LBK Settlement

Research into the development of LBK villages rarely focuses on those features that can be interpreted as sunken-floored buildings. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the presence of this type of feature and to analyse its significance in the context of village development based on several examples of LBK sites excavated in Małopolska (Lesser Poland). We believe that in many instances analysing the locations of sunken-floored buildings and their diversity in terms of their potential functions can lead to the identification of domestic/kitchen zones that centered around these features. Their location in the vicinity of longhouses, traces of fire, and the presence of pottery sherds and grain remains may indicate that sunkenfloored buildings served as an important additional ancillary space for the residents of longhouses and constituted part of the farmstead.

The spatial analysis of the Neolithic village of Bischoffsheim led to the development of a new model of internal organisation
of the Linear Pottery culture settlements based on a series of precisely dated houses and on a Bayesian modelling
of numerous radiocarbon dates. The »orthogonal model«, similar in principle to the Hofplatz model but also
reflecting the row organisation observed at many sites, proposes the partition of the village, which displays a regular
division into quadrangular lots with successive buildings. These were rebuilt repeatedly (approximately every quarter of
a century) by the same social unit.

In September 2008 the Odyssey program started as a joint effort of the Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research, the National Centre for Cultural Heritage
and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. The main aim of this program
was the disclosure of unpublished archaeological research carried out between
1900 and 2000. It has been calculated that over 3500-4000 excavations that
were carried out in this period have never been published. The Odyssey project:
The LBK revisited: ‘forgotten’ research into the Bandkeramik occupation of the Low
Countries aimed to fill in a part of this gap for the early Neolithic farmers in the
Netherlands.
This report is the result of our research. It is mainly written in Dutch, but as
early Neolithic research transcends the Dutch borders we have chosen to provide
a summary of all the chapters of this report. The first 9 chapters (with exception
of chapter 3) have been translated completely as well as the summaries (chapter 27
and 28) and the synthesis (29). The chapters on the 14 excavations (chapter 10-
22) have been summarised with one exception: the excavation at Echt-Annendaal
(chapter 23) which has been fully translated. The specialist report on “archaeobotany”
(chapter 24), “non-LBK pottery” (chapter 25) and “characterisation of red
ochre” (chapter 26) have also been translated completely.
The report has been divided into six parts. Part 1 covers the outline of the
project, regarding methodology, landscape and historical background. Part 2 deals
with the sites on the western bank of the Meuse River. These sites all lie near the
municipality of Maastricht and are part of the Heeswater settlement cluster. Part
3 describes the sites on the eastern bank of the Meuse River, belonging to the
Graetheide settlement cluster. Part 4 covers the excavation at Echt-Annendaal, a
site which lies outside (north of ) the loess cover. Part 5 presents specialist research
on archaeobotany, non-LBK pottery and hematite. A summary of sites lying in the
two settlement clusters is provided in chapters 27 en 28. An elaborate synthesis is
presented in chapter 29.
Figures and tables are presented in the original (Dutch) chapters.

‘Vergeten’ Bandkeramiek
Een Odyssee naar de oudste neolithische bewoning in Nederland

Ivo van Wijk, Luc Amkreutz en Piet van de Velde

Het archeologisch onderzoek in Nederland naar de vroegneolithische Lineaire Bandkeramiek cultuur of LBK (5250-4950 v. Chr.) heeft een lange geschiedenis. Sinds de eerste vondsten in 1925 werken amateur- en beroepsarcheologen er aan om onze kennis van deze cultuur te vergroten. Naast grote opgravingen die door de Universiteit Leiden zijn uitgevoerd, heeft veel (meest kleinschaliger) onderzoek plaatsgevonden dat minstens belangrijke aanvullende gegevens kan bieden, zo niet een ander licht kan werpen op de bestaande beeldvorming. Buiten het onderzoek van de Universiteit zijn publicaties echter summier of ontbreken geheel, ook die betreffende de eerste bandkeramische opgravingen. Het NWO-Odyssee onderzoeksproject Terug naar de Bandkeramiek, ‘vergeten’ onderzoeken van de Bandkeramiek heeft deze ’vergeten’ opgravingen boven water gehaald.
Voor dit project is een selectie van deze kleinere bandkeramische opgravingen uitgewerkt en toegankelijk gemaakt voor (aansluitend) wetenschappelijk onderzoek als ook voor een groter publiek; daarnaast is er binnen het project kennisoverdracht geweest op een jongere generatie onderzoekers.
In deze publicatie wordt de rijke onderzoeksgeschiedenis besproken en verslag gedaan van de opgravingen van veertien bandkeramische vindplaatsen in de Graetheideregio alsmede het gebied ten noorden van Maastricht. De (her)analyses van de geselecteerde onderzoeken worden per vindplaats gepresenteerd en in een synthetiserend kader geplaatst. De aandacht gaat daarbij uit naar: nederzettingsstructuur en landschappelijke inkadering (Van Wijk & Amkreutz), de chronologie van het bandkeramisch aardewerk (Van de Velde), het vuursteengebruik en de -herkomst (De Grooth), de stenen werktuigen (Verbaas), het non-bandkeramisch aardewerk (Brounen), het gebruik van oker (Wijnen), en de  bandkeramische cultuurgewassen (Bakels).
Als centraal thema wordt aan de hand van genoemde aspecten de bewoningsdynamiek ten oosten en westen van de Maas belicht  Onder de algemene noemer van Lineaire Bandkeramiek blijkt een variabiliteit in het gebruik en herkomst van diverse gebruiksgoederen schuil te gaan die groter was dan aangenomen werd  en die nu in onze analyses duidelijk naar voren komt.
De ‘vergeten’ onderzoeken van de Bandkeramiek krijgen op deze wijze alsnog de hun toekomende plaats in de onderzoeksgeschiedenis geboden.

