Indian subcontinent

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colony in one territory by a political power from another territory (Rashid, 2014). It seems that the human race was created to face suppression at the hands of one thing or another. Whether it be our own activities or some intervention by nature itself, every generation throughout history has been keen and intent on finding ‘solutions’ to the troubles they encounter. One such instance seen throughout history is the dark and murky past of the nations who had once been colonized by another political power, an example of how humans subjugate humans. Despite the fact the colonialism leaves key ideas for socio-economic development in the colonized territory, it cannot be denied that the initial approach to try and dominate a nation is always plunder; seizing goods through trade, exploiting labors or any such related aspect. Perhaps the most influential thing that remains even after the colonizers have deserted a certain area is the use and impact of their native language.
Since this research work required more of an insight of the whole matter, I preferred using the qualitative method for analyzing the resources. The issue itself is a critical one; it has not been addressed as many times as others and that is why there was a lack of definite, primary resources on which to review.
The British abandoned the subcontinent back in 1947, creating two resource-rich and self-dependent nations who have since then progressed into the modern era through the use of very customs left behind by the Englishmen. Their language has been implemented on every imaginable level in the whole country. From kindergarten to Post-graduate education, English has not been left to the candidates as choice. A nation’s youth is its future; poisoning their minds by making learning English a necessity not only distracts them from seeking knowledge, but also creates space for the implantation of western concepts and culture into their minds. Hence, I derived the hypothesis that the vast use of English language has tampered the mindsets and approaches of Pakistani citizens.

The study deals with the imperialistic elements of British rule in E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India. This study textually analysis through the post-colonial aspect of the study. British colonizer rule in India or British raj the local people suffer a lot from it. This paper highlights the crucial relation between the colonizer and the colonized. I study English colonized literature, I always seem to sympathies with the locals in English colonized countries. These colonialists regarded the locals as inferior. Through the study of “A Passage to India,” we come to know how Forster depicted the British rule in Indian sub-continent. This study leads us towards the British Imperialistic activities in India.

Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) in transport are a growing phenomenon throughout the world. The developing world in particular has seen a veritable explosion of such arrangements. There can be, however, a significant difference between developing countries that are ‘low-income’ versus those that are middle-income. In some ways low-income countries can benefit more from the access to new capital and technical expertise that a PPP can bring. On the other hand there can be significant barriers to implementation of PPP’s in low-income nations and equity issues can loom especially large there. This paper examines these differences by way of a case study of the country of Bangladesh. The paper concludes with a discussion of preliminary ‘lessons learned’ in bringing transport PPP’s to low-income countries.

The geopolitical entity of Gilgit Baltistan, which may be called the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent, emerged conspicuously on the map of Asia after the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) opened its long and elusive debate on the Jammu & Kashmir dispute as early as January 1948. As it is closely linked to the somewhat nameless region of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir, it becomes a necessity first, to understand the history of the making of Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir and then analyse the ground situation as it shaped in the region of Gilgit Baltistan.

The paper examines why states seek nuclear weapons, using Pakistan as a case study. Islamabad's quest for nuclear status is examined from both an economic and a strategic perspective, and the country's ideological foundations are examined in order to better understand this policy. The paper examines both China's and the United States' role in Pakistan's nuclear program, and their respective interests and motivations. The last section deals with Dr Khan and his network.

This is the introductory statement for the inaugural issue of BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies, January 2010. The editors map the various themes and research focuses the journal aims to capture, including pre-cinematic and contemporary screen cultures, a wide range of intermedia networks, and the links between screen cultures and social, cultural and poltical practices. It raises issues concerning the validity of the national framework, and the importance of regional and global networks in a map of screen cultures.

This chapter treats the Persian cultural influences on India and interactions between India and Iran in the centuries from 1500 to 1900. It surveys the place of the Persian languag e in Indian government, chancery practice, and imperial decrees, and the manner in which state adoption of it created a very large class of Persian-speaking bureaucrats, scribes, translators, and other intellectuals in the subcontinent. It is argued that in theM ughal period perhaps seven times as many readers of Persian lived in India as in Iran. The chapter looks at Indo-Persian travel writing, works on comparative religion, and the impact of religious groups with strong ties to Persian-speaking Iran, whether Twelver Shi 'is or the much smaller Isma ' iii and Zoroastrian communities. It pays special attention to the Shi 'i-ruled kingdoms that were , common in India in the early modern period.

