Law and Development

A descoberta de vastas reservas de petróleo na plataforma continental brasileira, denominada pré-sal, elevará o país a um novo patamar no mercado energético mundial, tornando-o um dos maiores produtores e exportadores desta commodity. Muito embora a exploração de um abundante recurso natural impulsione fortemente o crescimento econômico do país, não se faz a mesma relação causal com o desenvolvimento, evidência ressaltada nas teorias que atentam sobre a maldição do petróleo. Para evitar os possíveis efeitos negativos, os Fundos Soberanos de Riqueza (FSRs) aparecem como a alternativa jurídico-institucional mais adotada por países produtores e exportadores, o que ensejou na edição do Generally Accepted Principles and Practice (GAPP) para regular as boas práticas destes institutos. O Brasil, não diferentemente, propôs a criação do Fundo Social, um FSR que gerirá as receitas públicas advindas das atividades petrolíferas. Nada obstante a opção institucional, a eficácia do Fundo Social depende do arranjo jurídico proposto, o qual deve condizer com as finalidades pretendidas. Neste contexto, o presente artigo pretende elucidar o conceito e as práticas dos FSRs, como também compará-las com o arranjo legal do Fundo Social.

This is chapter 20 of M Crouch and T Lindsey (ed), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2014). In this chapter I report on the views of participants at a remarkable workshop at NUS in 2013. On the basis of this report I argue for a changed approach to law and development. after 50 years and faced with a new situation in Myanmar we can adopt a more contextual and more informed approach to law and development.

Despite an increasing recognition of the importance of a conducive and aligned public procurement policy and regulatory frameworks for the implementation of public food procurement initiatives that target smallholder farmers, very little has been said about how such an alignment can be achieved, or about the various tools and legal mechanisms that can be used to do this. This publication aims to contribute to this discussion, bringing an analysis of four country experiences and of the various legal mechanisms that can be used to align the regulatory framework in pursuit of broader development goals by means of public procurement in the form of home-grown school feeding programmes.

Printed textbooks remain crucial for education, particularly in developing countries. However, in many of these countries, textbooks are unavailable, too expensive, or not accessible in local languages. Cheaply (translating and) reproducing textbooks would be a strategy. However, reprography is highly regulated under copyright law. Copyright also adds to the cost of textbooks. The availability, accessibility, and acceptability of learning materials constitute elements of the right to education under international human rights law (IHRL). Extraterritorial state obligations (ETOs) under IHRL – obligations of states, in appropriate circumstances, to observe the human rights of those beyond their borders – could assume a key function in “civilizing” intellectual property (IP) law. This Article demonstrates the significance of ETOs for IP law by focusing on the issue of how ETOs under the right to education of IHRL prescribe requirements that international copyright law must comply with to facilitate access to textbooks in schools and universities. Drawing on the expert Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 2011, and applying the well‐known typology of state obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights, the ETOs concept is introduced and 20 typical ETOs relevant in this context are identified. The discussion relates to the situation in developing countries more generally, focuses, however, on Africa.

This essay analyses New York’s 2018 proposal to Amazon to locate their second
headquarters (HQ2) in New York City. In addition to the massive resources and
infrastructure offered by the city to Amazon, the proposal provided a significant
amount of valuable due diligence on the city to Amazon, it bypassed or sidestepped
several governance processes, it did not address the disruptions that
Amazon has had and would likely have had on city life, and it left open the
question of future technological and data-related collaborations. While the
proposal was initially successful in November 2018, in the wake of vocal
resistance to that decision, Amazon backed out of their decision. The transaction
remains significant because of the rarity of public knowledge of specific offerings
of a city to a private company, the unusual circumstances of both the decision
and the withdrawal, and the example it sets for other city-company negotiations.

This paper focuses on the urban graffiti painted with a political message by different
movements of the Italian political radicalism in the cities of Rome, Florence, Massa,
Carrara, Verona and Udine. For the purpose of this article, during the period from June
2011 to June 2012, a total of 165 graffiti have been photographed, of which 83 painted by
neo-fascist groups, 72 by extreme left groups and 10 by anarchist groups. These three
macro communities, made of different subgroups, emerged as the most active in expressing
their antagonism towards the parliamentary parties with their graffiti that combine semantic
(words) and semiotic (images) elements. An analysis of the collected graffiti’s language
form, meaning and context allows for the identification of the variety of styles of
communication adopted by the different political antagonisms and the different contents of
their communication through graffiti as well as the key elements of their political identities.
Key words: political radicalism, graffiti, linguistics

