PARESTHESIA

Spinal cord stimulation is currently used to treat a variety of chronic intractable painful conditions. We report a case of severe Raynaud's phenomenon in the hands refractory to conservative treatment and responsive to diagnostic stellate ganglion block that was effectively treated with a spinal cord stimulator placed in the cervical epidural space. After capturing the affected areas with paresthesias, blood flow in the left hand and fingers significantly improved as evidenced by an increase in skin temperature, a change from cyanotic to pink appearance and concomitant reduction in pain. Moreover, the patient reported that limb ischemia and pain could be managed overnight with stimulation intensities that were below sensory perception thresholds. Thus it seems, at least in the overnight period, paresthesias were not required to maintain pain relief. This case presents a potential divergence between a requirement for paresthesias and pain relief in spinal cord stimulation therap...

Resumo Parestesia é um distúrbio neurossensitivo causado por lesão no tecido nervoso. É caracte-rizada por sensação de queimação, pontada ou perda parcial da sensibilidade local. Quando relacionada à Endodontia pode decorrer de tratamentos nos quais houve extravasamento de material obturador ou de medicação intracanal, como consequência e cirurgia endodôntica ou de infecções perirradiculares. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a realização de uma revisão de literatura acerca dos aspectos relacionados à parestesia pós-tratamento endodôn-tico, de forma a elucidar os nervos mais comumente afetados, o diagnóstico e as condutas de tratamento mais acertadas. De acordo com a literatura consultada, pode-se concluir que os nervos mais acometidos são os que percorrem a mandíbula, como o nervo alveolar inferior, mentual e o lingual. Para o diagnóstico há a necessidade de anamnese precisa, testes me-canoceptivos e nociceptivos, bem como de exames de diagnóstico por imagem. Em relação à conduta, a literatura aponta que ainda não há um padrão para parestesia relacionada a procedimentos endodônticos, uma vez que várias são as causas relacionadas. Nesse sentido, é imperativa a anamnese criteriosa e diagnóstico preciso para minimizar a injúria ao tecido nervoso e restabelecer o bem-estar do paciente. Abstract Paresthesia is a neuro-sensitive disorder caused by a damage to nervous tissue. It is characterized by a burning, tickling sensation or partial loss of local sensitivity. When related to Endodontics, it may result from treatments in which there has been overflow of filling material or intracanal medication as a result of the paraendodontic surgery or periradicular infections. This study aimed at performing a literature review on the aspects related to post-endodontic treatment paresthesia, in order to identify the most commonly affected nerves, the diagnosis, as well as the proper treatment procedures. According to the consulted literature, it can be concluded that the most affected nerves is that runs through the jawbone, such as the inferior alveolar nerve, the mentual nerve, and the lingual nerve. For the diagnosis, accurate medical history, mecanoception and nociception tests, as well as diagnostic imaging exams are required. As regards the clinical conduct, the literature indicates that there is still no standard for paresthesia related to endodontic procedures, since the related causes are diverse. In this sense, careful medical history and accurate diagnosis are fundamental to proper treatment in order to minimize injury to the nervous tissue and to restore the wellness of the patient.

Resident's case problem. The role of premanipulative testing of the cervical spine is an area of controversy, and there are very few data to inform and guide practitioners on the use of ligamentous stability tests when assessing the upper cervical spine. A 23-year-old female was referred to physical therapy by a neurologist for the management of intractable headaches of possible musculoskeletal origin. Her Neck Disability Index score was 54% and she rated her headache pain from 3/10 to 9/10 on a Numerical Pain Rating Scale. She reported a 2-year history of intermittent lower extremity paresthesias without a known mechanism or current symptoms. She was treated in physical therapy for 11 visits with improvements in cervical range of motion, strength, and intensity of her headaches, but noted no change in the frequency of headaches. She was subsequently referred to the primary author for a second opinion and potential manual therapy interventions. Initial neurological screening examination for upper and lower motor neuron lesions was unremarkable. Assessment of the transverse ligament, using the anterior shear test in supine, brought on paresthesias in both feet and her toes. The paresthesias continued after the cessation of the test. The Sharp-Purser test performed in sitting, immediately after the transverse ligament test, abolished the paresthesias. She was then referred back to her primary care physician for further evaluation. Subsequent radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the patient had a C2-C3 Klippel-Feil congenital fusion and os odontoideum. The patient was examined by a neurosurgeon who concluded that she was not a surgical candidate. Her neurological symptoms completely resolved, but she continued to have headaches. Os odontoideum is a clinically important condition, given that the mobile dens may render the transverse ligament incompetent, leading to atlantoaxial instability. Both the role and sequencing of upper cervical ligamentous testing is controversial. The results of this case report suggest that physical therapists should be cognizant of this condition and consider screening the upper cervical ligaments prior to manual or mechanical interventions to this region. Differential diagnosis, level 4.

