Law and Development

Perkembangan teknologi informasi pada awal abad dua puluh satu ini telah menyebabkan terjadinya hubungan dunia tanpa batas. Salah satu produk dari meningkatnya intensitas teknologi informasi adalah perdagangan elektronik (e- commerce) yang kemudian juga diterapkan pada transaksi bisnis internasional. Hal ini tentunya telah mengubah paradigma sistem perdagangan di dunia yang sebelumnya serba konvensional menjadi non-konvensional. Konflik dan sengketa dalam transkasi bisnis internasional yang menggunakan e-commerce bukanlah suatu hal yang baru. Namun, mengingat sengketa yang akan diselesaikan tersebut akan melibatkan beberapa negara, maka timbul beberapa permasalahan faktual. Adapun permasalahan yang akan diteliti dalam skripsi ini adalah hukum apakah yang berlaku dan forum manakah yang berwenang menangani dalam penyelesaian sengketa transaksi bisnis internasional yang menggunakan e-commerce. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metode pendekatan masalah secara normatif, yaitu mempelajari asas- asas hukum, teori, konsep, dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan permasahan diatas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum yang dipilih oleh para pihak (pilihan hukum) sebagaimana yang diatur dalam kontrak elektronik internasional yang mereka buat. Pilihan hukum tersebut dapat dilakukan secara tegas ataupun secara diam-diam. Namun bila tidak diatur, maka hukum yang berlaku adalah hukum yang mengacu pada hukum dari negara penjual, yang didasarkan atas the Most Characteristic Connection Theory (asas Hukum Perdata Internasional). Kemudian terkait dengan forum, maka forum yang berwenang adalah forum yang dipilih oleh para pihak (pilihan forum) sebagaimana yang diatur dalam kontrak elektronik internasional yang mereka buat. Sama halnya dengan pilihan hukum, pilihan forum ini dapat dilakukan secara tegas ataupun secara diam-diam. Namun bila tidak diatur secara jelas, maka forum yang berlaku adalah forum yang mengacu pada forum dari negara penjual, yang didasarkan atas Substantial Connection Theory (asas Hukum Perdata Internasional).

Dewasa ini, perkembangan bisnis perbankan syariah semakin mengalami kemajuan yang pesat. Semakin pesatnya aktivitas perbankan syariah tersebut juga akan berdampak pada timbulnya sengkta di antara para pihak. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 49 huruf (i) UU No. 3 Tahun 2006 tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 7 Tahun 1989 tentang Peradilan Agama disebutkan bahwa yang berwenang untuk mengadili sengketa perbankan syariah (ekonomi syariah) adalah Peradilan Agama. Namun, sejak dikeluarkannya UU No. 21 Tahun 2008 tentang Perbankan Syariah, maka dibuka celah hukum agar pengadilan di lingkungan Peradilan Umum juga dapat menyelesaikan sengketa perbankan syariah melalui jalur non- litigasi (alternatif penyelesaian sengketa). Hal ini menyebabkan timbulnya dualisme kompetensi absolut peradilan. Menurut teori hukum kekuasaan kehakiman, suatu sengketa tidak dapat diselesaikan berdasarkan dua kompetensi peradilan absolut yang berbeda. Tentunya apabila silang sengketa konflik kompetensi ini terus berlanjut, akan mempengaruhi minat para praktisi bisnis untuk melakukan transaksi perbankan syariah. Tidak adanya kepastian hukum inilah yang kemungkinan dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia secara luas. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka isu hukum yang akan dibahas dalam tesis ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Apa kepentingan hukum yang melatarbelakangi dualisme kompetensi absolut peradilan dalam penyelesaian sengketa perbankan syariah?, 2) Bagaimana penerapan asas kepastian hukum dalam menentukan kompetensi absolut peradilan dalam penyelesaian sengketa perbankan syariah?, 3) Bagaimana kajian teoritik penerapan kompetensi absolut peradilan agama dalam rangka menyelesaikan sengketa perbankan syariah?, 4) Bagaimana konsep pengaturan hukum di masa yang akan datang terhadap forum penyelesaian sengketa perbankan syariah di Indonesia?. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan argumentasi, teori, atau konsep baru sebagai preskripsi dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi, dengan menggunakan logika berpikir aduktif. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, maka diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1) Kepentingan hukum yang melatarbelakangi dualisme kompetensi absolut peradilan dalam penyelesaikan sengketa perbankan syariah adalah terjadi karena adanya ketidakjelasan politik hukum dari pemerintah dalam merumuskan Pasal 55 ayat (2) UU No. 21 Tahun 2008 tentang Perbankan Syariah (selanjutnya disebut UUPS), masih adanya pengaruh teori receptie, dan kepentingan politik dan ekonomi, 2) Penerapan asas kepastian hukum dalam menentukan kompetensi absolut peradilan dalam penyelesaian sengketa perbankan syariah, dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori hukum yang telah ditentukan dalam kerangka teori, sehingga didapat kesimpulan bahwa yang berwenang mengadili sengketa perbankan syariah adalah pengadilan di lingkungan Peradilan Agama, 3) Kajian teoritik penerapan kompetensi absolut peradilan agama dalam rangka menyelesaikan sengketa perbankan syariah, adalah terkait dengan (i) tidak adanya kekuatan eksekutorial dari Pengadilan Agama untuk melaksanakan putusan Badan Arbitrase Syariah, (ii) sarana dan prasarana Peradilan Agama, (iii) kualitas dan kuantitas sumber daya manusia Peradilan Agama, dan lain-lain, dan 4) Konsep pengaturan hukum ideal dalam penyelesaian sengketa perbankan syariah tetap bersandar pada Pasal 55 UUPS dengan catatan dilakukan perubahan terhadap Penjelasan Pasal 55 ayat (2) UUPS. Apabila ketentuan ini disempurnakan maka akan terciptanya kepastian hukum bagi para pihak, dan sesuai/selaras dengan Pasal 49 UUPA.

""The emergence of China as a significant economic force in Latin America has sparked both optimism and alarm. Recent books and articles depict China as a rising imperial power scouring the globe for natural resources and as a competitive threat to Latin America. Other studies applaud China’s pragmatic, unorthodox development strategies and portray China as a successful model for developing countries. The competing narratives about China’s rise do agree on one thing: China has become a formidable force in the developing world whose influence merits careful evaluation.

Will China's engagement with Latin America produce alternative paradigms of economic development that improve the quality of life while respecting ecological limits? Or will China replicate the trade and investment regimes that reinforced the economic and political subordination of developing countries, facilitated the exploitation of their natural resources, and brought the planet's ecosystems to the brink of collapse?

