Music therapy (Psychology)

Resumen En este artículo pretendemos buscar los aspectos que confluyen en el ámbito de la musicoterapia y el arteterapia, comenzando por su definición y orígenes y siguiendo con los modelos teóricos más importantes. Al analizar los trabajos de investigación elaborados a partir de proyectos en los que se combina la práctica de las dos disciplinas, observamos la necesidad de una mayor interdisciplinareidad. Esto daría lugar a un mayor enriquecimiento de las sesiones y por tanto, del trabajo terapéutico, lo que revertiría en una mejora de la calidad de la intervención. Abstract The purpose of this article is to find the aspects that influence in the field of music therapy and art therapy, starting with its definition and origins and continuing with the major theoretical models. In analyzing the research made from projects in which the practice of the two disciplines combined, we see the need for greater interdisciplinarity. This would result in further enrichment of sessions and therefore therapeutic work, which would result in an improvement in the quality of the intervention.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is commonly associated with motor symptoms; however, many patients with PD exhibit decline in executive functions. Executive functions refer to a broad array of generalized cognitive abilities such as cognitive control and working memory. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of a novel intense group piano training program on executive functions in patients with PD. Forty-five patients with PD were assigned to an intense group piano training program or a waitlist control group. Group intensive piano training consisted of basic piano technique, finger dexterity exercises, basic piano repertoire, and music theory, presented over a 10-day period (30 hrs of training). Participants completed a battery of standardized cognitive measures of processing speed, cognitive control, and verbal fluency, pre- and post-training. Results of an independent samples Mann–Whitney test on composite cognitive and psychosocial variables revealed significantly enha...

Three experiments assessed the hypothesis that cognitive benefits associated with exposure to music only occur when the perceived emotion expression of the music and the participant’s affective state match. Experiment 1 revealed an affect-matching pattern modulated by gender when assessing high-arousal states of opposite valence (happy/angry) in an adult sample (n = 94) in which mood classification was based on self-report, and affective valence in music was differentiated by mode and other expressive cues whilst keeping tempo constant (139 BPM). The affect-matching hypothesis was then tested in two experiments with children using a mood-induction procedure: Experiment 2 tested happy/angry emotions with, respectively, 3–5-year-old (n = 40) and 6–9-year-old (n = 40) children, and Experiment 3 compared happy/sad emotions (i.e., states differing both for valence and arousal profiles) with 3–5-year-old children (n = 40), using music pieces differentiated also by fast vs. slow tempo. Whi...

Music listening is one of the most enigmatic of human behaviours and one of the most popular leisure activities. Music is a ubiquitous companion to people's everyday lives. Throughout history, scholars of various stripes have pondered the nature of music. Philosophers, psychologists, anthropologists, musicologists, and neuroscientists have proposed a number of theories concerning the origin and purpose of music and some have pursued scientific approaches to investigating them (e.g., Fitch, 2006; Peretz, 2006; Levitin, 2007; Schäfer and Sedlmeier, 2010). One way to know about the origin of the music is to know about the functions of music or how music is used by human beings.
Empirical studies of musical functions have been very heterogeneous. Some studies were motivated by questions related to development. Many related to social identity. Others were motivated by cognitive psychology, aesthetics, cultural psychology, or personality psychology. Another line of theorizing refers to music as a means of social and emotional communication. Sound was one of the most effective ways to coordinate cohesive group activities, reinforce social bonds, resolve animosities, and to establish stable hierarchies of submission and dominance( Panksepp and Bernatzky,2002). Work and war songs, lullabies, and national anthems have bound together families, groups, or whole nations. Relatedly, music may provide a means to reduce social stress and temper aggression in others.
Present study aims at discussing psychoanalytical significance of music in social and personality development of an individual. It will focus on Freudian and Neo Freudian theories of music listening and appreciation, specially the object relations theory where music may be treated as the substitute of mother and as a means of comprehending the chaotic id in a better formulated ego.

Aangezien je nu present bent op de muziekwebsite Noisey ga ik er voor het gemak van uit dat je – net als wij – muziek reteleuk vindt. Het maakt een feestje, het maakt je dag en het helpt je over die ex heen te komen. Maar wat gebeurt er eigenlijk in ons brein als we muziek horen? Waarom luisteren we in godsnaam naar depressieve, droevige muziek als we ons al ongelukkig voelen? En hoe kan het dat die ene track je altijd in de partymood brengt?

This report evaluates the impact of live music in two hospitals in Nottingham, UK, as provided by Wellspring Music CIC. Observations and surveys showed positive responses among patients, which were also in line with what staff and visitors reported. The staff reported increased wellbeing as a result of the music sessions, and similar patterns were found among visitors and family members. The results suggest that music can create a space for patients in hospital to interact, connect and ease their anxiety and stress, and that such music activities can also support healthcare staff in their working environment by providing entertainment, relaxation and help bringing a level of normality and everyday life into the hospital wards.