At Talheim 34 individuals of all age classes had been killed in a surprise attack and buried in a pit. Traces of
an opposition are missing among the skeletal remains. Decorated sherds date the massacre to the very end
of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK). Analysis of epigenetic marks and the structure of generations and sex
suggest that the dead represent a complete living population. Future results of aDNA-analysis will possibly
give further details.
Analysis of the injuries showed that only weapons of LBK origin were used. This points to an internal
conflict rather than a conflict resulting from an expansion of Hinkelstein Culture people settling only few
kilometres away. At least one of the offenders came from a LBK settlement about 15 kilometers south of
Talheim.

This volume is dedicated to the 60th birthday anniversary of Igor Vasilyevich Manzura, leading Moldovan archaeologist and specialist in prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, Professor of the High Anthropological School University, member correspondent of the German Archaeological Institute, grantee of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) and IREX (USA). The articles in this volume cover a wide range of topics to match Igor Manzura's scientific interests — from Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age of our region to archaeological theory and anthropology. This publication is meant for archaeologists, anthropologists, historians of culture, students and wider circles of readers.

CONTENTS

Tabula Gratulatoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

List of published works by Igor Manzura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Album of Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

P. Biagi (Venice, Italy), E. Starnini (Turin, Italy). The Origin and Spread of the Late
Mesolithic Blade and Trapeze Industries in Europe: Reconsidering J. G. D. Clark’s
Hypothesis Fifty Years After . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

T. Saile (Regensburg, Germany), S. Ţerna (Kishinev, Moldova), M. Dębiec, M. Posselt
(Regensburg, Germany). On the Interpretation of Dwelling Complexes from the Eastern
Linear Pottery Cultural Area: new materials from fi eld investigations from
the Republic of Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

S. Kadrow, A. Rauba-Bukowska (Kraków, Poland). Ceramics Technology and Transfer
of Ideas in the West Carpathian Region in Neolithic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

C.-E. Ursu (Suceava, Romania). Precucuteni — a culture or a chronological horizon? . .73

B. Govedarica (Berlin, Germany). Confl ict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural
Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area . . . . . . . . . . . .81

D. V. Kiosak, L. V. Subbotin (Odessa, Ukraine). On the Blade Detachment Technique
in the Bolgrad Variant of Gumelnita Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

S. Hansen (Berlin, Germany). Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen
Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

I. V. Bruyako (Odessa, Ukraine). The Natural Landscape of the Settlement of Kartal
in the Eneolithic Epoch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

E. Kaiser (Berlin, Germany). Die ältesten Grabhügel in Ost- und Südosteuropa. . . . . 133

Yu. Rassamakin (Kiev, Ukraine). An Unique Eneolithic Cemetery on the Island Khortytsia
in the Dnieper Rapids Area (Ukraine): preliminary results of investigations . . . . . . 145

V. Nikolov (Sofi a, Bulgaria). The Chalcolithic Stone Fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata . . 169

N. B. Burdo, M. Yu. Videiko (Kiev, Ukraine). “Buried Houses” and Cucuteni-Trypillia
Settlements Incineration Ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

R. Hofmann (Kiel, Germany), A. Diachenko (Kiev, Ukraine), J. Müller (Kiel, Germany).
Demographic Trends and Socio-economic Dynamics: Some Issues of Correlation . . . 193