This chapter attempts to bridge the contentious debate over China’s role in Latin America by interrogating the dominant narratives that portray China as either a menace to Latin America’s development or as a model worthy of emulation. The chapter proceeds in five parts. Part I places China’s engagement with Latin America in historical context by providing an introduction to the economic history of Latin America. Part II examines the claim that China’s economic rise should be regarded as a model for Latin America. Part III evaluates the claim that China poses a threat to Latin America’s development. Parts IV and V discuss the implications of China’s rise for international economic law and for sustainable development, including China's role in the World Trade Organization, China's bilateral trade and investment agreements with Latin American nations, and China's potential contributions to sustainable development law. ""

In this book, I have tried to establish two points. Firstly, that there is
a strong relationship between law and development. Even with all of its
different manifestations and meanings, development is almost
impossible without the intervention of law. This point is mainly based
on existing literature in which it has been explored and to a small extent,
established. The literature reviewed may not be exhaustive but is I hope,
enough to substantiate the argument, or at least to stir debate on the topic.

Secondly, that the measurement of a society’s development is just as
possible through the use of indicators relating to law as it is by using the
social indicators (education, health, housing, water & sanitation and
poverty) employed by the United Nations Development Programme’s
(UNDP) Human Development Report. Based on Amertya Sen’s concept
of ‘freedom from tyranny’, I have suggested that the measurement of
human development in a society may also be possible from the
perspective of law; by developing indices like Rule of Law, Access to
Justice, Tolerance in Society and Type of Litigation (disputes) that are
prevalent in a society. This may very well become an addition to the
Human Development Index in the future.

Seiring meningkatnya arus lalu lintas orang yang masuk dan keluar wilayah Indonesia, maka semakin meningkat pula tingkat kejahatan keimigrasian yang terjadi. Pemalsuan paspor sebagai kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan cara mengganti, mengubah sebagian atau secara keseluruhan dari sebuah paspor atau menggunakan informasi palsu untuk menerima paspor, kini telah menjadi permasalahan serius. Saat ini, hampir semua proses pembuktian paspor palsu dilakukan di Laboratorium Forensik Keimigrasian pada Direktorat Intelijen Keimigrasian. Hal ini terjadi dikarenakan tidak semua Tempat Pemeriksaan Imigrasi dan Kantor Imigrasi memiliki sarana Laboratorium Forensik yang memadai dan minimnya ilmu pengetahuan forensik dokumen bagi petugas. Namun, keberadaan Laboratorium Forensik Keimigrasian pada Direktorat Intelijen Keimigrasian juga menghadirkan permasalahan tersendiri. Minimnya petugas dan peralatan, serta masih rendahnya kompetensi dan kesadaran petugas untuk mengajukan permohonan pemeriksaan paspor palsu menjadi tantangan serius yang harus dihadapi. Belum lagi ketiadaan Standard Operational Procedure (SOP), yang membuat Laboratorium Forensik Keimigrasian menjadi lembaga yang kurang populer. Diskursus inilah yang menarik perhatian penulis untuk membahasnya secara komprehensif dalam KKP ini. Di tengah pengaruh globalisasi yang membuat dunia menjadi tanpa batas, Indonesia harus dituntut dapat mereduksi setiap kehadiran orang asing yang dapat merugikan kedaulatan negara. Oleh karenanya, kehadiran Laboratorium Forensik Keimigrasian pada Direktorat Intelijen Keimigrasian diharapkan dapat menjadi instrumen ilmiah yang menunjang fungsi pengamanan dan penegakan hukum keimigrasian.

Local Space, Global Life engages with the expansive, ground-level and intertwined operations of international law and the development project by discussing the current international focus on local jurisdictions. Since the mid-1980s, and through the discourse of decentralization, municipalities and cities in emerging nations have become the preferred spaces in which to promote global ideals of human, economic and environmental development. Through an ethnographic study of Bogotá's recent development experience and the city's changing relation to its illegal neighbourhoods, Luis Eslava interrogates this rationale and exposes the contradictions involved in the international turn to the local. Attentive to historical and current transformations, norms and praxis, and both ideology and materiality, he provides an innovative reading of the nature of international law and the development project, and reveals their impact on local spaces and lives at the urban periphery of today's world order. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Local-Space-Global-Life-International/dp/1107092124

The post-1991 Ethiopian ruling elites attempted to implement dual projects of economic transformation and democratization under the political arrangement of ethno-linguistic federalism. As Bach (2011) observes, the ruling TPLF/EPRDF party also implemented a leftist ideology infamously known as a 'revolutionary democracy' whose primary purpose is ensuring the absolute dominance of the ruling elite by dominating the public sphere and creating systems and structures of control. Since 2000s, the government has officially declared that it is pursuing the ideology of a developmental state along the East Asian models. Despite its claim to build democratic developmental state, consensus is not reached about whether this model is relevant for contemporary Ethiopian realities, and its underlying motives. Moreover, critics accuse that the regime's resort to developmental state ideology away from liberal political economy partly drives from its desire to maintain political hegemony and signals its relapse in to authoritarianism. Recently, the country has witnessed widespread violent protest resulting in the weakening of the ruling coalition and its near demise. In this regard, this paper attempted to explicate the Ethiopian developmental state and how it functioned in an increasingly authoritarian political climate in a comparative manner and the underlying cause of recent violent protest. The paper found out that the irresponsive policy implementation bolstered growing authoritarianism, which in turn, along with other pitfalls caused violence which risked the political hegemony of the party and stability of one-party state of Ethiopia.

Puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas penyerataannya sehingga Tim Dosen Politeknik Imigrasi dapat menulis sebuah buku yang berjudul ‘Sebuah Pendekatan Multidisipliner-Dinamika Keimigrasian di Indonesia’ yang merupakan kumpulan tulisan dan pemikiran dosen tetap Politeknik Imigrasi yang dihimpun dalam sebuah bunga rampai untuk memberikan sumbangsih dalam dunia literatur ilmu sosial pada umumnya dan keimigrasian pada khususnya baik dalam skala nasional maupun global. Kehadiran buku ini juga diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu referensi dalam kajian keimigrasian, terutama dalam kacamata ilmu sosial dengan optik multidimensi untuk memberikan pengetahuan khazanah dunia keimigrasian bagi para pembaca. Pada kesempatan ini juga disampaikan terima kasih kepada Bapak Prof. Yasonna H. Laoly, SH, Msc, Ph.D, Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia atas dukungan dan kepercayaannya bagi tim untuk membangun institusi Politeknik Imigrasi menjadi Learning Media di bidang keimigrasian. Apresiasi juga diberikan kepada Dr. Asep Kurnia, Kepala BPSDM Hukum dan HAM atas segala dukungannya mewujudkan komunitas dialektika yang sangat produktif dalam mengembangkan pemikiran ilmiah. Dengan tidak memungkiri kekurangsempurnaan buku ini, kami berharap buku ini dapat berkontribusi positif untuk masa yang akan datang, serta dengan terbuka menerima masukan untuk kesempurnaan penulisan kami selanjutnya

