Mandarin

Green and blue mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. and P. italicum Wehmer, respectively, cause significant losses of Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) after harvest. The effects of some pre-and postharvest treatments on development of these ...

While the study of Mandarin Chinese intensifiers has been prolific, the methodologies used have been limited to comparative and grammaticalization studies, revealing little about the discourse-pragmatic usages of individual intensifiers. Utilizing a balanced corpus composed of 15 different prototypical genres, the associative strength of 12 commonly used intensifiers in each genre was statistically determined based on their frequency distribution. The results reveal a clear preference pattern of intensifiers across a range of “written” and “spoken”-based genres. Upon the premise that the genre preferences of intensifiers stem from matching dimensions of communicative intent/discourse context between genre and intensifier, genre-analysis was conducted to unveil the core “stances” each intensifier might possibly project. In conclusion, it is argued that genre-analysis based on empirical corpus data provides a valid alternative means to uncover seemingly “covert” aspects of language use.

The mandarin growers were lacking in extension contacts of useful sources/centres and were dependent on their own idea/knowledge besides that provided by KVK officers, extension workers of agriculture department and NGOs, progressive farmers, agro-input dealers. The majority of farmers were non adopter of fertigation practice. Out of standard recommended package of practices, the highest adoption was recorded in case of staking only 77.78%. Of the total respondents, 47.78% were having cognizance of selection of suitable soil parameters for mandarin growing. It also appeared that 45.56% respondent's even didn't get their soil analyzed either at the time of planting or at bearing stage. However, the rate of adoption of required spacing was 73.33%. Among the respondents, 43.33% were following proper time of application of manure and 40.00% proper method of application. As regard to time and method of fertilizer application 30.00% and 22.22% respondents, respectively, were adopting these as par requirements. The majority of respondents were adopting the improved package of practices partially. The magnitude of non adoption of many improved package of practices was quite high, being 97.78% in mulching, 78.89% in fruit thinning, 64.44% in canopy management and 52.22% in drip irrigation. In transportation, loose transportation keeping the produce directly on floor of vehicle was dominant (36.67%) and the use of corrugated fibre board boxes to pack the produce for transportation was barely 7.78%. The sailing of the produce was confined in local only. These indicate lots of scope of augmenting yield, quality and the profitability of orcharding in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan which is dominant site for cultivation of mandarin.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a Mandarin version of the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (M-LDQ) in Asian patients with dyspepsia. METHODS: The M-LDQ was developed according to standardized methods. The validity, internal consistency , test–retest reliability and responsiveness of the instrument were evaluated in both primary and secondary care patients. RESULTS: A total of 184 patients (mean age 54.0 ± 15.8 years, of whom 59% were women and 72.3% of whom had at least secondary level education) were recruited between August 2012 and March 2013, from both primary (n = 100) and secondary care clinics (n = 84). Both the internal consistency of all components of the M-LDQ (Cronbach's α 0.79) and test–retest reliability (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.78) were good. The M-LDQ was valid in diagnosing dyspepsia in primary care (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve 0.84) and was able to discriminate between secondary and primary care patients (median cumulative LDQ score 13.0 vs 3.0, P < 0.0001). Among eight patients with organic dyspepsia, the median M-LDQ score reduced significantly from 21.0 (pretreatment) to 9.5 (4 weeks post-treatment) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The M-LDQ is a valid and responsive instrument for assessing ethnic Chinese adults with dyspepsia.

