology, shifts in dietary habits, migration and regionalization, and trade intensification are all elements of Late Paleoindian-Early Archaic cultural responses to rapid climate change.

When Nirvana found sudden commercial success with the song “Smells Like Teen Spirit” in 1991, the music industry’s attention became focused on Seattle for the first time. The city, however, had a rich musical tradition going back decades.  This thesis examines the rise and fall of music communities in Seattle and the Pacific Northwest from the 1950s to the 1990s: the jazz mileu in Seattle in the 1950s, the Pacific Northwest garage rock network of the 1960s, and the alternative music community of the 1980s and early 1990s. It looks at the factors involved in the development of these three distinct scenes: timing, innovation, and marketability, showing the opportunities and limitations of regional music milieux. In doing so, it reveals a trend of musicians of each scene departing Seattle for more major industry centres like Los Angeles. What separated the milieu Nirvana participated in from earlier regional communities was the fact musicians stopped leaving Seattle. This thesis shows why it was finally more beneficial for them to stay.

This paper reviews sediment transport and channel morphology in small, forested streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America to assess current knowledge of channel stability and morphology relevant to riparian management practices around small streams. Small channels are defined as ones in which morphology and hydraulics may be significantly influenced by individual clasts or wood materials in the channel. Such channels are headwater channels in close proximity to sediment sources, so they reflect a mix of hillslope and channel processes. Sediment inputs are derived directly from adjacent hillslopes and from the channel banks. Morphologically significant sediments move mainly as bed load, mainly at low intensity, and there is no standard method for measurement. The larger clastic and woody elements in the channel form persistent structures that trap significant volumes of sediment, reducing sediment transport in the short term and substantially increasing channel stabili...

This preliminary background study explores coastal First Nations’ food security, emphasizing Pacific Northwest Coast and Salish Sea food systems broadly and Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo) territory, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, in particular. The report has three parts: (a) an introduction to (sea)food security discourse, where Aboriginal food insecurity is connected to issues of sovereignty and colonization; (b) an overview of Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo) traditional economy, highlighting post-1800 settler population growth and concomitant Snuneymuxw maritime heritage landscape destruction; and (c) an extensive bibliography of coastal food security and sovereignty resources emphasizing Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and the Nanaimo region. Food insecurity is a serious problem for all Salish Sea Nations, including the Snuneymuxw. A highly complex issue with major implications for Aboriginal health and wellbeing, there is no single “solution.” Rather, radical change is necessary. Minimally, this involves confronting and overcoming colonialism, capitalism, and the ideology of growth, development, and progress.

Dead wood contributes to biological richness as substrate, cavity sites, foraging sites, and shelter or cover. In the Pacific Northwest, 69 vertebrate species commonly use cavities, 47 species respond positively to down wood, and prevalence of both uses is related to natural fire regimes. Almost 80 percent of nests of weak excavators are in dead trees; strong excavators make greater

Analyzing the Chicana/o student movement at the University of Washington (UW) from 1968 to 1975, this essay argues that affirmative action deserves greater recognition as a catalyst of the Chicana/o movement and that this theme can be productively explored in settings beyond the US Southwest. Beginning with an account of the origins of a student-driven affirmative action program at UW, I trace its effects in the recruitment of farmworker youth from eastern Washington to enroll at the university, their politicization as supporters of the United Farm Workers grape boycott, and their rapid emergence as leaders of the Movimiento in Washington State. In claiming their right to the campus, Chicana/o students sought affirmative action not merely in student and faculty recruitment, but in the transformation of the university to promote social justice in their communities. Through their activism, which linked campus issues to farmworker struggles and to the wider Movimiento, students developed a newly politicized understanding of their Chicana/o identity, which in turn served as the basis for continued organizing and social justice demands.