This master’s thesis explores the encounters between international law, development and postcolonial studies. I focus in particular on how critical international legal scholarship has re-described international law and development using postcolonialism. I propose a specific body of law and development that I call postcolonial approaches to international law and development. In the first part of this thesis, I examine law and development studies and postcolonial studies separately. I revisit the debate on law and development, using five main approaches to it as proposed by Liliana Lizararo-Rodríguez: national perspectives, international perspectives, transnational approach, comparative law and development, and transnational thematic areas. Simultaneously, I propose four academic disciplines through which postcolonial studies can be understood: anti-colonial and founding moments, subaltern studies and historiographical turn, multidisciplinary voices in a postcolonial world, and Modernity/Coloniality Group and decolonial thought. I also distinguish key theoretical concepts, such as that of the Third World and Global South, that permeate both postcolonial studies and international law and development. In the second part, I use this framework to engage with specific studies of Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) to propose a more specific body of scholarship that I call postcolonial approaches to international law and development, using especially the studies of Balakrishnan Rajagopal, Sundhya Pahuja and Luis Eslava. For the first time, I bring three main contributions of postcolonial approaches to international law and development: first, Third World resistance as part of international law and development dynamics; second, development discourse as structure of the ideological-institutional complex of international law; and, third, international law and development as a dynamic that modifies notions of global and local in everyday lives. Finally, I propose three elements to identify postcolonial approaches to international law and development have. First, a historical-temporal element which expands temporal borders of international law and development. Second, a geographical-spatial element which enables multidimensional analysis to international law and development. And, third, an epistemological-conceptual element which decentralizes legal and development discourses.

This chapter considers the relationship between the rule of law and the rise of capitalism. It offers a mapping of the two most prominent theoretical traditions which have sought to understand this relationship, namely those associated with Max Weber and Karl Marx respectively. It begins with a discussion of Weber’s contribution before tracing the contours of a genealogy of what I call the neo-Weberian tradition, an arc which passes through the modernisation theories of Talcott Parsons and the Law and Development movement and ends at contemporary theories of ‘good governance’ now dominant in the major international financial institutions (IFIs). The chapter then turns to an alternate tradition of thought. It sketches an outline of Marx’s insights on law and its origins in capitalism before discussing two prominent approaches to this relationship which build on Marx’s own lapidary remarks. The first emphasises class struggle in the shaping of a capitalist rule of law, while the second traces the very legal form itself to the rise of capitalism. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the political stakes involved in these debates.

LLM Subject - 2020 - Kent Law School.

Feel free to use it with due acknowledgment.

About the Subject: Law has always been central to debates about international development but this is becoming increasingly and markedly the case. In this course we will critically explore what development means, its history, its key role in the international political, social and economic order, and the many ways in which law is entangled in this central and controversial concept.

The first half of the module (Weeks 1-6) will provide students with detailed knowledge and understanding of the idea of development; the international development project; the main international development institutions; the national effects of the development project; and the movement of Law and Development.

The second half of the module (Weeks 7-11) will examine contemporary topics in law and international development, including human rights and development; decentralization and local development; sustainability and development; legal empowerment of the poor; and the intersection between security and developmental concerns and discourses.

Pengaturan keabsahan kontrak elektronik di Indonesia diatur dalam berbagai regulasi. Namun praktiknya, perbedaan tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan konflik dan ketidakpastian hukum di antara para pihak. Rumusan masalah yang diteliti adalah bagaimana implikasi hukum dari perbedaan pengaturan keabsahan kontrak elektronik berdasarkan hukum nasional dan UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce Tahun 1996 dalam hukum perlindungan konsumen. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang membahas doktrin atau asas dalam ilmu hukum yang bertujuan untuk menemukan kaidah hukum positif. Implikasi hukum perbedaan pengaturan kontrak elektronik dalam pengaturan keabsahan kontrak elektronik berdasarkan hukum nasional dan UNCITRAL Model Law On Electronic Commerce Tahun 1996 telah menimbulkan implikasi hukum bagi perlindungan konsumen, yaitu: privasi, klausula baku, otensitas subjek hukum, validitas subjek hukum, objek e-commerce, dan tanggung jawab para pihak.

El número de actores involucrados en el comercio en vía pública de la Ciudad de México, teje formas particulares de redes sociales entre comerciantes formales e informales, autoridades y organizaciones. En el desarrollo cotidiano del comercio informal, como una estrategia de supervivencia o como una forma de emprendi- miento y autoempleo, hombres y mujeres establecen redes sociales fundamentales para ingresar y permanecer. Los vínculos fuertes (la pareja, la familia, los amigos) en primer lugar, y los vínculos débiles, en segundo (con el líder y otros comerciantes en vía pública) son los más importantes.

This Article explores international judicial education and training, which are commonly associated with rule of law initiatives and development projects. Judicial education programs address everything from leadership competencies and substantive review of human rights legislation to client service and communication, skills training on docket management software, and alternative dispute resolution. Over the last twenty years,
judicial education in support of the rule of law has become big business both in the United States and internationally. The World Bank alone spends approximately U.S. $24 million per year for funded projects primarily attending to improving court performance. And yet, the specifics of judicial education remains unknown in terms of its place in the industry of rule of law initiatives, the number of judges who act as educators, and the mechanisms that secure their participation. This Article focuses on the judges’ experiences; in particular, the judges of the Supreme Court of Israel who were instrumental in establishing the International Organization of Judicial Training.

"Within the context of the regulation of natural resources, the local community has emerged in recent times with an increasingly crucial role. Local participation in sustainable development processes is presented as an alternative to previous development paths that have led to environmental degradation, poverty and exploitation. The Convention on Biological Diversity appears to support this discursive shift by -seemingly- prioritizing a homogeneous local/indigenous community as the primary site that biodiversity regulation refers to and takes place in, especially in relation to regulating access to genetic resources and benefit sharing.
The paper analyses this locality, which is required and shaped by current biodiversity regulation, as a product of the necessary but problematic relationship between the global and the local that characterises the Biodiversity Convention. The paper proceeds to analyse how this highly symbolic site of the local community functions within the context of a particular form of bioeconomic development advocated by a biodiversity concept constructed as a global, top-down, managerial abstraction. The requirements for participating in this biodiversity discourse not only create spatial conflicts between global, national and local institutions, but also directly produce and legitimize changes in the conception of the self and the relationship with the local environment, especially for local and indigenous communities of the South.
Keywords: natural resources, legitimacy, community
"

Antitrust policy nominally plays an instrumental public interest role. The generally accepted notion is that it is a government instrument designed to intervene in relatively unregulated markets in order to preserve rivalry among independent buyers and sellers. Competition authorities are supposed to restrain business conduct that exercises monopoly power aimed at excluding competitors or exploiting consumers and clients. Thus it can be said – although few pro-market theorists make the insight explicit – that antitrust provisions reveal mistrust of the capacity of markets to promote social welfare. The inner logic, enforcement mechanisms, and practical outcomes of antitrust provisions are all intrinsically contradictory to the natural dynamic course of market functioning.