The undertaken study is based on stylistic analysis of Ahmed Ali's short story Our Lane. The study analyzes how the author has used linguistic features like noun, adjective, conjunction, sentence complexity to portray the social, political, economic, religious, psychological and cultural conditions of the colonized natives of the Indian subcontinent in the wake of the British colonial rule. The story portrays how the colonial rule has deteriorated the people socially, economically, politically and psychologically. Ahmed Ali's use of adjective is in consonant with the established norm of using 7 to 8% of the total text (Hofland & Johansson, 1987:6). Whereas, the median of 343 sentences is 13, which is shorter than the length of an average modern sentence, which according to Ellegard is 17.8 words. While rebutting colonial narrative, he deviates from the standards of English language: excessive use of coordinating conjunction 'and' is evidence to it. Most adjectives of positive characteristics qualify to the past, whereas the adjectives referring to present are either of negative or of neutral characteristics, and thus the writer recognizes the glory of the past and condemns the disintegrating present and uncertain future in the colonized land.

"Khaksar and Jallianwala Bagh Massacres: The Bloodbaths that Ignited the Freedom Movement"

By Nasim Yousaf

The cold-blooded massacre of Khaksars in Lahore and the Jallianwala Bagh incident in Amritsar took place on March 19, 1940 and April 13, 1919 respectively. The two tragedies occurred in cities in Punjab that are only 31 miles (50 km) apart. The Khaksar and Jallianwala Bagh massacres not only brought country-wide resentment against the British Raj, but also sparked the Indian sub-continent’s (now comprised of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) freedom movement, which led to the fall of British rule in 1947.

Le Cachemire est un Etat divisé et disputé entre l’Inde et le Pakistan depuis la partition du sous-continent indien. Les deux frères ennemis réclament l’entièreté du territoire de cet ancien Etat princier, et la population cachemirie quant à elle semble, depuis les années 90, se rebeller au pouvoir central indien qui, quant à lui accuse le Pakistan de soutenir les groupuscules terroristes et la guérilla armée. La plupart des analyses concernant ce contentieux se font sous le prisme du réalisme politique et des enjeux géostratégiques que représente le Cachemire. Nous avons fait le choix de rechercher l’origine du conflit dans une approche constructiviste, en nous focalisant sur l’origine des nationalismes religieux dans le sous-continent indien. La question du Cachemire est dès lors abordée dans le contexte historique indien, des violences « communalistes » des communautés religieuses hindoue et musulmane et la polarisation des identités. L’originalité de notre travail réside dans l’approche constructiviste et particulièrement la construction des identités religieuses qui ont vu s’éloigner mutuellement des populations présentant par ailleurs plus de traits communs que de divergences. Les éléments historiques et géographiques nous ont éclairés sur la population hétéroclite cachemirie et la complexité historique de la vallée tout en inscrivant la question dans le contexte de la Partition. Nous avons recherché la genèse de la construction des identités opposées, hindoue et musulmane, dans la période historique de la fin de l’empire moghole (XIXème siècle) et la propulsion de l’Inde dans une modernité résultant de la colonisation britannique. La question de la militance a également été abordée en analysant l’actuelle lutte armée des groupuscules qui mènent des actions de violence politique dans la vallée du Cachemire ainsi que sur l’ensemble du territoire indien.

The analysis of change of typology of buildings in a specific era is a principal domain to study the socio-economic changes in the period. This paper aims to study the radical period of the history of subcontinent that is the change of the role of the British from traders to an authority in India through analyzing the shift in types of buildings. This paper is divided into two sections on basis of timeline to clearly identify the changes in building typology, i.e. before and after the eighteenth century. After the 1700s, due to the development of Civil Service Code and victories achieved by the Company’s military, British gained limited control of policy making in India; over the period of time, the control exercised increased drastically which in turn led British to become a hegemonic power and major stakeholder in India. This paper is focused on the comparison between the period before and after the eighteenth century and aims to discuss the changes in the roles of British through speculation of typology of the buildings constructed by the British in India.