Problem creases of the face such as frontal lines and frown lines, crow's feet, deep nasolabial and perioral folds, and cervical bands may be caused by the aging process, excessive exposure to the sun, disease, or genetic disposition. The condition may become aggravated by habitual hyperkinesia of certain mimetic muscles like the frontalis, corrugators, orbicularis oculi, levatores labii superioris, zygomatici, and the platysma. The diagnosis is established clinically by electromyography and selective muscle and nerve blocks. In these cases we advocate regulation of the mimetic hyperkinesia through selective myotomy, myectomy, and neurotomy of the responsible mimetic muscles (mimetic modulation). These procedures may be performed exclusively or in combination with a blepharoplasty, rhytidectomy, or other procedure. Our experience with 60 patients over the past five years (medium = 3.5 years) is presented. Problems and complications such as paresthesia and hypesthesia, partial paresis and asymmetry, incomplete correction, and recurrences are discussed. We believe that mimetic modulation is a valuable concept in treating problem creases and thereby improves the results of the aesthetic surgery of the face.

Neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may result secondary to entrapment, vasculitis, and drug toxicity. We aimed to study clinical and electrophysiological neuropathy and pathological changes in sural nerve in patients with RA. One hundred eight patients of RA, fulfilling American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria (mean age, 45.83 years; M/F 1:3, 80.3% seropositive) were examined clinically and electrophysiologically for evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Sural nerve biopsies were performed in the involved cases. In all RA patient medications, disease activity, results of blood tests, and X-rays of affected joints were recorded. Twenty-three patients complained of paresthesias in the extremities. Vibration sensations were decreased in 9, and tendon reflexes were decreased or absent in 28 patients. Sixty-two (57.4%) patients had electrophysiologic evidence of neuropathy. Of these 53 (85.5%) patients had pure sensory or sensory motor axonal neuropathy (mononeuritis multiplex, n = 7), while 9 (14.5%) had demyelinating neuropathy (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, n = 1). Carpal tunnel syndrome was seen in 11 (10.1%) patients (associated with neuropathy in 6). Of 23 sural nerve biopsies available, perineurial thickening (n = 5, amyloid deposits n = 4), perivascular lymphomononuclear cell infiltrate (n = 4), loss of myelin fibers (n = 2), and necrotizing vasculitis (n = 1) were found. Clinically, however, seven patients had evidence of cutaneous vasculitis. Comparing the clinical characteristics of the patients with or without electrophysiological neuropathy, absence of deep tendon jerks (p < 0.005) and presence of extra articular manifestations (p < 0.01) were conspicuous in the neuropathic group. There was no relation of neuropathy with the duration of RA, seropositivity, joint erosions, joint deformities, prior disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs or glucocorticoid intake, and 28-joint disease activity score. Neuropathy in RA was mostly subclinical and predominantly axonal. Pathologically, neuropathy secondary to amyloid infiltration was second only to vasculitic neuropathy. Absence of deep tendon jerks and presence of vasculitis were more commonly observed in patients with neuropathy.

Fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm that in some cases is associated with macrodactylia. We describe a 31-years-old man who had a tissue enlargement in the wrist, second and third fingers of the left hand since infancy. At 23-years-old he began with continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that occurred more frequently at night, localized in the left hand. It was associated with paraesthesias and hypostesias predominantly at the fingers described above. Investigation with X-ray, ultrasonography, electrodiagnosis, magnetic resonance image of the left wrist and hand showed carpal tunnel syndrome with macrodactylia by fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve. The patient did not a have good response to clinical therapy, so he was submitted to a surgical decompression of the left carpal tunnel, and after three months of follow up is asymptomatic.