In Dr. De Leon’s challenging thesis, this mistrust of the market lies at the root of antitrust policy, giving rise always to a preference towards ‘predicting’ the result of impersonal market forces rather than interpreting the entrepreneurial behaviour which creates those forces. And it is in Latin America that he finds the powerful evidence he needs to support his case. From the formative years of Latin American economic institutions, during the Spanish Empire, economic regulations – far from being driven by the pursuit of promoting free trade and economic freedom – have been conceived, enacted and implemented in the context of deeply anti-market public policies, trade mercantilism and government dirigisme. The so-called “neoliberal” revolution of the 1990s triggered by the Washington Consensus did not really change the interventionist innuendo of these policies, but merely restated the social welfare goal to be achieved: the pursuit of economic efficiency. Dr. De Leon presents his case against the assumption that consumer welfare orientated policies such as antitrust do really promote entrepreneurship and market goals. Paradoxically, antitrust enforcement has undermined the transparency of market institutions, in the name of promoting market competition.

As part of the gLAWcal - Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom) results and book series, a book was published CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON NON-TRADE CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Protection of Environment, Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, Labour Rights, Public Health, Food and Product Safety, Global Law and Sustainable Development Book Series, Routledge Publishing (London/New-York), September 2016, pp. 1-584 TO DOWNLOAD FRONT AND BACK COVER, TABLE OF CONTENTS, INTRODUCTION OF THE BOOK, FOREWORDS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, PLEASE SEE THE FOLLOWING LINK: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2876883 To purchase the book, you can refer to the publisher website: https://www.routledge.com/Chinas-Influence-on-Non-Trade-Concerns-in-International-Economic-Law/Farah-Cima/p/book/9781409448488

FP7-PEOPLE-2010 IRSES
Marie Curie Irses

The event is organized by

gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)

Institutions organizing the Workshop within the LIBEAC Consortium:

University Institute of European Studies (IUSE) in Turin, Italy
University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Peking University, School of Government, Center for European Studies (China)
Tsinghua University, Department of Philosophy (China)
Tsinghua University, School of Public Policy and Management (China)
Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC (France)

        Project LIBEAC
Liberalism in Between Europe and China

    WORKSHOP ON

SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHINESE –POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC – LIBERALISM TODAY

held at
Peking University, School of Government, Center for European Studies (China)

                                    Time: Morning, 8 Aug. 2014
                               
                      Beijing, China

8:00 - 8:30 Registration

8:30  Welcoming speeches

8:30 – 8:40
Addressing – Paolo Davide FARAH, West Virginia University (WV, USA), LIBEAC Legal Work-package Leader & Research Unit Coordinator at University Institute of European Studies – IUSE (Italy), gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)

Addressing – Jean-Yves HEURTEBISE, LIBEAC Vice-coordinator at Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France); FuJen Catholic University (Taipei), Department of French Language and Culture; Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory in Stanford University (KGC, USA)

SESSION ONE

Chair and Moderator: Paolo Davide FARAH, LIBEAC Legal Work-package Leader & Research Unit Coordinator at University Institute of European Studies – IUSE (Italy)

8:45 – 9:25

LI Qiang, Assistant to the President, Peking University, School of Government,  Center for European Studies (China), LIBEAC Research Unit Coordinator at Peking University

The Influence of Liberalism in China

9:25 – 9:40  Discussants of the Paper – Vanessa KOPEC, Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France) & EU Commission Marie Fellow

Questions and Answers

9:40 – 10:20 Cui Zhiyuan, Tsinghua University, School of Public Policy and Management; LIBEAC Research Unit Coordinator at Tsinghua University, School of Public Policy and Management

Understanding Xi Jiping's Grand Strategy".

10:20 – 10:35 Discussants of the Paper – Jean-Yves HEURTEBISE, FuJen Catholic University (Taipei), Department of French Language and Culture; LIBEAC Vice-coordinator at Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France); Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory in Stanford University (KGC, USA)

10:35 – 11:05 ZHU Tianbiao, Peking University, School of Government

Neoliberalism and China’s Compressed Development

11:05 – 11:20  Discussant of the Paper - Paolo Davide FARAH, LIBEAC Legal Work-package Leader & Research Unit Coordinator at University Institute of European Studies – IUSE (Italy)

11:20 - 11:40  Zhang Xiang, Tsinghua University, School of Public Policy and Management

K’ang Yu-wei's Thoughts about the Problem of the Relationship of Politics and Religion

11:40 – 12:00 Roundtable Questions & Answers

12:00 – 12:15 Break




Chair and Moderator: ZHU Tianbiao, Professor of Peking University, School of Government

12:15 – 12:30
Paolo Davide FARAH, West Virginia University (WV, USA), LIBEAC Legal Work-package Leader & Research Unit Coordinator at University Institute of European Studies – IUSE (Italy), gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization and Liberalism toward Social, Economic, Environmental and Cultural Rights

12:30 – 12:45
Jean-Yves HEURTEBISE, FuJen Catholic University (Taipei), Department of French Language and Culture; Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France); Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory in Stanford University (KGC, USA)

The future of Chinese liberalism and the limits of Developmentalism

12:45 – 13:00
Fernando DIAS SIMOES, University of Macau, Faculty of Law (China) & Member of the Scientific Committee of gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)

From Civic Behaviour to Environmental Citizenship

13:00 – 13:15
Round Table Discussion with all the participants

LI Qiang, Assistant to the President and Professor of Peking University, School of Government,  Director of the Center for European Studies (China), LIBEAC Research Unit Coordinator at Peking University

Vanessa KOPEC, Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France) & EU Commission Marie Fellow

ZHU Tianbiao, Professor of Peking University, School of Government

Jean-Yves HEURTEBISE, FuJen Catholic University (Taipei), Department of French Language and Culture; LIBEAC Vice-coordinator at Aix-Marseille University, CEPERC - Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology (France); Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory in Stanford University (KGC, USA)

Paolo Davide FARAH, West Virginia University (WV, USA), LIBEAC Legal Work-package Leader & Research Unit Coordinator at University Institute of European Studies – IUSE (Italy), gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)

Fernando DIAS SIMOES, University of Macau, Faculty of Law (China) & Member of the Scientific Committee of gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom)


The event is organized by gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom) in collaboration with the following beneficiaries  and partner institutions of the European Union Research Executive Agency IRSES Project “Liberalism in Between Europe And China” (LIBEAC) coordinated by Aix-Marseille University (CEPERC): University Institute of European Studies (IUSE) in Turin, Italy and the University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy Peking University, School of Government, Center for European Studies (China), Tsinghua University, Department of Philosophy (China). Workpackages 2 and 4

As part of the gLAWcal - Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom) results and book series, a book was published CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON NON-TRADE CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Protection of Environment, Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, Labour Rights, Public Health, Food and Product Safety, Global Law and Sustainable Development Book Series, Routledge Publishing (London/New-York), September 2016, pp. 1-584 TO DOWNLOAD FRONT AND BACK COVER, TABLE OF CONTENTS, INTRODUCTION OF THE BOOK, FOREWORDS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, PLEASE SEE THE FOLLOWING LINK: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2876883 To purchase the book, you can refer to the publisher website: https://www.routledge.com/Chinas-Influence-on-Non-Trade-Concerns-in-International-Economic-Law/Farah-Cima/p/book/9781409448488