Oggetto principale di questo elaborato è lo Sri Lanka, una piccola isola dell’Oceano Indiano tristemente nota per una sanguinosa guerra civile durata 26 anni e terminata ufficialmente nel maggio del 2009. Alla base del conflitto, che ha visto contrapporsi l’organizzazione paramilitare delle Tigri Tamil (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) e l’esercito regolare srilankese, vi è la rivalità etnica fra la comunità maggioritaria dei singalesi e quella minoritaria dei tamil. I due gruppi, con caratteristiche linguistiche, religiose, geografiche e genealogiche differenti, vengono spesso considerati in storico e perenne conflitto, presentando la guerra civile quale esito scontato ed inevitabile di una società fondata sull’ostilità etnica.
Obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è proprio quello di scardinare una simile convinzione: dimostrando la natura multiculturale e tollerante dello Sri Lanka, collocando l’emersione della rivalità etnica nel contesto storico del primo Novecento ed inquadrando la sua definitiva esplosione nel periodo relativo al processo d’indipendenza del 1948. Si cercherà, inoltre, di valutare la credibilità di un eventuale ritorno all’antica stabilità, attraverso l’analisi delle iniziative di riconciliazione nazionale verificatesi dal termine ufficiale della guerra civile ad oggi.
La prima parte si incentrerà sulla struttura sociale dello Sri Lanka, sia passata che presente. Si illustrerà dapprima la composizione di una popolazione estremamente variegata ed eterogenea, evidenziando le principali caratteristiche della sua composita suddivisione interna e dimostrando quanto sia ingannevole la sua riduzione ad una semplicistica ed omogenea bipolarità. Verrà documentato, inoltre, quanto la matrice etnica sia solo una parte della stratificazione sociale srilankese, nella quale si inseriscono molteplici fattori dalle peculiarità differenti. Infine, verranno analizzate le complesse dinamiche interne ed interazionali delle diverse comunità nel corso dei secoli, sottolineando principalmente l’esistenza di un passato contraddistinto dalla pacifica convivenza e dalla mutua tolleranza.
La seconda parte, invece, si occuperà dell’influenza esercitata dalla gestione amministrativa della colonia britannica sullo sviluppo della tensione interetnica. In particolare, si descriverà il passaggio dal riconoscimento delle diverse identità e dal coinvolgimento di tutti i gruppi presenti sull’isola nella conduzione della colonia ad un’impostazione eurocentrica basata
sulla costruzione di un sentimento di unità nazionale e sul desiderio di omogeneità sociale del multiforme Ceylon. Verrà dimostrata l’inesistenza di scontri di matrice etnica e l’emersione di un generale collaborazionismo interetnico durante la prima fase della gestione britannica dell’isola, per poi analizzare lo sviluppo graduale della tensione tra le diverse comunità nella sua seconda parte, coincidente con l’alba del XX secolo. Si cercherà di sottolineare la natura di un simile scontro, che cede definitivamente alla propaganda del nazionalismo etnico a causa delle problematiche legate ad un’equa distribuzione della rappresentanza politica ed alla crescente insoddisfazione degli strati medi ed inferiori della popolazione ceylonese circa le proprie condizioni sociali. Infine, si mostrerà la definitiva esplosione del dualismo singalese-tamil nell’ultimo periodo del processo d’indipendenza e la responsabilità britannica nell’aver lasciato l’isola in possesso dei requisiti necessari alla costruzione del moderno conflitto etnico, in grado di smembrare l’intero tessuto sociale dello Sri Lanka e dividere profondamente la propria popolazione.
Una divisione che le barbare violenze della guerra civile e le criminali violazioni dei diritti umani hanno alimentato ed accresciuto, tanto da apparire insanabili. La terza ed ultima parte, infatti, intende analizzare l’attendibilità di un ritorno alla tollerante convivenza interetnica attraverso elementi essenziali all’eventuale costruzione di una riconciliazione sociale, ossia: l’accertamento delle responsabilità per i crimini internazionalmente puniti; la garanzia di un adeguato e credibile processo giudiziario; l’effettiva tutela delle libertà individuali per la popolazione srilankese. Si farà riferimento, quindi, alle azioni dei governi in carica sull’isola dalla fine del conflitto e la pressione delle Nazioni Unite per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi. In particolare, si presenteranno le risoluzioni adottate sinora dal Consiglio per i Diritti Umani delle Nazioni Unite nei confronti dello Sri Lanka, sottolineando l’evoluzione della collaborazione fra questi due attori della comunità internazionale per giungere all’effettiva stabilità dell’isola.