Research has shown that not only do young athletes purposively use music to manage their emotional state (Bishop, Karageorghis, & Loizou, 2007), but also that brief periods of music listening may facilitate their subsequent reactive performance (Bishop, Karageorghis, & Kinrade, 2009). We report an fMRI study in which young athletes lay in an MRI scanner and listened to a popular music track immediately prior to performance of a three-choice reaction time task; intensity and tempo were modified such that six excerpts (2 intensities × 3 tempi) were created. Neural activity was measured throughout. Faster tempi and higher intensity collectively yielded activation in structures integral to visual perception (inferior temporal gyrus), allocation of attention (cuneus, inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus), and motor control (putamen), during reactive performance. The implications for music listening as a pre-competition strategy in sport are discussed.

As COVID-19 infections surge in Europe, I publish the letter below in the hope of facilitating the freer and more personally liberating discussion of the causes and "cures" of this disease that I believe the Getty Conservation Institute based "materials scientist" Dr. Ilaria Cianchetta and I agree is desirable if the most beneficial outcomes of science are to be assured.
The article also allows a "crystal twinning", tin cry comparison of the tragically deluded and deceased Jamaican "Crown Bishop" Kevin Smith's, my and others COVID-19 journeys and star treks.
Documents some of my academic challenges over the past year the article is labeled a "chronicle" but could just as easily be called an "oracle".
I certainly believe the allusion to the biblical books of Kings and Chronicles is a work of divine providence.
But it is not my intention to force this view on anyone.
Like the late Jamaican deejay chemist Toyan (Byron Letts), I am a scientist, first and foremost.
I am not a "thought policeman".

This literature review seeks to find out, if the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) could be a useful instrument in an inclusive scholastic context when music therapy-based interventions are applied. The aim is to compare studies in which the SRS is a used to measure the impact of music-based interventions, and to deduce its usability in an inclusive scholastic context. A literature research on the databases RomaTreDiscovery, Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane is conducted the 28.07.2017 and the 08.08.2017 using the keywords " social responsiveness scale " , " autism " , and " music ". The following inclusion criteria are applied: the studies are either randomized controlled trials (RCT) or controlled trials (CT), use the SRS as outcome measure, utilize a music-based intervention, and target a population of children or adolescents with ASD. During the literature research 11 studies were identified, based on title and abstract. After studying the full articles 4 met the inclusion criteria (Bhatara et al., 2009; Geretsegger et al., 2012; La Gasse, 2014; Thompson, McFerran & Gold, 2013). An analysis aiming on the type of the music intervention, the population, and the frequency of interventions is conducted. Since the number of studies that met the inclusion criteria is rather small, there is only little evidence from this research. Since the SRS seems to be a useful tool confronting the influence of music on social skills in children and adolescents, it might be applicable to measure the impact of music therapy in an inclusive classroom.

Music has cognitive, psychosocial, behavioral and motor benefits for people with neurological disorders such as dementia, stroke, Parkinson’s disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Here we discuss seven properties or ‘capac- ities’ of music that interact with brain function and contribute to its therapeutic value. Specifically, in its various forms, music can be engaging, emotional, physical, personal, social and persuasive, and it promotes synchroniza- tion of movement. We propose the Therapeutic Music Capacities Model (TMCM), which links individual properties of music to therapeutic mechanisms, leading to cognitive, psychosocial, behavioral and motor benefits. We re- view evidence that these capacities have reliable benefits for people with dementia, stroke, PD and ASD when employed separately or in combination. The model accounts for the profound value that music affords human health and well-being and provides a framework for the development of non-pharmaceutical treatments for neu- rological disorders.

“Music for Affect Regulation”: music listening in group receptive
music therapy in the treatment of depression
Meertine M.J. Laansma, and P.M. Judith Haffmans
Department of Mood Disorders, PsyQ Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands
In this paper an experimental multiple case design (N = 8) study will be presented on the effect of music listening to preferred music in receptive music therapy in the treatment of chronic depression with outpatients.
Background: Depression causes problems in the recognition and experience of emotions.
Music listening seems to be effective in experiencing emotions and regulate mood and is linked to emotional processing, which helps patients to recognize, tolerate and regulate emotions.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate which affect regulation strategies are used by depressive patients while listening to music in music therapy for regulating their mood.
Method: An exploratory study was performed with outpatients in a part-time group in a day
treatment programme. Experienced emotions and strategies were measured after listening
by two self-report questionnaires and underlying mechanisms were queried in the sessions.
Discussion/conclusion: The results suggest that music listening is an effective intervention
for identifying and intensifying experienced emotions and regulation strategies. Significant
correlations between strategies and regulated emotions gave insight into the components
of affect regulation strategies.
Keywords Receptive music therapy; affect regulation; mood disorders.