This article puts forward two main arguments. First, it highlights the relation between different phases of neoliberalism in Morocco together with the specific methods and techniques of urban government that were deployed in efforts to govern the slums and their populations. A period of roll back neoliberalism during the 1980s generated reforms that tried to increase government control over the urban territory to compensate for the negative social outcomes of structural adjustment. The subsequent period of roll out neoliberalism coincided with the attempt to manage and regulate the slum population as such, through new modalities of state intervention. Secondly, while evolutions in neoliberal government reflected a gradual process, this transition in Morocco was accelerated by security concerns following two severe moments of urban violence: the 1981 riots and the 2003 suicide bombings in Casablanca. Therefore, Morocco’s recent political transformations cannot be understood in terms provided by the mainstream narrative linking economic liberalization to democratization. Rather, it reflects a profound shift towards intrinsically authoritarian modalities of neoliberal government which are clearly revealed at the urban scale.

Is it far-fetched to construe a link between SDG 4 on quality education and private international law? Only at first sight. SDG 4, it is assumed here, is closely linked to the right to education. Ensuring the right to education will often require a reliance on public law, which enables the state to ultimately execute its educational mandate. However, private law, applicable whenever stakeholders interact on the basis of horizontality, is assuming an ever-increasing importance in education. This is the result of privatisation in education, taking such forms as a proliferation of so-called ‘low-cost’ private schools in developing countries, public universities becoming commercial actors, or public-private partnerships assuming prominence in the education sector. Linked to processes of trade liberalisation, globalisation, and digitisation, transboundary private law conflicts in education will therefore increase, as foreign private actors enter local ‘education markets’. However, the right to education requires states to establish minimum standards binding on private actors in education, aimed at safeguarding the rights of students, parents, and teachers. The 2019 expert Guiding Principles on the Human Rights Obligations of States to Provide Public Education and to Regulate Private Involvement in Education (Abidjan Principles) concretise the obligations of states in this regard. Neutralising the destructive effects of neoliberalism in education and preserving education as a public good and human right requires not only reversing large-scale privatisation in education, but also guaranteeing minimum education standards where private actors do play a role in education. There are clear implications for private international law flowing from this, especially when it comes to protecting ‘weaker’ stakeholders in education, located notably in the global South. Private international law rules must neither purposefully nor inadvertently make it possible to avoid the protective effect of minimum education standards in transboundary education disputes. Moreover, in the context of the business and human rights discourse, and with the likely adoption of a UN Treaty on Business and Human Rights soon, the potential of private international law for ‘transnational human rights litigation’ in the sphere of education should be recognised. The case of Bridge International Academies, a ‘US’ chain of for-profit schools operating in the third world, will serve as an example to explain how this could be realised. SDG 4, via its link to the right to education, potentially provides a basis to propel a development of private international law in the way envisaged here. The central device employed in this Chapter to connect private international law to human rights is ‘the duty to protect’, requiring states to protect individuals against private actors, this duty covering domestic and extraterritorial obligations.

Twenty-five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall ‘rule of law’ has become a routine part of framing and legitimizing multilateral and bilateral interventions in developing and fragile states. Its conceptual and operational use now extends across undertakings as diverse as peacekeeping, security sector reform, transitional justice, human rights advocacy and economic development assistance. As its scale and scope has grown, donor spending on rule of law has totalled billions of dollars and with this has come increased political calls for quick and concrete results. While many observers accept that rule of law is a desirable part of both post-conflict state-building and post-peace economic development and peace-building, the work itself is open to the claim that it is time-consuming.

But in appealing for greater efficiency and efficacy in this field, donors and rule of law organizations have paid comparatively little attention to those who design and implement interventions. This is important because it is necessary to understand how rule of law is conceptualized and put into operation as part of a security or development assistance intervention, since one of the essential elements that determines success in such ‘programmes’ and ‘projects’ is people: the designers, implementers and partners for rule of law interventions in specific settings. This report applies insights from the anthropology of development, the sociology of the professions, and from socio-legal studies of lawyers to frame rule of law both as a practice and a potential emerging profession. We argue that rule of law -- as well as being a cluster of conceptual ideas and an ideology underpinning multilateral and bilateral policy interventions in the developing world -- can also be viewed as a networked field of practice. We examine how the field of practice is constituted and populated, and how its practitioners see themselves and the challenges they face. The transnational and multilevel nature of rule of law work and its diverse funding sources means that those working in the field lack the geographically bounded self-regulatory capacity of the traditional professions. Thus while ‘professionalization’ in the classic sense may be nascent, we can observe the emergence of communities of practice.

Development and finance go hand in hand. It is difficult for a country to develop without finance. However, what is the new perception of development? Clearly it seems to encompass more than just economic figures. And what is the role of the Law and institutions such as the Central Bank in attaining development. With this presentation, I expound on this questions.

This paper explores the shift in the human rights movement regarding the interaction between criminal justice - whether international(ized) or nationalized – and truth commissions. Once regarded as mutually exclusive institutions, focused on contradictory goals, they are now praised by the international community, human rights and transitional justice advocates as being “complementary” in the global fight against impunity. Focusing on the legal development and institutionnalization of the "right to truth", this paper questions this relatively new rhetoric and examines the effects of this consensual discourse on complementarity. In particular, it situates this shift in the broader context of the emergence of a truth and memory “industry” and the rise of new types of knowledge, expertise and technologies of truth-telling and truth-finding practices concerning the factual and legal determinations of mass atrocities.

The heightened attention to Africa-China relations is prompted by the growing investment, trade, and aid between African countries and China. Such ventures are being both embraced, on the one hand, and met with scepticism, on the other hand. Although academic and media discourses are examining both the encouraging and detrimental aspects of the relationship, the way we explore the subject matter frequently obfuscates African agency. This work looks at how African demand factors inform the pattern of surveillance technology purchases.