From the topic “The Lost Women” to the choice of women in the world of literature, that are, Anna, Ameeran and Elisabeth, the research is done keeping in mind the feminist Marxist approach towards them to show how the world reflects upon them and how the respective writers voice their stories of making their place in the society.

The genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855 is reviewed from the Indian subcontinent. Three species with one additional subspecies are present, namely Antodynerus flavescens flavescens (Fabricius, 1775), A. f. karachiensis Giordani Soika, 1970, A. limbatus (de Saussure, 1852), and A. punctatipennis (de Saussure, 1853). The parasitic association of strepsipter-an insects and the symbiotic association of mites are reported for the first time in the genus Antodynerus. The distribution of A. f. flavescens (Fabricius) and A. limbatus (de Saussure) in the Indian states is augmented. The latter species is newly recorded from China (Tibet). A key to species of the Indian subcontinent is provided.

The Indian continent is one of the conspicuous regions where the Turks left indelible marks in the area of history, literature, culture, and civilization. Although the contact of the Turks with the Indian continent goes back to much earlier periods, the Turkish-Islamic presence in the
region has been permanently settled with the arrival of Ghaznavids since the first part of the eleventh century. After that, the Indian subcontinent was governed by various Turkish dynasties for approximately eight centuries until the collapse of the Baburi dynasty (the definition of Mongol for Baburs is not correct) in the eighteenth century. Therefore, in the historical process Turks and Hindus, who have very strong historical heritage, have interacted with each other in the field of military, religion, culture, art, and literature. Due to such a deeply as well as multidimensional historical connection, it is significant to strengthen Indo-Turkish relations. However, the way to take healthier and more sustainable steps in the bilateral relations one should focus on the one-hand sources and try to understand the ‘other’ in a proper perspective. In this regard, the data found in the basic sources written by Hindu thinkers in the medieval period is very crucial and precious in order to gain true knowledge on Hindu-Turk relations and to reveal the views of Hindus on the Turkish imperial system and their religious tradition.
When the original sources have been analyzed, it is seen that the terms such as saka, yavana (other, foreigner) and mleccha (ignorant, dirty) were used in order to refer to Turks. In this
context another conspicuous phrase found in Sanskrit and Hindi texts is Turko, Turuka or Turuska. In the time of early relations these kind of phrases were used to identify a different racial community who came from the foreign areas. However, after the increase of the Turks’
influences on Indian societies, the meaning attributed to this term has been expanded. As a matter of fact, the term of Turuka was used in the meaning of “Muslims” and Turuka dharma was used in the sense of “Turks’ religion”, that is Islam. Some Hindu leaders who stand out among Indian society in the medieval period, tried to assess the behaviors of Turks and their religious and imperial policies towards non-Muslims
from their own eyes. While some of them have preferred a pejorative approach for Turks, others have developed more encompassing turn of phrase. Hindu thinkers who attained a chance to make close contact with the Turk administrators, have provided more reasonable
evaluations about Turks. It is clear that all Turkish administrators have not carried out same political attitudes towards Muslims or non-Muslims since it is quite possible that some rulers have used the authority of the dynasty for their own benefit. However, according to information obtained by the Indian sources, while Muslim Turks were in power, a
management approach based on peace and tolerance was adopted; furthermore, various specific social and political policies were implemented for the improving of the culture of living together. Turkish leaders benefited from the experience of qualified people regardless of their religious and ethnical identities. Therefore, the scientific and objective studies regarding to Hindu’s views on Turk and Turks views on Hindus via checking the original sources written by Hindu thinkers in the medieval period will shed light on the illumination of the historical background of Indo-Turk relations and contribute to the reassessment of the current data regarding with this subject with a truer perspective.

Copper alloys from an early-historic period site Kausambi, Uttar Pradesh, India were studied to understand the manufacturing technology and alloying practices through elemental analysis and microstructural examination. Most of the analysed samples were tin bronzes, and microstructure examination demonstrated casting, forging and annealing procedures adopted in manufacturing. Arsenic was absent in most of the samples, which may be due to recycling of the metal and awareness regarding the health hazards of this element among artisans. It is suggested that arsenic was not intentionally mixed in archaeological copper. On the other hand, tin was added in different quantities to meet the desired physical properties of the end-products. It is reported that copper metallurgy was developed in due course of time as a specialized craft in the Central Gangetic Valley, India and artisans of this region had mastered the copper-alloy technology since the early historic period.