Nordic Journal of Music Therapy
ISSN: 0809-8131 (Print) 1944-8260 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rnjm20

l volume raccoglie contributi pluridisciplinari inerenti alla dimensione terapeutica della musica con particolare attenzione agli aspetti clinici, neurofisiologici e psicologici. Sono illustrate le molteplici prospettive dell'intervento musicoterapico in ambito psichiatrico, geriatrico e psicopedagogico, con riferimento a esperienze professionali concrete di oltre due decenni in Italia e, dal 2011, in Svizzera. Con un approccio musicoterapico incentrato sulla relazione e sull'utilizzo di tutte le componenti del linguaggio musicale (ritmo, melodia, armonia), i partecipanti al setting vengono stimolati e coinvolti sul piano psicocorporeo, affettivo-emozionale e cognitivo. La prima parte del volume è relativa alla relazione terapeutica, con riflessioni in ambito psicologico e psichiatrico; la seconda parte riguarda l'ambito geriatrico e le esperienze musicoterapiche con gli anziani; l'ultima parte riguarda gli effetti della musica sull'entrainment motorio, sulla vocalità, unitamente ad esperienze della musica e della musicoterapia nell'ambito dei disturbi specifici dell'apprendimento (DSA).
Il libro si rivolge principalmente a psicologi, medici, musicoterapeuti, musicisti e quanti sono interessati alla materia musicoterapica. La presenza di indicazioni pratiche sull'approccio in musicoterapia e le riflessioni più generali, lo rendono utile anche per iniziare la professione con un certo rigore metodologico.

Introduzione Quanto ci appartiene un suono? Capita a tutti di sentire un suono o una canzone e immediatamente ricordarsi una persona o una situazione. Nei setting di musicoterapia un suono, un intervallo di due note o una sequenza di accordi possono innescare immediatamente il ricordo di una canzone. Molti anziani, quando coinvolti emotivamente da una musica, riescono a perdere facilmente i freni inibitori e a cantare insieme, ognuno secondo il proprio carattere e il proprio stile. Chi è più timido canta a mezza voce arrossendo, oppure inizialmente muove solo le labbra e segue il ritmo con i piedi. Chi è più estroverso canta da subito a piena voce. La musicoterapia permette il riemergere del carattere della persona e della sua volontà relazionale, che costituiscono un primo elemento im-portante del percorso terapeutico in ambito geriatrico. All'avvio di un progetto, il carattere della persona, lo stato di salute e l'avanzamento della malattia determinano la situazione di partenza dei partecipanti. In seguito, durante i setting, il musicoterapeuta ha il compito di stimolare ciascuno dei partecipanti sui versanti psicocorporeo, affettivo-emozionale e cognitivo, perseguendo specifici obiettivi terapeutici e il riemergere del vissuto indi-viduale, con un conseguente coinvolgimento profondo. Ad esempio, con malati di Alzheimer capita che all'inizio sembri non esserci alcuna risposta alla musica ma, con una stimolazione adeguata, si evidenzierà dapprima un coinvolgimento psicocorporeo e, successivamente, di tipo emozionale e co-gnitivo, con il recupero della memoria a lungo termine e il canto. A causa del carattere eminentemente relazionale della stimolazione, non esiste una "ricetta" valida per tutti, ma è necessario valutare caso per caso

The aim of this study is to present the fundamentals of Community Drum Circle, verify its immediate benefits and to analyze Drum Circle as a  system according to the Music Therapy Theory  using Benenzon’s concepts and Bruscia’s definitions in order to check the feasibility  of it so that music therapists could adopt  drum circles as a potential technique for therapeutic purposes.

Streszczenie:
Artykuł podejmuje temat opieki w kontekście muzykoterapii. Jego celem jest określenie podobieństw
i różnic pomiędzy opieką, a psychoterapią, której rodzajem jest również muzykoterapia. Artykuł wskazuje
również na zawód muzykoterapeuty, jako zawód związany z nie tylko z pomaganiem, ale także opiekuńczy.
Przedstawione zostały definicje muzykoterapii, jej krótki rys historyczny, specyfika oddziaływania
muzykoterapii w kontekście jej zalet, ale także trudności, jakie napotyka, główne nurty teoretyczne
w muzykoterapii oraz wybrany obszary oddziaływania tej formy terapeutycznej.
Summary:
The article takes up the subject of care in the context of music therapy. Its aim is to determine the
similarities and differences between care and psychotherapy – which music therapy is a part of. The article also
indicates at the profession of music therapists as a profession connected with helping, but also connected with
caring. The following has been presented: definitions of music therapy, its short historical outline, the specifics
of the influence of music therapy in the context of its advantages, but also the difficulties it encounters, mainly
theoretical trend in music therapy, as well as chosen areas of influence of this form of therapy.

Aim: To identify therapists’ views on sexual boundaries and the strategies they employ to manage them in therapeutic practice. Method: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 13 accredited, experienced practitioners of psychotherapy or counselling. A grounded theory approach, informed by principles from Free Association Narrative methodology, was employed, in which team members used debriefing sessions for extending depth of understanding of the interviews. Findings: There is consensus about boundaries at the extremes, but variability about fantasy, flirtation and touch. A core process was generated from accounts of successful management of sexual attraction. We identified four problematic ways of reacting to boundary pressure, each with potential to harm clients and therapy. Discussion: A participant-observer stance was conceptualised as essential for managing threats to boundaries, consistent with the empathic stance. Minor boundary crossings were viewed by interviewees as both potential precursors of more serious transgressions, and as opportunities for understanding the client's difficulties. Implications for practice: These span training, accrediting organisations, supervision and therapy practice.