Paradigma atau cara pandang terhadap masalah imigrasi bukan sebatas pada perpindahan penduduk antar negara yang hanya dilihat dari unsur pergerakan tetapi juga meliputi segala aspek yang menyertainya baik secara regional maupun global. Pemahaman yang holistik mengenai paradigma imigrasi dan perubahannya menyebabkan penataan hukum keimigrasian harus dilakukan secara terarah yang merupakan penjabaran politik hukum keimigrasian nasional dan menjadi lebih tepat. Perkembangan politik hukum keimigrasian di Indonesia dibagi dalam dua bagian, yaitu (1) Politik Hukum Keimigrasian Nasional yang terdiri dari: Politik Hukum di Bidang Keimigrasian pada Masa Hindia Belanda (1913-1949), Politik Hukum di Bidang Keimigrasian pada Tahun 1950-1992, Politik Hukum di Bidang Keimigrasian pada Tahun 1992-2011, Politik Hukum di Bidang Keimigrasian pada Tahun 2011- Sekarang. Dengan diterbitkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian yang telah diundangkan pada tanggal 05 Mei 2011, maka berdasarkan Bab XV Pasal 142, Undang-Undang No 9 Tahun 1992 tentang Keimigrasian dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang berkaitan dengannya dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi. Bila dibandingkan, maka materi Undang-Undang No 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Keimigrasian, pada dasarnya secara prinsip tidak banyak mengubah politik hukum keimigrasian dimana termuat di dalam undang-undang keimigrasian yag terdahulu. (2) Politik Hukum Keimigrasian Internasional. Perkembangan politik hukum di bidang keimigrasian secara global telah banyak mengalami perubahan-perubahan, yang apabila kita melihat pada periode pasca Perang Dunia ke II, guna menampung serta mengakomodaksikan masalah-masalah yang timbul akibat pengungsian yang dilakukan secara besar-besaran (eksodus) terutama negara-negara yang terlibat langsung Perang Dunia II. Masalah yang dihadapi secara global saat itu baik yang menyangkut negara asal, negara transit maupun negara tujuan memiliki persoalan yang berbeda dapat dikategorikan dalam beberapa hal, seperti kemiskinan, tingkat income perkapita, kualitas edukasi, usia, kultur, ras, agama, dan beberapa masalah lainnya.

Urban designers and urban planners should never uncritically rely on policy prescriptions purportedly derived from neoclassical economic theory concerning their respective disciplines or specialized praxis.  Although neoclassical economists often claim their advice is based on such supposedly objective, universal, scientific concepts as “Pareto efficiency” and “rationality,” nothing could be further from the truth. Both the theoretical foundation of neoclassical economics as well as its practical policy implications are not objective nor universal nor scientific, but, instead, constitute little more than convoluted expressions of a mathematized libertarian ideology that attempts to conceal its highly subjective nature and myriad value judgments beneath a mind-numbing cascade of complicated equations that define toy models with virtually no connection to reality other than the exhortation that they somehow offer policymakers a guide for optimizing the social outcome of economic activity by promoting the relentless pursuit of individual self-interest as if the entire process were guided by an “invisible hand.”

Neoclassical economists have simply framed the problem incorrectly based on an a priori ideological paradigm in which planning is disconnected from and antithetical to market forces, but this is deeply mistaken. It is not a question of planning or the market. This is a false dichotomy. Government intervention, regulation and planning actually define the market. Planning and the market will always coexist in a mixed economy. The real question is how we define the market through government policy and which social resources we allow to be allocated on the basis of price (i.e., ability to pay) and which we decide to allocate on the basis of alternative values (e.g., fundamental human need or justice).  This presentation presentation explores the foregoing thesis under the following four major headings:

(1) Is Neoclassical Economics Relevant to Urban Design?
(2) The Arrow-Debreu Model and the Theory of Second Best
(3) Utility and Pareto Efficiency for Urban Planners
(4) A “New Science of the City” or New Moral Vision?

"The Report presents insights which illuminates the intertwinements of European regulatory policies and global governance arrangements. By pinning down the exact nature of the interaction between these two levels, the EU’s dilemma becomes obvious: On the one hand, stronger global governance can be a chance, through which the EU can clarify its own raison d’être of increased integration to the wider world. On the other hand, the design of the European project is being challenged by more assertive global structures. This is especially the case in relation to the WTO regime, which is constraining the decisional autonomy of the EU, regarding the appropriateness of its content and its external effects. Thus, the regulation of services in the EU and the WTO are discussed in the first section of this report. Section two focuses on labour standards, which are analysed from different angles in order to clarify the functions of the WTO and the ILO, multinational companies as well as other private actors within this specific field. The final section deals with the legitimacy problematic of transnational governance.

Table of contents:

Introduction
Christian Joerges and Poul F. Kjaer

Section One: Freedom of Services

Chapter 1
The Multiple Understandings of Conflict between Trade in
Services and Labour Protection
Alexia Herwig
Chapter 2
Competing in Markets, not Rules:
The Conflict over the Single Services Market
Susanne K. Schmidt
Chapter 3
Competitiveness and Labour Protection: A Comment
Markus Krajewski
Section Two: Labour Standards
Chapter 4
WTO and ILO: Can Social Responsibility be maintained
in International Trade?
Josef Falke
Chapter 5
Reframing RECON: Perspectives on Transnationalisation and
Post-national Democracy from Labour Law
Claire Methven O’Brien
Chapter 6
Transnational Governance and Human Rights: The Obligations of
Private Actors in the Global Context
Regina Kreide
Section Three: The Legitimacy of Transnational Governance
Chapter 7
Legitimacy through Precaution in European Regulation of GMOs?
From the Standpoint of Governance as Analytical Perspective
Maria Weimer
Chapter 8
The Justice Deficit of the EU and other International Organisations
Jürgen Neyer
Chapter 9
Towards Normative Legitimacy of the World Trade Order
Alexia Herwig and Thorsten Hüller
Chapter 10
From Utopia to Apology – The Return to Inter-state Justice
in Normative IR Scholarship: Comments on Neyer and
Herwig & Hüller
Jens Steffek"

A presente dissertação analisa a relação entre direito e experimentalismo institucional por meio de um estudo sobre o surgimento de políticas públicas de capital semente no Brasil. A partir de uma pesquisa empírica sobre a colaboração público-privada na criação e execução de fundos públicos de investimentos em empresas nascentes do BNDES e do trabalho de Mario Schapiro, a pesquisa analisa os arranjos jurídicos que procedimentalizam canais de comunicação entre o Estado e os gestores privados e geram aprendizado institucional para revisão dos arranjos contratuais da política. Ainda, a dissertação apresenta uma resenha da literatura de experimentalismo democrático - em especial, Roberto Mangabeira Unger e Charles Sabel - e a utiliza para analisar criticamente os arranjos jurídicos dos fundos de capital semente do BNDES, que ainda não garantem formas de accountability e controle social das políticas públicas de capital de risco. Ao analisar a experiência do Fundo Criatec, a dissertação a identifica como um exemplo de inovação institucional do BNDES, dotada de flexibilidade e horizontalidade. Entretanto, conclui-se que tais políticas públicas estão distantes do modelo de experimentalismo democrático e que há novas questões para os juristas brasileiros. Sugere-se que o novo ativismo estatal brasileiro incita uma agenda de sociologia jurídica aplicada.

The PDP (GIZ) has released the publication “Cairo’s Informal Areas Between Urban Challenges and Hidden Potentials. Facts. Voices. Visions.” Published in July 2009, the book provides a comprehensive look at development in the informal areas of Greater Cairo, Egypt. It combines academic and journalistic articles, interviews and speeches as well as photographs by photojournalist Claudia Wiens depicting the daily lives of residents.
Cairo’s Informal Areas aims to provide a better understanding of the residents of the informal settlements and stimulate further dialogue on urban development in those areas. It does this by presenting the perspectives of the various stakeholders involved in the process: residents of the informal settlements, governors, ministers, academics, consultants, and development
Cairo’s Informal Areas also encourages decision-makers, investors, planners and academics to see the advantage of coordinated implementation that takes the needs of residents into consideration instead of top-down, separate planning efforts.