A study was carried out to assess the production status of mandarin in Dailekh, Nepal in 2019. A total of 75 households were sampled by using simple random sampling technique and interviewed with the pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Mandarin producers were the main source of primary data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and independent-sample t-test were used for data analysis using SPSS and MS-Excel. Farmers were categorized into large holder farmers (n = 30) and smallholder farmers (n = 45) category based on the farm size. The variable cost of mandarin cultivation was NRs. 7663.19/ropani. The gross return of mandarin was found to be NRs. 12403.76/ropani with the profit of NRs. 4740.58. The BC ratio of large holder farmers was 1.82 and the smallholder farmer was 1.53 with the overall BC ratio of 1.62. The price of mandarin had been increasing every year since 2015 A.D. to 2019 A.D. Labour and Bordeaux paste costs shows positive and significant relation with income from mandarin farming while costing of FYM and land rent cost show negative but non-significant relation. Disease and pests (0.74) were identified as a major production problem and lack of technical knowledge (0.75) was identified as a major pre-production problem of mandarin farming. Likewise, delay payment to the farmers (0.76) was identified as a major marketing problem faced by farmers. Out of total respondents, 60% were found to be highly satisfied with mandarin farming and 69.3% of the farmers were willing to expand their mandarin orchard.

The study had been carried out among the mandarin producer households in the Kushe Rural Municipality of Jajarkot District to analyze the financial viability of mandarin production, calculate cost of production, gross margin, internal rate of return (IRR), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and payback period (PBP). A total of 80 respondents had been selected through random sampling method. Primary data has been collected through household survey through questionnaire and other relevant information has been taken as secondary sources. Relevant statistical tools like SPSS and Ms Excel has been used to analyze the data. The study found BCR as 1:55, the net present worth at 12 percent discount wasNRs.111702, and IRR has been found 26%. The cost of production of 1 kg mandarin orange was NRs15.326 for 5-12 years and the capital return was estimated at 7.9 years as PBP within the economic life of 20 years. This study showed that the mandarin production is a financially viable agri-business in the study area.

This chapter reviews the existing empirical research on the structural features of Hong Kong English (HKE). Among postcolonial varieties of English, HKE is an unusual case in that the territory's emancipation from the colonial power was not accompanied by self-rule, but by what is locally called the "handover" of Hong Kong to mainland China. Thus, a relative lack in institutional entrenchment as well as a continuing turnover in population raises questions as to whether HKE is a "real/"focussed" variety. In addition to influence on HKE from Cantonese, the chapter addresses the sociolinguistics of Hong Kong as a globalised city by discussing the influence of local varieties of English used by speakers of Mandarin Chinese, by the South Asian and SouthEast Asian communities and speakers of English as a Native Language from so-called Inner Circle countries such as the United States. Finally, the chapter considers possible scenarios for the linguistic future of Hong Kong, involving Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, as well as for the future of HKE: On the one hand, an exonormative development with increasing Americanisation, and, on the other hand, an endonormative development with increasing reliance on a local identity and local norms.

AUTHORS/EDITORS: Yang Chia-ling and Roderick Whitfield. Other contributors: Shana J Brown, Robert Culp, Shao Dan, Hong Zaixin, Tamaki Maeda, Pai Shih-ming and Wang Cheng-hua. Commissioning editor, general editor and Saffron Asian Art & Society Series Editor: Sajid Rizvi. This volume investigates the roles as politician, antiquarian, art dealer, and publisher, of Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1866~1940) who, together with his circle of Qing loyalists (yilao), established modern historical and intellectual practices in late dynastic and early Republican China. For additional info visit www.saffronbooksandart.net and www.saffronbooks.com. For permissions contact: SajidRizvi@eapgroup.com. Additional materials may be uploaded here, please revisit or Follow.

Alternate bearing phenomenon is the tendency of some citrus varieties to produce a heavy crop in ON year followed by little crop in next year OFF year, in both seasons the crop fruit with poor quality (improper size, thick rind, and unattractive color) which had low economic value, consequently decrease producers profit. There are sensitive citrus varieties for alternate bearing like Mandarins and Tangerines, while grapefruit and pineapple orange have a moderate tendency; however, it is very week in Valencia orange trees. There are various internal and external factors effects on alternate bearing cycles include low C/N ratio, unbalanced hormones, and starvation of roots, abiotic stress conditions and availability of nutrition in the soil. There are negative effects for alternate bearing in sensitive varieties, such as broken the limbs in ON year, delayed fruit maturity, reduce fruit quality. Management of alternate bearing to increase crop in OFF year by using different practice including thinning fruit, hard pruning after OFF year, foliar application by chemical substances like Gibberellin acid and urea.

Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia merupakan pelan yang komprehensif untuk maju ke arah pendidikan bertaraf dunia. Intipati pelan itu meletakkan Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat (PSH) sebagai wadah terbaik dan bermanfaat bagi meningkatkan lagi potensi, kemahiran dan pengetahuan serta taraf sosio-ekonomi seseorang individu tanpa batasan usia, masa dan tempat. Di Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat (KKHL), program PSH sentiasa mendapat sambutan dari pelbagai golongan termasuk pekerja beruniform sekitar Selangor. Disebabkan penyertaan yang memberansangkan mendorong kajian ini dilaksanakan untuk berkongsi maklumat faedah penyertaan program PSH komunikasi mandarin. Selain mengkaji tahap kompentensi program PSH komunikasi mandarin. Kajian ini diharap dapat menjadi batu loncatan bagi membantu meningkatkan peratus penglibatan program PSH dalam kalangan pekerja beruniform pada masa akan datang. Sampel kajian ini adalah 11 orang peserta Jabatan Penjara Malaysia yang mengikuti Program PSH Komunikasi Mandarin. Data yang telah diperolehi melalui instrumen rubrik penilaian lisan dan dianalisis menggunakan Statistical Package for Social Science version 16.0. Taburan skor min telah digunakan bagi menentukan tahap kompentensi program PSH komunikasi mandarin. Keputusan analisa skor min menunjukkan semua aspek yang dinilai berada dalam tahap yang sederhana. Skor min tertinggi 2.82 melibatkan item perbualan keempat dan mampu menjawab dengan tepat. Manakala skor min 2.00 yang merupakan item perbualan kelima merupakan yang terendah. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan terdapat 5 faedah penyertaan program PSH di KKHL kepada pekerja beruniform. Antara faedah penyertaan yang dikenalpasti adalah dari segi pengalaman, kemudahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran, kepelbagaian aktiviti dalam kursus, kemahiran pengajar dan peluang pekerjaan. Beberapa saranan diketengahkan dan boleh diadapatasi sebagai usaha meningkatkan motivasi pembelajaran bahasa asing dalam kalangan pekerja beruniform dan golongan lain bagi menyahut cabaran globalisasi yang multi-bahasa. Dengan demikian akan terhasillah individu yang berkualiti dan cemerlang.

• 12th April, 2014
Wright, C. , Zhang, C., Leung, A. H. Examining the effects of a Year Abroad on L2 Chinese. In: ISCLD3 (the 3rd International Symposium of Chinese Language and Discourse), 11-13 April, 2014. Birbeck College, University of London, UK. [oral presentation, presented by Dr. Clare Wright]

This paper analyses New Persian words transcribed in Chinese script in huihuiguan zazi 回回館雜字, a New Persian-Chinese glossary compiled in Ming China. The analysis reveals a correspondence between the vowel contrasts of modern Tajik and those of the variety of New Persian whose words are recorded in the glossary. This paper also identifies, based on historical records, the variety as an early fifteenth-century New Persian which had diplomatic currency in the Timurid court in Samarkand.

According to Goldberg (1995), placement verbs (such as put) are instantiated in the Caused-Motion Construction. Rohde (2001), however, argued that placement verbs in fact occur in a different construction, which she names the Caused-Position Construction, whose semantic value is not 'cause to move' but rather 'cause to be positioned'. The present paper redefines and justifies the postulation of Caused-Position Construction. The Caused-position Construction is compatible with not only placement verbs but also a variety of other verbs, such as verbs of creation (write or build) or certain stative verbs (want or need), many of which also occur in the Locative Inversion construction. Further, a similar distinction between Caused-Motion and Caused-Position can be attested in Mandarin as well, which suggests that the distinction between two patterns of spatial cau-sation may not be idiosyncratically confined to the English language but motivated by the general patterns of human cognition.