Assessment and clinical evaluation in music therapy are increasingly addressed as a topic of research from a theoretical and methodological perspective. At the beginning of the 21st century there is a considerable amount of music therapy literature to be found on a variety of topics, perceiving music therapy as a discipline or a profession. But there is not much literature available specifically on theory and method of assessment and clinical evaluation. Based on the results of a previous literature review in assessment and evaluation (Sabbatella, 1998a; 1998b, 1999) a new extensive review was made of papers published between 1985-2001 in order to update references to this topic. The objective of this article is to report and summarize the results of the literature review presenting a current overview of contemporary ideas on the status of music therapy assessment and clinical evaluation, and to propose a taxonomy of literature reviewed and research topics related to evaluation in clinical practice, in order to promote its study from an evaluation perspective.

RESUMO
O presente documento propõe-se a instigar uma reflexão sobre a música, e discutir os seus contributos no cotidiano da vida e da saúde dos indivíduos em diversos contextos; procura aproximar a música, como um meio terapéutico para diversas frentes na vida do homem, uma vez se entenda que esta pode influênciar no bem-estar psicológico, na promoção de emoções positivas, das boas relacções familiares e na socialização. Há profissionais de saúde, principalmente na área da saúde mental e psicológica, que usam a música como meio para auxiliar nas terapias em vários contextos por via da ciência que é conhecida como musicoterapia. Os conceitos de música e de musicoterapia iraõ nortear a relflexão proposta por este artigo, à medida que irão tomando espaço noutros conceitos como terapia, bem-estar, saúde mental e psicológica.
Assim, na base de uma pesquisa aplicada procurou-se perceber sobre a musicoterapia e tentou-se transpôr o conhecimento sobre a música. - vista por muitos como fonte de entretenimento. A abordagem qualitativa para foi escolhida para permitir uma reflexão aberta sobre o sentido em que a música é compreendida pela sociedade moçambicana, previlegiando a recolha de dados de base bibliográfica, de modo a descrever e explicar o complexo “homem – música – saúde”. Como tal, a fim de contextualizar o estudo à realidade local, foram valorizados diálogos não estruturados com pessoas de várias esferas de quem se podia esperar ideias sobre a música e o bem-estar, baseadas no senso comum. Ainda, foi dirigido um breve questionário semi-estruturado à algumas unidades sanitárias ligadas a saúde mental e psicológica o qual foi respondido por profissionais ligados à matéria de saúde mental e psicológica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Música, musicoterapia, psicologia, saúde psicológica e mental
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes to incite a reflection on music and to discuss its contribution in the day-to-day life and health of individuals’ throughout different contexts of life. It seeks to bring through an approach to music as way to therapy for the varied senses of the life for a human being. Since music is known to influence on psychological well-being, it can be deducted that music can promote positive emotions, good family relationships and socialization. So, there are health professionals who take advantage using it as an auxiliary for therapy with emphasis to mental and psychological health, thru a science known as music therapy. The concepts of music and music therapy will be considered as guidelines as other concepts such as the concepts of therapy, well-being, psychological and mental health will be raised.
The applied research was taken with the aim of contributing with a perception of the above exposed about music and the tentative of overtaking the concept of music only as entertainment. The qualitative methodology was chosen to allow an open reflection about music if understood in its more complete sense and value by Mozambican society, as well as to interpret how music is understood so far in the means of promoting well-being. So, thru bibliographical research this paper seeks to describe and explain the complex human – music – health. Also, in a way to reflect the reality of Mozambique some open conversations were held with people whereas ideas based in common knowledge about music and well-being was expected. Further more, a questioner was applied to some sanitary units that deal with mental and psychological health.
KEY-WORDS: Music, music therapy, psychology, psychological and mental health.

This research project is to implement Music therapy for patients at a local pain management clinic in California to increase patient satisfaction at office visits. A pain treatment plan is most effective when adding in a intervention based on evidence-based practices and the patient’s clinical condition, past medical history, and pain management goals to include using music therapy as an intervention according to Bradt et al. (2016).

The capacity for music to function as a therapeutic force for bio-cognitive organization is considered in clinical and everyday contexts. Given the deeply embodied nature of such responses, it is argued that cognitivist approaches may be insufficient to fully explain music’s affective power. Following this, an embodied approach is considered––where the emotional-affective response to music is discussed in terms of primary bodily systems and the innate cross-modal perceptive capacities of the embodied human mind. It is suggested that such an approach may extend the largely cognitivist view taken by much of contemporary music psychology and philosophy of music by pointing the way towards a conception of musical meaning that begins with our most primordial interactions with the world.