This article analyzes Professor Ronald Gilson's theory of " simultaneity " in engineering a venture capital market in the context of China. Based on both quantitative and qualitative data collected by the author, this article analyzes how China has created the fastest developing and the largest engineered venture capital market in the world within three decades. It concludes that the rise of venture capital in China is attributable to (1) increasing capital supply through various governmental programs, easing regulatory barriers towards institutional and foreign investors, providing tax incentives, and improving the exit environment; (2) enhancing the availability of financial intermediaries by introducing the limited partnership that creates an efficient relationship between venture capitalists and investors; and (3) encouraging entrepreneurship by improving the regulatory environment for small businesses. Through these measures, China has facilitated the simultaneous availability of capital with the appetite for high-risk, long-term investments and the emergence of a class of entrepreneurs with the skills and incentives to put that capital to work. One key factor of the rapid development of the Chinese market has been its increased reliance on market forces in allocating capital. On the other hand, a residual degree of bureaucratic involvement in capital allocation prevents the Chinese regime from being fully efficient. China serves as an (imperfect) model for other governments in the world where unfettered market forces have not brought about successful venture capital markets.

The omission to define the term “investment” in the IC- SID Convention is one of the most critical decisions that has led to inconsistent jurisprudence and the resulting debate regarding the propriety of the ICSID Convention and investment treaty arbitration. The legislative his- tory and the circumstances leading to the birth of the IC- SID Convention strongly suggest that its main objective is the protection and promotion of economic development in the host State. Most of the propositions aimed at giv- ing a meaning to the term “investment” in ICSID arbi- tral practice have focused more on whether the scope of the meaning of “investment” should extend to any plausi- ble “economic activity or asset.” The focus of this ap- proach is flawed. It has relegated the element of “contribution to economic development” of the host State to the back seat of investment treaty arbitration. This article challenges this relegation as historic to the ICSID Convention. The article argues that from the standpoint of the host State, the ICSID Convention is meaningless if the analysis of the relationship between FDI and invest- ment treaty arbitration excludes considerations of eco- nomic development in view of the omission in the ICSID Convention. The article hinges this argument on the im- plication of international development as the main foun- dation of the ICSID Convention. The article acknowledges the difficulty that may be associated with the determination of an “investment” that contributes to economic development, but contends that relegating the element of “contribution to economic development” to the back seat of investment arbitration is contrary to the main objective of the ICSID Convention in host States.

It has been generally thought that having natural resource endowments play key role in the economic and political development of states due to the privilege that they are leading to their owner states since they can increase wealth and purchasing power over imports, so that resource abundance might be expected to raise an economy's investment and growth rates as well. However, most of the natural resource-endowed countries can easily refute the general perception with their poor economic and political performance. Many studies have proved that most countries whose economies are based on oil, mineral and other natural resources have experienced slower growth rates than those having less natural resource.

No presente trabalho, apresento a alienação de controle societário como proposta de modelo mais adequado para a punição do crime empresarial. Tal modelo seria alternativo: i) ao modelo jurídico-penal existente, o qual se mostra incapaz de por em relação sua sintaxe e semântica próprias, pautadas na responsabilização comissiva, individual e dolosa (conduta-homicídio), com as do direito empresarial contemporâneo, que se molda nas complexas estruturas societárias que remuneram o risco acionário indefinidamente enquanto garantem liquidez ao título e limitação de responsabilidade (capital-anonimato);
e ii) modelo inaugurado pela Lei Anticorrupção no direito brasileiro. Para isso, faço um levantamento teórico dos elementos que compõem um modelo jurídico à luz do desenho institucional do direito desenvolvido a partir de HANS KELSEN, mediante uma análise dos fundamentos de validade do direito, os quais colocam as regras de operação do mesmo, e do impossível de cada (sub)modelo jurídico, o qual preenche e diferencia o conteúdo de cada ramo jurídico dentro da árvore dogmática. A análise, ora fractal, ora semiótica desses elementos, aplicada aos atuais modelos penal (marcado pela conduta-homicídio, pela pena de prisão e validado pelo princípio da legalidade e da culpabilidade) e empresarial (marcado pelo capital-anonimato e validado pela livre disposição da propriedade privada),
levou ao desenho de uma proposta de novo modelo integrado, tendo na pena de alienação de controle o elemento central de uma lógica de imputação do crime à própria empresa pela execução de projetos empresariais criminosos; visando atacar a fonte do problema da
criminalidade econômica: a desproporcional concentração de poder econômico.

Giving the poor legal title to the lands they occupy extra-legally (informally) has been widely promoted by the World Bank and by best-selling author Hernando de Soto as a means of addressing both poverty and the scarcity of affordable housing in the urban centers of the global South. Using Bogota, Colombia, as a case study, this article interrogates de Soto's claims about the causes of informality and the benefits of formal title. The article concludes that de Soto's analysis is problematic in three distinct respects. First, de Soto exaggerates the benefits of formal title and fails to consider its risks. Second, de Soto constructs informality as a uniquely Third World phenomenon, and neglects to address the growth of poverty, inequality, and informality in both the global North and the global South as a consequence of deregulation, privatization, and other neoliberal economic reforms that de Soto advocates. Third, de Soto's attribution of informality to the failure of law in the global South reinforces the narrative of Latin American inferiority, thereby justifying the imposition of disadvantageous market-oriented legal reforms on Latin American nations and discrediting Latin America legal innovations that might better alleviate poverty and address the shortage of affordable housing. Contrary to de Soto's policy prescriptions, the advantages and disadvantages of formality and informality will vary from location to location, and must be evaluated on a case by case basis. De Soto's ideas are dangerous to the extent that they persuade policy-makers that the free market will solve the problem of poverty and housing scarcity if the urban poor are simply given legal title to the lands they currently occupy informally.

Feel free to use the syllabus with due acknowledgment, and please let us know if you are using it for your course or teaching for our own information.

About the Subject: Both trade and human rights have come to be understood as key elements of successful development policy. However, both the historical and conceptual foundations of this apparent convergence demand careful investigation. While mainstream economic thinking presumes that trade is beneficial for poor countries, critics have pointed out that the terms of trade have long been weighted in favour of western, developed states. Similarly, while the emerging consensus that adherence to global human rights norms is necessary for the achievement of good development outcomes, in the past the goals of development and of human rights were often understood as at odds with one another. Utilising historical, discursive, and case study based approaches, this subject provides students with an opportunity to critically examine the convergence of trade and human rights with contemporary development policy and practice.  it is taught as an LLM at the Melbourne Law School in Australia.