In Malaysian local universities, Mandarin is offered as the third language course to students who are the non-native Mandarin speakers. Since Mandarin is distinctive with its own grammatical and sentence patterns, Mandarin instructors need to come up with the effective method to teach the non-native speakers who are rather weak in restructuring Mandarin sentences. Many non-native speakers of Mandarin are fail to restructure Mandarin sentences correctly at elementary level due to the limited contact hours, unsupportive Mandarin learning environment, and the influence of mother tongue. To reduce this learning predicament among these non-native speakers, this paper proposes the use of GAT method for restructuring Mandarin sentences. GAT, an acronym for Group-Arrange-Touch-up, incorporates ‘Word Sequence’ Diagram (WSD) in the form of graphic impressions, which can be used by non-native speakers in their quest of learning Mandarin. This method is supported by the ‘word sequence’ approach and other relevant theories proposed by some prominent researchers such as Liu Hongmo, Shen Xiaolong, and Zhang Lizhao. This paper demonstrates how GAT is used to teach non-native speakers to restructure basic Mandarin sentences without the need to master the grammar of Mandarin thoroughly. After implementing GAT in a Mandarin class throughout a four-month semester in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Penang Campus, the result obtained from an oral interview to the students had found that GAT was a favourable method among the Malay students in restructuring Mandarin sentences.

Through the publication of her bestseller Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe became one of the most internationally famous and important authors in nineteenth-century America. Today, her reputation is more complex, and Uncle Tom’s Cabin has been debated and analyzed in many different ways. This book provides a summary of Stowe’s life and her long career as a professional author, as well as an overview of her writings in several different genres. Synthesizing scholarship from a range of perspectives, the book positions Stowe’s work within the larger framework of nineteenth-century culture and attitudes about race, slavery and the role of women in society. Sarah Robbins also offers reading suggestions for further study. This introduction provides students of Stowe with a richly informed and accessible introduction to this fascinating author.

In previous work examining heritage language phonology, heritage speakers have often patterned differently from native speakers and late-onset second language (L2) learners with respect to overall accent and segmentals. The current study extended this line of inquiry to suprasegmentals, comparing the properties of lexical tones produced by heritage, native, and L2 speakers of Mandarin living in the U.S. We hypothesized that heritage speakers would approximate native norms for Mandarin tones more closely than L2 speakers, yet diverge from these norms in one or more ways. We further hypothesized that, due to their unique linguistic experience, heritage speakers would sound the most ambiguous in terms of demographic background. Acoustic data showed that heritage speakers approximated native-like production more closely than L2 speakers with respect to the pitch contour of Tone 3, durational shortening in connected speech, and rates of Tone 3 reduction in non-phrase-final contexts, while showing the highest levels of tonal variability among all groups. Perceptual data indicated that heritage speakers' tones differed from native and L2 speakers' in terms of both intelligibility and perceived goodness. Consistent with the variability results, heritage speakers were the most difficult group to classify demographically. Taken together, these findings suggest that, with respect to tone, early heritage language experience can, but does not necessarily, result in a phonological advantage over L2 learners. Further, they add support to the view that heritage speakers are language users distinct from both native and L2 speakers.

In Malaysia, Mandarin has also become a favourite third language subject among university students. However, many non-native speakers of Mandarin often encounter problems in pronunciation. Identifying the pronunciation errors is essential to avoid misunderstanding and communication breakdown. This study aims to investigate the perspective view of factors causing undesirable pronunciation problems faced by the students as non-native speakers based on the phonetic system of Hanyu Pinyin. A survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to undergraduates from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus to identify the underlying factors of pronunciation problems in Mandarin. The findings from the data analysis show that mother tongue interference was the main problem since some consonants and vowels are missing from the students' first language. Besides, other factors such as time constraint, psychological problems, and learning environment were among the distracting factors.