Lisa Bonnár’s study furnishes opportunies of understanding Norwegian parents’ lullaby singing, a social and musical phenomen that has been hidden, until now, within the confines of private homes. Despite the vast research by psychologists and sociologists on parent-child interaction, little is known about the parental perspective of singing lullabies. This study explores the meanings of singing lullabies in parenting and their significance in parent-child interaction. It also gives an important insight into the parents’ experiences and values regarding their use of their own musical and creative resources. The new concept of musical mindfulness is used and seems to fit to parents’ experiences of the lullaby-act as it encourages a present, open, non-judgemental and relaxed state of mind. A reawakening of the parents’ own musicality occurs in the meeting with their children at bedtime. However, the Scandinavian “culte of independence”, where parents seem to expect and push their children’s towards a very early independence, is partly confirmed. Allowing the lullaby-event to come to the surface in its authentic, contemporary and genuine setting, the stories add nuance to our understanding of how parents and children relate to one another today. In using a largely untapped source of parents’ own perspective on singing lullabies - in relation to their own and children’s sense of meaningfulness, companionship and wellbeing - this project offers an input to the benefits of musical parenting.

The PhD study "A technology of well-being" takes on a positive, resource-oriented approach to the research on use of MP3 players. The aim of the study is to explore whether and how the use of MP3 players can function as a medium of musical self-care, subjective well-being, and positive health. Researching the possible role of MP3 players in individuals' self-care, the study focuses on self-regulation and coping. The research questions are examined implementing a qualitative, empirical study. Interviews with adult urban users of MP3 players are carried out, focusing on their experiences of this use. The interviews are analysed within a theoretical framework based on health theories and positive psychology. Although there seem to be several risks related to the use of MP3 players - hearing damage, concern about traffic safety, and issues concerning isolation and the social environment - it appears that use of MP3 players also has positive consequences for users, which are presented in this book.

Interactions that occur between teacher and student during instrumental music lessons are complex and multifaceted and embrace a full range of promotive and demotive factors that not only underpin effective learning, but also have an impact on whether children will persist with their learning long-term (McPherson, Davidson, & Faulkner, 2012). Such interactions also provide the context in which students gain a sense of personal control and autonomy over their learning (Evans, McPherson, & Davidson, 2012). In this article, we present new ways of conceptualizing autonomy by taking the teacher–student interaction as a unit of analysis to examine the processes of co-regulation of student autonomy. In Study 1, we performed an in-depth qualitative analysis of four teacher – student dyads in individual string lessons. We found large differences between these dyads in the way autonomy is co-regulated from moment to moment. These differences are theorized to be in part connected to the genera...

In this paper I reviewed two main themes: (1) how music can be used as a tool to increase an individual’s self-awareness (SA) and (2) how music and SA relates to individual and social psychology. To investigate these themes, I searched academic databases for music and its effects on SA at the individual and group level. This paper is focused on music in the context of therapy, development, neurobiology, the relationship between bodily sensations and conscious awareness, and group or social implications. Overall, I found that there are potential future applications for music in the context of individual or group therapy. Furthermore, due to lack of specific research in this area, I explored limitations in the research and offer suggestions for future researchers trying to determine if music has an effect on individual SA.

Resumo: Neste estudo, apresentamos uma reflexão a respeito e relato do uso de técnicas de Musicoterapia na coleta de dados de desenvolvimento linguístico de crianças gêmeas e não gêmeas com desenvolvimento típico. Em específico, relatamos a experiência do uso de música na coleta de dados, segundo Bruscia (2000) com base nos quatro tipos de experiência musical (improvisação, re-criação, composição e audição) e os três tipos de intervenção com música (centrada no som, centrada na beleza (estética) e centrada na criatividade). Por fim, apresentamos os benefícios das técnicas na coleta de dados linguísticos da primeira infância por promoverem a criatividade musical junto com a expressão corporal. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Linguístico. Musicoterapia. Música. Abstract: In this study, we present a reflective paper on the use of Music Therapy techniques in language development data collection of twin and non-twin children with typical development. In particular, we report the experience of using music in data collection, accordingly to Bruscia (2000), based on the four types of musical experience (improvisation, recreation , composition and listening) and the three types of musical intervention (music-centered, beauty (aesthetic)-centered and creativity-centered). Finally, we present the benefits of these techniques in early childhood data collection for promoting musical creativity along with body expression.

Parkinson's disease is an incurable disease where music therapy appears to be beneficial as a part of patients'​ treatment. Mobility, as well as psychological and emotional changes, affects the quality of life of elderly people as a result to seek for effective treatment. There are two kinds of treatment, medical and non-medical treatment. Music therapy is one of the non-medical treatments, which is beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