No Brasil, desde o ano de 2016, particulares estão autorizados a gerarem sua própria energia elétrica com fontes renováveis em regime de cooperação com seus se-melhantes, valendo-se, para tanto, das figuras jurídicas da geração compartilhada e da geração por empreendimentos de múltiplas unidades consumidoras, instituídas pela Resolução Normativa nº 687/2015 da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), a qual aprimorou os termos da Resolução Normativa ANEEL nº 482/2012, que introduzira no sistema pátrio os institutos da micro e minigeração distribuídas. O presente artigo objetiva expor o atual panorama jurídico das modalidades de arranjos associativos admitidos para tal intento, abordando seus aspectos regulatórios e o regramento jurídico na esfera do direito privado que lhe são aplicáveis. Supõe-se que a adequada compreensão dos institutos em comento possa fomentar a atividade, contribuindo, assim, para o desenvolvimento sustentável nacional, em sintonia com os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Agenda 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas.

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In Brasil, since 2016, individuals have been allowed to produce its own electricity using renewable sources in a cooperative regime with their peers, thought the legal institutes of shared generation and generation by enterprises of multiple consumer units, by Normative Resolution nº 687/2015 of the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), updating ANEEL Normative Resolution nº 482/2012, which had introduced in the Brazilian legal system the institutes of distributed micro and mini generation. This article aims to present the current legal framework of the kinds of associative arrangements authorized, addressing its regulatory aspects and the private legal rules applicable. It is assumed that the proper understanding of the institutes in question may foster the activity, thus contributing to national sustainable development, in accordance to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda.

Speaking about dialectical methods in an international meeting of compared law may surprise, because in our exchanges, the object is to confront independent laws: and the doctrinal works
seem a little remote. Indeed, at first, our meeting is to realize comparative approaches, based on the statement of contents. Nevertheless, the subject of development law pushes me to re-release old problems, not to offer or give solutions but to ask new questions.
Research in compared law, indeed, invites us to an ontological thinking: fifty years ago the doctrine were interested in the «systems of law» as the determining element of compared law.
This doctrinal effort was particularly intense in Europe during half a century but was erased, little by little, by the European Union law and the globalisation: the insidious idea that this is a universal way to resolve the problems, generating more transposition of law than legal overview or syncretism. But, on the contrary, the dialectical one is not either a new approach in legal doctrines, even if it is sometimes implicit; many authors refer thereto, even if today the place occupied by ontological work is reduced.
Initially, I propose to point out how the dialectical one can characterize the mode of production of legal provisions in the developed countries: it can be summarized through the fertile contradiction opposing the State to the civil society during a very long history.
In the second place, I will try to take advantage of this dialectical approach to understand the difficulties encountered by the developing countries in the construction of the State of law, and this, in spite of big efforts of modernization and assistance; The dialectical structure seems to be very different from our social system. On the other hand, another type of relation may appear explaining some syncretic forms of the laws in these countries.

The subject of this article is the application of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) to Africa's cultural economy, and its implications for development. Drawing on extensive research, including field work in Africa and interviews with key people in the field, the study explores the concept, definitions and various ways in which Intellectual Property is formulated, particularly with regard the production and international trade in cultural goods. The paper tackles two widespread assumptions: the first is that Intellectual Property is a necessary condition of successful cultural production; and second, that Intellectual Property is antithetical to African culture-that an effective Intellectual Property regime in Africa is inoperable. On the first point, the paper observes Africa's extraordinary levels of cultural production, without substantial IP protections; and on the second point, it explains that while property rights in Africa are complex, an effective IP regime could indeed be devised. With reference to various events and projects by the World Bank and others, the author sets out the necessary conditions for an IRP development in Africa.

Resumo: O presente artigo aborda uma perspectiva sociológica sobre os diferentes momentos do direito e desenvolvimento, identificando a relação entre diferentes visões sobre a teoria econômica, teoria jurídica e práticas institucionais. A partir da obra de David Trubek, o presente estudo identifica os dois momentos do direito e desenvolvimento do século XX, pautado no Estado desenvolvimentista e no Estado neoliberal, e explicita as unções instrumentais do direito em cada momento, ora como ferramenta para o Estado, ora como escudo contra o mesmo. Por fim, após o contraste entre os dois momentos do século XX, o presente estudo busca traços de um paradigma emergente, o terceiro momento do direito e desenvolvimento, fundado numa nova concepção do desenvolvimento, novas funções de coordenação entre o Estado e o setor privado e uma noção distinta sobre o papel do direito.