This article will seek to operationalize and measure rule of law primarily relying on the “Rule of Law Checklist,” developed by the Venice Commission, composed of the following five elements: (1) Legality; (2) Legal certainty; (3) Prevention of abuse or misuse of powers; (4) Equality before the law and non-discrimination; and (5) Access to Justice. Each of these elements will be operationalized in the context of Kosovo – the leading case study – with an ultimate aim of obtaining an enhanced understanding of the Rule of Law framework and its measurement in transitional contexts more generally. The underlying circumstances of the selected case are defined by an almost unparalleled involvement of the international community, in particular the UN and the EU, which forms a relatively significant part of the observable context.

Brazil is currently discussing the introduction of a nationwide Fixed Book Price (" FBP ") policy, thus providing context for a discussion of its welfare benefits. There is a rift between the reasons for implementing FBP regimes, and those used to scru‐ tinize them. In order for the debate surrounding the pros and cons of implementing FBP regimes to become more productive, one must investigate the links between the reasons for designing and enforcing such policies, on one side, and standard antitrust analysis, on the other. There are many interesting arguments at the table that both corroborate and compromise the case for an FPB policy. However, throughout history, these policies have experimented cognizable trends. The objec‐ tive FBP regimes pursue and their design have changed subtly, yet relevantly throughout history. In our view, the current academic and public policy debate sur‐ rounding FBP regimes, in both countries considering adopting or revoking them, would benefit from an enhanced awareness of these trends and their policy implica‐ tions. Ultimately, so would the antitrust analysis of these policies. We argue that a better grasp of these trends could potentially result in a more sober examination of the welfare risks associated with FBP policies.

For around fifteen years now, anthropology has been engaged in the study of neoliberalism. What contribution does the discipline have to make to a debate largely monopolized by economics and political science? To answer this question, the present article returns to the major texts and highlights the three perspectives from which anthropology has approached neoliberal expansion: culturalist, systemic and the approach based on governmentality. Each has its own epistemological presuppositions and a specific conception of anthropology, globalization and neoliberalism. The article highlights the relevance and limitations of these approaches.

This chapter utilizes the concrete example of large-scale land acquisitions to provide a critical reading of South-South relationships. In particular, in the face of a diffused rhetoric which defines BRICS as the representatives and interpreters of the long-standing aspirations of the South in global affairs, the five paladins defending the wretched of the earth against Western hegemony, the author looks at the extent to which BRICS' investors are involved in the current “global land grabbing” and how their source countries are utilizing law and diplomacy in order to facilitate access to foreign land and foster their own economic interests. The conclusion, which is an invitation to further investigation, suggests that the BRICS' governments are increasingly utilizing the same strategies  traditionally adopted by Northern countries to favor the enclosure and exploitation of land, in some cases both nationally and abroad, in a way that benefits capital and global agroindustrialization. Thus, if we adopt a bottom-up, we can conclude that the phenomenon that some scholars have defined as a broad transition in the world economic order, is taking place by means of law, authority and subordination.

This paper will criticize the current characterization of customary international law analysis as falling into two competing analytical methods, specifically, the “traditional” and “modern” methods.

Following Koskennieni, Roberts, Wouters, Ryngaert, and others, contemporary customary international legal analysis is said to have divided into two schools: the traditional and modern. These schools are supposed to reflect the use of the inductive and deductive methods, respectively, and, in turn, to either apologize for the freedom of state action or establish a utopia where the freedom of the state is limited.

This image of struggle between competing methods, however, does not fully capture the ways in which the inductive and deductive methods are actually intertwined in customary international law analysis. The methods are not two opposing monolithic techniques. Instead, in practice, the methods are intermixed, combining a variety of choices. Deductive steps are taken regarding the use of induction, inductive steps are taken in reaching patterns from practice, deductive steps are taken in identifying sample pools, and so on. This paper concludes that induction and deduction are both used in parallel in most analyses of customary international law in a delicate, yet valuable, balance of corrective tension. Furthermore, this situation is neither traditional, nor modern – in a chronological sense – but is consistent throughout the history of customary international law analysis.

Following an introductory section reviewing the background to the debate over approaches, the paper will consider deduction and induction in more detail, attempting to understand these two methods of logical reasoning. Then the author will examine the way customary international law is analyzed by international tribunals by deconstructing the analytical process into smaller logical steps. For each step, an analysis will be undertaken of whether the conclusion is reached through induction or deduction, and whether this approach is consistent across tribunals and historical eras. Through this approach, the paper will take a first step to suggest the complex ways inductive and deductive analyses are layered in the assessment of customary international law.

For over half a century now, the world has experienced a radical advancement in the area of science and technology. It is indeed an era of unfathomable borderless electronic transactions and communications. This digital development has also redefined the pattern of legal proceedings in courts of law across the globe; and the law cannot fringe ignorance to this reality. The legal system has equally been affected by the omnipresence of technology which has affected virtually everything we do and fundamentally the way legal proceedings are conducted because information gathered from electronic devices now feature in our courts regularly. In order to catch up with global advancement, Nigeria has enacted legislations like the Evidence Act 2011, Cyber Crime Act 2015, and the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2017. These legislations make for admissibility of computer generated evidence. This article considers the history, conditions for admissibility and the scope of electronic evidence under the extant law, and posits that the provisions for admissibility of electronic evidence are laudable; however, the innovations are not bereft of challenges. These challenges are: the sui generis nature of electronic evidence, lack of detailed provisions or guidelines for the admissibility of electronically generated evidence, third party intervention, misunderstanding between weight and admissibility, and technicality attached to electronic evidence. This article considers similar provisions in other jurisdictions. This article concludes by proffering some realistic approaches for surmounting these lacunas that have now appeared to be a clog in the wheel of progress of this nascent innovation in our evidential jurisprudence.

Indonesia bukan negara pihak Konvensi Tahun 1951. Tidak ada hak dan kewajiban yang melekat pada Indonesia untuk menangani masalah pengungsi dan pencari suaka. Keberadaan mereka akan mengakibatkan perubahan budaya di masyarakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dengan menganalisis permasalahan hukumnya guna mendapatkan jawaban yang jelas. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, maka diperoleh pernyataan sebagai berikut: (i) Keberadaan pengungsi dan pencari suaka di Indonesia membawa dampak buruk bagi kondisi sosial masyarakat Indonesia, berupa pernikahan yang tidak sah, status anak yang tidak jelas, anak kehilangan hak perdata. Selain itu, pengungsi kerap kali membuat kekacauan di lingkungan masyarakat, disebabkan perbedaan bahasa dan budaya. (ii) Upaya hukum yang dilakukan Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi dalam menangani masalah pengungsi dan pencari suaka dengan cara mengeluarkan Peraturan Dirjen Nomor IMI-1489.UM.08.05 Tahun 2010 tentang Penanganan Imigran Ilegal dan terus berkoordinasi dengan UNHCR untuk resettlement pengungsi ke negara ketiga.