This study focus on a review of previous studies about music therapy in Parkinson's disease. Different interventions have been used during the years as a part of patients'​ treatment where in each case the results were different. The methods and music interventions which have been used are analyzed in this paper as well as the results of each of it. Additionally, a case study of author‟s personal clinical experience is stated and described at the end of this work gives evidences about the beneficial effect of music therapy with a Parkinson's disease client.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the different human tone colours on individuals’ moods. The research design was determined as quasi- experimental design with test control group. In accordance with this purpose, the workgroup totally consisted of 240 prep students receiving education in preparatory class in 2017-18 academic year at a university in Zonguldak. One hand, the moods of the students related to the tone colours (soprano-alto-tenor-bas) that they listened was assessed with the ‘Mood Scale’ developed by Coskun & Gültepe (2014), on the other hand the physiological variations related to the tone colours that they listened was assessed with ‘Physiological Scale (pulsimeter). The piano as a musical instrument play along with the tone colours utilized in the research. Hence, in order to determine whether the piano has any effect on moods or not, firstly a pilot study was conducted on 155 students who listened human voices both with the piano and without the piano. As a result of the pilot study, the students listened human voice along with a piano. In consequence of abnormal distribution, Mann-Whitney U test was used in the paired comparison of the tone colours, and Kruskal Wallis H test was used in overall comparison. Furthermore, in the physiological results of measurement conducted together with the main study comparison were performed with the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, then inter variance correlations were obtained with t test for paired samples and thereby t test results. While the data obtained from students were analysed with SPSS-25 statistical package, the wave graphics coupled with tone colours, amplitude analysis and spectrogram analysis were obtained with Matlab package.

At the end of the research, it was acknowledged that there was a significant difference among the moods of the students related to human tone colours. On the other Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin insan ses renklerine ilişkin duygudurumları üzerinde anlamlı farklılık olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak araştırmaya ait fizyolojik ölçüm aşamasında ise anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Araştırmada, eğitim durumlarına ilişkin öneriler ile gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara ilişkin önerilere de yer verilmiştir.

This paper puts forward a proposal for a major update of the well-established semiotic theory of Lerdahl and Jackendoff. Two modes of comprehension of music: from top-to-bottom and from bottom-to-top - are cross-examined in a number of music works. The paper argues that the primary way of making sense of a music work is hierarchically driven from bottom to top, and is based on parsing the musical flow into conventional idiomatic units. Nine aspects of expression in music are involved into categorization of musical idioms, and five of these expressive aspects follow their autonomous syntactic rules. Existing theories of musical semiotics grossly simplify the syntactic organization of musical text. The idiomatic basis of musical syntax is discussed in relation to the conventions of expressive exaggerations of notated score in the Western classical music tradition. The semi-conscious spontaneous manner of using such exaggerations on part of performers and their unconscious perception by listeners make musical syntax appear poorly formed and highly susceptible to the impact of the affective states of performers and their audiences. This issue poses a fundamental obstacle to the generative grammar approach as postulated by Lerdahl and Jackendoff. Musical syntax should not be studied in isolation from the semantic contribution of musical emotions that affect parsing strategies of performers and listeners. The affective influence of musical emotions on all nine aspects of musical expression must be taken in consideration in any attempt to analyze the musical syntax.

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of music on inducing emotion in the listener as well as to explore the relationships between musical preferences and personality. Using vol- untary participants( N=83) and a correlational, cross-sectional design completing self-reporting mea- sures (Big Five Inventory, GEMS-25 & STOMP-R) both live and online. The participants were asked to listen to two samples of music and rate their emotions on the GEMS-25 scale. The participants then completed the STOMP-R & Big Five Inventory scales. Simple linear regression was used to calculate the effect of music on emotional response, and correlational tests were used to explore the relationships between musical preferences. The results were conflicting in relation to music and emotional response, and not significant in relation to musical preference and personality. This suggests further research must be carried out perhaps using more suitable measures and research design.

It is the aim of this study to establish live neonatal nurse and parental infant-directed singing as a potentially efficacious intervention that is beneficial to the health and development of infants in neonatal care and which could conceivably be integrated into nursing practice and the neonatal care environment in a way that is both practical and viable. An appraisal of extant literature highlights the need for further intervention in neonatal care, explains how music meets the necessary criterion as appropriate intervention and discusses its potential, specifically infant-directed singing, to be provided by neonatal nurses and parents. The willingness of neonatal nurses and parents to engage in infant-directed singing in the neonatal care unit environment is assessed through an informal questionnaire survey. From the findings of this and other studies, implications and recommendations for both areas and methods for future research are extrapolated. The intention behind this study is to generate interest and awareness of academics and medical professionals in this potentially cost effective intervention, promoting future research and practice. It is hoped that this will ultimately result in the comfort of song providing profound benefits to the physiological, psychological and emotional development and wellbeing of all infants in neonatal care.

El presente texto es un resumen del libro "Paneuritmia, Salud y Bienestar: un modelo Búlgaro de Actividad Física" de Ludmila Chervencova, publicado en 2013, en Sofía, por la Editorial Universitaria “St. Kliment Ohridski” (en búlgaro). El Resumen ha sido realizado por la autora.
La Paneuritmia es una práctica universal física que beneficia la salud física y mental, la gestión de las emociones y el espíritu humano. Tiene un impresionante efecto positivo en las personas a nivel físico, mental y social.
La Paneuritmia se crea y desarrolla como un sistema de ejercicios en el entorno cultural del antiguo estado Cristiano Europeo. Es una atractiva práctica psicomotora y espiritual Europea, similar al Yoga en Asia, pero que se origina en la tradición Cristiana y en la herencia cultural de Occidente. Por eso, la Paneuritmia puede llamarse “El Yoga de Occidente”.
La Paneuritmia atrae la atención de personas de todo el mundo que la estudian en cursos y la practican.  Durante aproximadamente 80 años desde su creación, ya está presente en países de los cinco continentes.  Tiene el asombroso potencial de hacer que la vida sea más significativa, alegre y hermosa, uniendo personas de diferentes razas, géneros, edades, nacionalidades y religiones.
La monografía, cuyo resumen están leyendo, es el primer estudio teórico y empírico sobre la Paneuritmia, que traza en detalle los mecanismos de su impacto y presenta los resultados de los últimos estudios de este modelo único búlgaro de la actividad física.