For nearly three decades, scholars and policymakers have placed considerable stock in judicial reform as a panacea for the political and economic turmoil plaguing developing countries. Courts are charged with spurring economic development, safeguarding human rights, and even facilitating transitions to democracy. How realistic are these expectations, and in what political contexts can judicial reforms deliver their expected benefits? In this book, Tamir Moustafa addresses these issues through an examination of the politics of the Egyptian Supreme Constitutional Court, the most important experiment in constitutionalism in the Arab world.

The Egyptian regime established a surprisingly independent constitutional court to address a series of economic and administrative pathologies that lie at the heart of authoritarian political systems. Although the Court helped the regime to institutionalize state functions and attract investment, it simultaneously opened new avenues through which rights advocates and opposition parties could challenge the regime. The book examines the dynamics of legal mobilization in this most unlikely political environment.

Standing at the intersection of political science, economics, and comparative law, The Struggle for Constitutional Power challenges conventional wisdom and provides new insights into perennial questions concerning the barriers to institutional development, economic growth, and democracy in the developing world.

In this volume, experts on Indonesian law and courts reflect on the growth and changes in the role and function of courts in Indonesia. Indonesia’s judiciary is a critical part of its democratic system. Since the transition from authoritarian rule in 1998, a range of new specialized courts have been established, from the Commercial Court to the Constitutional Court and the Fisheries Court. In addition, constitutional and legal changes have affirmed the principle of judicial independence and accountability. A raft of judicial reform programs have been pursued to address various issues within the judicial system, not the least of these being corruption. The growth of Indonesia’s economy, combined with the size as the fourth most populous country in the world, means that the courts are facing greater pressure to resolve an increasing number of disputes – from contracts to property disputes, criminal matters, or family law. The aim of this volume is to offer in-depth reflections on the role of the courts and legal reform in Indonesia. The chapters acknowledge that late Professor Dan S Lev was a leading scholar of the politics of courts in Indonesia. The chapters share a common concern by reconsidering the relevance of Lev’s work in light of the changes to the judiciary in Indonesia. Not least of these is the question of whether Lev’s reflections on legal culture, and particularly his concerns about the increase of corruption and the decline in professionalism, remain true today and to what extent legal reforms have addressed these concerns. This volume will be of interest to scholars of law, political science, law and development, Asian Studies, the politics of courts, and law and society.

Naturalisasi diartikan sebagai proses perubahan status dari penduduk asing menjadi warga negara suatu negara. Dalam praktiknya, naturalisasi dapat menimbulkan dampak positif serta negatif bagi kehidupan bermasyarakat. Pemerintah perlu melakukan kebijakan selektif untuk mencegah dampak negatif yang akan timbul. Demi menunjang keteraturan dan keamanan serta diberlakukan filterisasi atau penyaringan yang selektif dari pemerintah Indonesia dengan ini yang tertuang dalam perturan perundang-undangan pada Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia. Dalam tulisan ini akan dijelaskan apa dan bagaimana proses naturalisasi dalam berbagai dimensi, serta beberapa isu hukumnya.

To this day, Liberia has a primarily agrarian economy, with more than eighty per cent of the population dependent on some form of subsistence agricultural production for their livelihood. It is estimated that almost seventy per cent of the labour force in Liberia is engaged in agriculture; twenty per cent in services and less than ten per cent in industry. In addition, the country is heavily reliant on natural and mineral resources. In fact it has been the promise of increased mining of natural resources that have allowed the country to recover financially as much as it has since the end of the war in 2003. With World Bank Loans and the selling of mining licenses to multinationals providing much needed cash injection in the immediate years post the peace agreement. In 2010 the top seven exports were rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, and coffee. Of Liberia's USD 207 million in export earnings in 2010, sixty-one per cent alone came from the sale of rubber. Liberia's largest export partners in that year were South Africa (27%), the United States (18%), Spain (8%) and Denmark (6%).

This essay highlights the main characteristics of the architecture of the Welsh house and provides an analysis of the influences on its design over the centuries. The various terms involved in the field are clearly explained before the discussion is expanded, and pertinent examples are used of different forms of architecture in Wales and their locations, demonstrating effectively the factors that influenced design and its development over the years.