S. N. Korenevskiy (Moscow, Russian Federation). Оn Beakers and Amphora Type Vessels
of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya Community and the Problem of their Analogies
in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

V. M. Bikbaev (Kishinev, Moldova). Painted Amphora with Scenes of Ritual Dances
from a Late Tripolian Settlement at Chirileni (Sângerei, Moldova) . . . . . . . . . . . 227

O. Leviţki, Gh. Sîrbu (Kishinev, Moldova), I. Bajureanu (Trinca, Moldova). Microzona
Trinca în contextul eneoliticului est-carpatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

S. V. Ivanova (Odessa, Ukraine). Barrows vs Settlements: Herdsmen vs Farmers . . . . 273

L. S. Klejn (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). The Problem of Archaeological
Identifi cation of Tocharians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

S. D. Lysenko (Kiev, Ukraine), S. N. Razumov (Tiraspol, Moldova), S. S. Lysenko (Kiev,
Ukraine), V. S. Sinika (Tiraspol, Moldova). New Finds of the Bronze Age Metal Items
near Ternovka Village on the Left Bank of the Lower Dniester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

E. Schalk (Berlin, Germany). Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas,
Prähistorischem Olynth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

V. A. Dergaciov, E. N. Sava (Kishinev, Moldova). Investigations of Barrows near
Taraclia Township in 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

M. E. Tkachuk, D. A. Topal, E. Yu. Zverev (Kishinev, Moldova). Archaeological Field
Surveys near Palanka Village: a New Classical Settlement on the Lower Dniester . . . 367

S. V. Kuzminykh (Moscow, Russian Federation), A. N. Usachuk (Donetsk, Ukraine).
“My dear friend Michail Markovich!” (Helsinki collection of the letters written by
N. E. Makarenko to A. M. Talgren) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

L. Nikolova (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Theory in Prehistory and Prehistory in Theory
(Filling the Gaps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

A. I. Behr-Glinka (Moscow, Russian Federation). Serpent as a Bride and an Intimate
Partner of a Man. Once more about the semantics of serpent in European folk-lore . . 435

A. A. Romanchuk (Kishinev, Moldova). The East-Eurasian Hypothesis
of Dene-Caucasian Motherland in the Light of Genogeographical Data:
a Brief Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

In the years 2006-2011, at the site Więckowice 4, rescue excavations were carried out in the eastern part of an extensive (over 15 ha) multicultural zone. The most numerous are the remains of the LBK settlement from the "music note" phase. The southeastern part of the settlement was explored, discovering lines of building pits and post holes belonging to 3-4 longhouses. A particularly unique discovery was a fragment of a LBK vessel with powdered graphite preserved on the outer surface. In addition to the LBK ornament of engraved lines, it is decorated in a manner referring to the ornamentation of the Eastern Linear circle (Tiszadob-Kapušany group). The presence of graphite on the vessel wall has been confirmed by the results of SEM-EDS analyses. This is the first such find in Lesser Poland. To comprehensively address the cultural significance of this find we provide an upto-date overview of graphite usage in a wide range of LBK contexts.

A Hungarian in Poland. On an Early Neolithic Figurine from Kosina 62 near Łańcut in Southeastern Poland. – The figurine from Kosina represents the first find of an anthropomorphic sculpture in the style of the Alföld-LBK in the zone north of the Carpathians; it was made of local clay. Close connections across the Carpathians can be seen, for example, in the mutual import of pottery, the imitation of vessel decorations and the import of obsidian. The use of similar figurines on both sides of the Carpathians may indicate common worlds of belief and imagination.

Sites Cieszacin Wielki 41, Jankowice 9 and Pawłosiów
55 are located in south-eastern Poland, within the area of
Podkarpackie Voivodeship, on south of Jarosław city. In
terms of geomorphology, it is the area of  the Sandomierz
Basin. In 2009–2011, rescue excavations were carried out
in connection with the construction of the A4 motorway
between  Jarosław  (Wierzbno  interchange)  –  Radymno
(Radymno interchange). In addition, with regard to the
site Jankowice 9, non-invasive geophysical surveys were
conducted in 2009. This publication is a comprehensive
development of the materials from all three sites and it
was established with the support of the Ministry of Culture
and National Heritage under the Cultural Heritage, Prior-
ity 5 – Protection of archaeological heritage. The project
was implemented by the Foundation for Archaeological
Centre  in  Rzeszów  in  collaboration  with  the  University
of Rzeszów and the University of Regensburg.