This study investigated applications of mainstream music technology for creative music making by people with disabilities within a person centred music therapy context. The research was undertaken with service users from two Enable Ireland facilities in Ennis and Limerick, Ireland working as independent communities of inquiry. A participatory action research (PAR) methodology was employed (Bradbury, 2015), engaging participants as co-researchers with full control over the research process. The guiding research question was “how does music technology help us to make music together?” The research incorporated an extended epistemology to acknowledge and incorporate different ways of knowing of the functionally diverse research groups (Reason & Riley, 2015). Musicing (Small, 1998) was considered the primary meaning-making modality optimising voice and agency of the co-researchers. Each group took part in three iterative cycles of planning, action and reflection to explore and develop skills with MIDI controllers, digital audio software, hand-held devices and apps, electric guitars and adapted video game controllers. The Limerick group conducted public concerts, research lectures and an interactive workshop. The Ennis group performed at their day facility and at an Arts & Disability event and curated a CD of their favourite improvisations. The research suggested that developing and sharing practical knowledge through music technology was an empowering experience. Rhizoanalysis was conducted to resolve and clarify the analysis of the research groups while maintaining a participatory perspective. Rhizomatic readings of selected events from the PAR research sessions identified connective dimensions in the group’s interactions and instances of becoming-musician as facilitated through the deterritorialisation of music technology, and of the interpersonal relations within the communities of inquiry themselves. Themes of modularity, isomorphism, affective synchrony, rhizomatic awareness, the role of effort and DMI fit and disruption of participatory hierarchies were identified by the readings.

It is indisputable that music has the ability to evoke strong emotional responses. This attribute is especially intense when listeners encounter music, which they are familiar with. Previously formatted structural knowledge of the music or personal associations with it, are critical in order for affective reactions to be stimulated. Cultural environment is the crucial factor which moulds an individual’s identity, shapes their cognitive schemata and governs personal or collective connotations. The aforementioned responses can be detected in various ways, of which physiological measurements are valid and quantifiable indications.

This study aims to explore the emotional responses of people when listening to music of their own culture. In order to do so, the Blood Pressure (BP), Heart Rate (HR) and Skin Conductance (SC) alterations of 10 Greek subjects were measured, while they were listening to the genre of ‘traditional’ Greek music’. Significant increases in Systolic BP measurements were observed, with respect to a group of 10 non-Greek participants who were not familiar with the music.  No significant results were detected for either group when listening to a Korean traditional piece (culturally distanced music).

This difference in the outcomes was interpreted as being the result of the special affiliations that people develop with the musical genre, which bears various historical, national and autobiographical implications. In supplementary questionnaires, longing, patriotism and self identification with the piece were rated higher by the Greeks for the Greek piece, while memories of strong emotional load were reported more often. These outcomes need to be further verified by recruiting larger groups and different ethnicities. Additional investigation of the psychophysiological responses via modern brain mapping techniques, may contribute towards a better understanding of the relationships between musical, cognitive and emotional human constitution.

Os benefícios da música para a saúde, em especial, examinando seus efeitos psicológicos e neurológicos, já tem sido bastante documentado, mas a interação entre música, emoção e o sistema imunológico e de qual o papel da Musicoterapia nessa interface, ainda carece de estudos. Objetivos: Este trabalho propôs-se a pesquisar livros, estudos e revisões que evidenciam: (1) a influência das emoções ao afetar o equilíbrio dos hormônios relacionados ao aumento ou diminuição do estresse, como DHEA e Cortisol, por exemplo; (2) a associação da música com respostas imunes; (3) as modulações existentes entre os sistemas nervoso, endócrino e imunológico ao serem estimulados por música tanto em processo musicoterapêutico quanto fora deste; (4) a urgência e possibilidade aberta para que musicoterapeutas busquem especialização na área da imunologia. Conclusão: Como resultado foram selecionados 22 estudos correlacionados com os objetivos traçados e que além disso trazem bases da psiconeuroimunologia que corroboram com o processo musicoterapêutico. Os estudos, além de aventarem desafios para pesquisas posteriores, salientam a conexão entre música, emoções e sistema imunológico e evidenciam a Musicoterapia como ciência que pode aliar conhecimentos de diversas áreas em benefício da imunidade natural em pacientes que estão passando por quadros patológicos onde a elevação do estresse se torna um agente nocivo na recuperação.
Palavras-chave: Musicoterapia, Música, Sistema Imunológico, Emoções, Hormônios, Estresse

Singing as therapy has received much anecdotal support as a means of lowering stress and invigorating the spirit. These advantages are yet to be substantiated by a broad base of empirical research. To directly investigate psychological benefits of singing, mood states were examined in 105 first- year university students who were randomly allocated to one of three conditions, each 25 minutes in duration; namely, a singing condition, a pranayama condition, and a control condition. Before and after participation in their allocated condition, participants’ anxiety and vigour levels were measured using the Profile of Mood States. Participants in the singing and pranayama conditions displayed greater psychological benefit than those in the control condition. Also as hypothesised, the breathing patterns for those in the singing and pranayama conditions were significantly different from the control group. It was empirically demonstrated that singing is an effective means of lowering stress levels and increasing vigour levels.