Buku yang berjudul “Metode Penelitian Keimigrasian” ini merupakan bentuk kepedulian penulis untuk berkontribusi memberikan pengetahuan dasar tentang apa itu penelitian dan bagaimana teknik melakukannya. Keterbatasan lliteratur di bidang keimigrasian menjadi alasan penulis menghadirkan buku ini kepada para pembaca. Metode Penelitian Keimigrasian merupakan satu dari instrumen keilmuan yang harus dipahami dalam mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan keimigrasian. Dengan memahami metode penelitian, seorang peneliti dapat memetakan dan melakukan hipotesis terhadap persoalan secara akurat dan ilmiah. Hal ini tentu akan memudahkan peneliti dalam mengumpulkan, menganalisis, dan menerjemahkan informasi serta data secara sistematis dan logis. Diharapkan buku ini dapat dijadikan literatur bagi Taruna Politeknik Imigrasi dalam menyusun dan siapa saja yang menekuni bidang hukum keimigrasian, serta rujukan bagi para praktisi dan akademisi hukum.

LLB Subject - 2020, Autumn - Kent Law School.

Feel free to use it with due acknowledgment.

About the Subject: Law has always been central to debates about international development but this is becoming increasingly and markedly the case. In this course we will critically explore what development means and its history, its key role in the international legal, political, social and economic order, and the many ways in which law is entangled in this central and controversial concept.

The first half of the module (Weeks 1-6) will provide students with detailed knowledge and understanding of the idea of development; the international development project; the main international development institutions and the context in which these institutions emerged; the national effects of the development project; and the field of Law and Development.

The second half of the module (Weeks 7-11) will examine contemporary topics in law and international development, including human rights and development; decentralization and local development; sustainability and development; law and the informal sector; rule of law promotion; and the intersection between security and developmental concerns and discourses.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo realizar um estudo descritivo das criptomoedas – e particularmente de sua espécie mais conhecida, o Bitcoin – classificando-as como forma monetária inserida no grupo das moedas paralelas. Atentar-se-á, no entanto, às peculiaridades deste novo instrumento, que se diferencia dos instrumentos criados por particulares até o presente – principalmente devido ao seu caráter desinstitucionalizado e “anárquico” – como descrito pelos próprios usuários. Para uma melhor diferenciação, explorar-se-á ainda um outro caso prático, o caso do Banco Palmas, conhecido por ter aliado a coesão de uma comunidade à emissão e circulação de uma moeda própria de circulação restrita que levou a um desenvolvimento significativo da comunidade.

Hukuman yang dijatuhkan pengadilan kepada pelaku bertujuan untuk semaksimal mungkin mengembalikan keadaan korban tindak pidana sebelum terjadinya peristiwa pidana. Dalam sistem peradilan pidana sebaiknya diterapkan prinsip keadilan restoratif. Selama ini pidana penjara dijadikan sebagai sanksi utama pada pelaku kejahatan yang terbukti bersalah di pengadilan. Padahal yang diperlukan masyarakat adalah keadaan yang semaksimal mungkin seperti sebelum terjadinya tindak pidana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam artikel ini adalah: Bagaimana penerapan prinsip keadilan restoratif dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan pembahasan sebagai berikut. Prinsip keadilan restoratif merupakan pemulihan hubungan baik antara pelaku kejahatan dengan korban kejahatan, sehingga hubungan antara pelaku kejahatan dengan korban kejahatan sudah tidak ada dendam lagi. Hal ini terlepas dari pelaku kejahatan sudah memberikan restitusi atau ganti kerugian kepada korban kejahatan, sehingga penderitaan korban kejahatan sangat merasa terbantu. Hal ini dikarenakan korban bisa saja telah menderita kerugian materiil atau menderita psikis akibat kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku kejahatan. Apabila pelaku tidak mampu memberikan restitusi atau ganti kerugian kepada korban kejahatan, maka kewajiban bagi negara untuk membayar apa yang telah menjadi hak korban kejahatan, walaupun masih harus melalui penetapan hakim.

The role of communications in facilitating public participation in constitution-making is often neglected and misunderstood, particularly in post-war state-building when mass media may be weak. In the early 1990s, Ethiopia’s ruling party, the Ethiopian
People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), drafted one of Africa’s most ambitious constitutions, allowing for ethnic federalism, decentralization and democratic reforms. The constitution has been highly controversial and many of its aspirations remain unrealized. This article explores how the EPRDF sought to use the media to explain and encourage acceptance of the constitution. It offers a framework for analysis that is relevant for countries beyond Ethiopia by examining: the role of media
policies in providing domestic and international legitimacy for constitutions; the ways in which media can provide a space for non-violent political conflict or negotiation, where elites can navigate political struggles and debate ideology; and the use of media to implement the constitution’s most ambitious goals.