This paper explores the credibility and utility of AMSR-E soil moisture data (AE_Land 3 product) to understand the soil moisture variation over Indian subcontinent in the year 2010. The data product was processed to generate monthly average soil moisture maps. The maps were analyzed to study the soil moisture pattern over the entire region qualitatively. The soil moisture values from the generated maps were compared with the rainfall data and it was found to be very well complementing the actual rainfall variation. The study shows that the soil moisture variation is in line with the seasonal change and the observed rainfall variation.

One of the most dramatic post-war stories was the Partition of the Indian Subcontinent by the British Raj in 1947. It brought into existence Pakistan and India; their relations have been married by conflicts, mostly due to the inclusion of the State of Kashmir, whose population is predominantly Muslim, into India! Over the years, I have kept a file on the modern history of India and Pakistan.t. Going over this file, I found an article that had been posted on a now defunct website, www.kwtanweer.com bearing this Arabic title:
“Al-Hind wa Pakistan al-‘Ilmaniyya’ Tantaser” India & Pakistan: Secularism Wins”

In some ways, A Burning reads terrorism in a manner that is by and large non-existent in public discourse. It shifts the focus onto the terror of the state and its machinery, which practises institutionalised discrimination and alienates a part of its own citizenry in the name of inimical ethno-nationalism. But its description of this world, unlike that of the Urdu fiction, lacks the depth of cultural experience of what it means to be projected as a Muslim terrorist. ... If the court disposed of the truth throughout Jivan’s trial, the novel does not fare better either, reflecting as it does Saadat Hasan Manto’s dark but revealing remark: “My court thought that truth and literature should be kept far apart.”

The paper provides insight into the existence of codified private law in a Common law colony – Pakistan – outside the realm of Europe. As the Britain ruled the subcontinent for a long period of time, therefore, Pakistan continued to follow the Common law system regulated by their British colonizers. It gives a detailed account of the existence and application of common law in the subcontinent, and on the intent of the British to codify the laws in the region to accomplish their ‘divide and rule’ policy for the administration of the subcontinent. Using this as the proverbial measuring stick, the paper then seeks to justify a parallel system of codified private laws in existence in Europe, in a compact manner. Not only this, the paper also reflects upon the impact of the codified private law in the legal development of Pakistan as a whole till to date. For that purpose, an explanatory over-view of the Indian Contract Act of 1872 is provided including the history, traditional and common law roots, and the Act, itself. 

Keywords: European private law codification, Impact on Pakistan, Old British colony, Subcontinent and Common law, Impact on legal development, Indian Contract Act 1872.

This article explains how humans fell divided in history and fought each other, killed one group another, hated one another and hatched conspiracies one against another. It also illustrates how crude politicians took chances of our mental dilemma and ‘divided and ruled’ us with the ancient tricks -- DIVIDE ET IMPERA.

This paper explores the credibility and utility of AMSR-E soil moisture data (AE_Land 3 product) to understand the soil moisture variation over Indian subcontinent in the year 2010. The data product was processed to generate monthly average soil moisture maps. The maps were analyzed to study the soil moisture pattern over the entire region qualitatively. The soil moisture values from the generated maps were compared with the rainfall data and it was found to be very well complementing the actual rainfall variation. The study shows that the soil moisture variation is in line with the seasonal change and the observed rainfall variation.

The Hindu Wodeyar dynasty formed the Mysore kingdom in 1399 (1). It ruled the region until India’s independence, with a couple of breaks in between, from 1760 to 1799 and 1831 to 1881. Established as a subsidiary of the Karnata Empire (popular as Vijayanagar Empire), the Wodeyars began to spread their wings after Vijayanagar was sacked at the battle of Talikoti in 1565 (2). During its long existence it saw the rise and fall of many empires, including the Mughals and Marathas. Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar who ruled from 1673 until his death in 1704, is seen as its most successful king. This essay highlights how this far sighted ruler developed and sustained friendship with Aurangzeb to not only check their common enemy the Marathas, but also to reform his kingdom.