Resumen
Este artículo muestra los resultados de una investigación
que se llevó a cabo con alumnos de
ESO participantes en un programa de Musicoterapia.
Estos pertenecían a los grupos de 3º y 4º
de Diversificación Curricular de un centro escolar
de la Comunidad de Madrid. Para encuadrar
los resultados obtenidos se procede a explicar
el concepto de Musicoterapia y su aplicación
en el ámbito educativo. Posteriormente, se presentan
los objetivos a conseguir, la metodología
realizada con una propuesta didáctica con Musicoterapia,
para trabajar a través de la música el
mundo emocional del alumnado. A continuación,
se exponen los resultados obtenidos después
las sesiones, tras elaborar el test estandarizado
STAI, y el nivel de absentismo escolar que
presentan los días que acuden a ellas. Los resultados
reflejan que la utilización de la música con
un fin terapéutico, utilizando los medios que la
pedagogía musical nos brinda, ejercen un efecto
positivo, ya que se produjo, en este proceso, una
reducción del nivel de ansiedad en uno de los
grupos de Musicoterapia.
Palabras clave:
Musicoterapia educativa-adolescencia-ansiedad- absentismo-
riesgo social.
Abstract
This article shows the results of an investigation
carried out with students of a secondary school
being participants on a music-therapy program.
The individuals taking part in it belonged to 3rd
and 4th grades in the curricular diversification
program in a high school set in the community
of Madrid. Firstly, the concept of music-therapy
must be explained in order to frame the results
and its application within a pedagogical context.
Secondly, the goals to be achieved will be
identified, as well as the methodology used with
a music-therapy educational proposal, to work
throughout music on the affective world of the student.
Finally, the results of the sessions worked
on the STAI standard test will be presented and
the level of scholar absenteeism of the pupils on
the sessions. The outcomes reflect that the use
of music with a therapeutic goal and an approach
of music pedagogy have a positive influence on
the student since there happened a reduction of
anxiety of the participants in one of the musictherapy
groups during the process.
Keywords:
Music therapy-anxiety-adolescence-social risk- absenteeism.

Resumo: Os benefícios da música para a saúde, em especial, examinando seus efeitos psicológicos e neurológicos, já têm sido bastante documentados, mas a relação entre música, emoção, estresse e o sistema imunológico e qual o papel da Musicoterapia nessa interface, ainda carece de estudos. Objetivo: Este trabalho se propõe a pesquisar livros, estudos e publicações que evidenciam: (1) a influência das emoções ao afetar o equilíbrio dos hormônios relacionados ao aumento ou diminuição do estresse, como DHEA e Cortisol, por exemplo; (2) a associação da música com respostas imunes; (3) as modulações existentes entre os sistemas nervoso, endócrino e imunológico ao serem estimulados por música, tanto em processo musicoterapêutico quanto fora deste; (4) variabilidade de atividades que envolvem a música como agentes em processos terapêuticos; (5) a gama de áreas em que a Musicoterapia pode ser útil como estímulo positivo ao sistema imunológico; (6) a urgência e a possibilidade abertas para que musicoterapeutas busquem especialização na área da imunologia. Os objetivos elencados aqui, além de aventarem desafios para pesquisas posteriores, salientam a conexão entre música, emoções e sistema imunológico e evidenciam a Musicoterapia como Ciência que pode aliar conhecimentos de diversas áreas em benefício da imunidade natural em pacientes que estão passando por quadros patológicos em que a elevação do estresse se torna um agente nocivo na recuperação. Abstract: The benefits of the music for health, in particular, examining its psychological and neurological effects, it have already been well documented, but the relationship between the music, emotion, stress and the immune system and what the role of Music Therapy in this interface, still lacks studies. Objective: This work of search aims to investigate bibliographies, studies and reviews that show: (1) the emotions' influence by affecting the balance of hormones related to increase or decrease the stress, as DHEA and Cortisol, for example; (2) the association of music with immunological responses; (3) the modulations existing between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems when stimulated by music in a music therapy process and out of it; (4) variability of activities that involves music as an agent in therapeutic processes; (5) the range of areas in which music therapy may be useful as a positive stimulus to the immune system; (6) the urgency and open possibility for that music therapists search specializations in the immunology field. The objectives listed here, in addition to presenting challenges for future researches, emphasizes the connection between music, emotions and immune system and evidence Music Therapy as a science that can combine knowledge of several areas in benefit of the natural immunity in patients who are going through pathological states where the elevation of stress becomes a harmful agent in the recovery.