Ecology of H5N1

Nous vivons depuis quelques se-maines en pleine pandémie, au sens propre. Les mesures contrai-gnantes ont aff ecté directement et considé-rablement les rythmes de la vie spirituelle, familiale, les pulsations économiques et so-ciales, comme jamais durant les dernières dé-cennies. L'obligation de rester à la maison, la disparition de personnes proches, abatt ues par le coronavirus, ou l'éloignement d'autres êtres chers, pour plusieurs semaines, à des endroits où il nous est interdit de nous rendre, la fermeture des lieux de travail et tout le reste alourdit encore plus l'atmosphère communautaire et sociale. Tout cela ne peut pas res-ter sans réponse. Nous sommes en fait poussés à chercher les signifi cations spirituelles, les leçons spirituelles pour comprendre pourquoi cela nous arrive à nous.

Materialul prezinta o analiză interdisciplinară, la granița dintre științele medicale, ecologie, antropologie și teologia ortodoxă, a câtorva dintre cele mai importante pandemii ale ultimului secol, a cauzelor și implicațiilor acestora asupra civilizației. Sunt menționate succint, date care despre gripele aviare sau porcine (A/H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1), despre cele declanșate de coronavirusul SARS-CoV-1 (SARS) și betacoronavirusul MERS-CoV (MERS), precum și despre pandemia CoVid-19, declanșată de coronavirusul SARS-CoV-2. Sunt expuse o serie de explicații privind posibilele cauze ale acestor pandemii, care țin de (ne)respectarea normelor de biosecuritate - în unitățile de creștere intensivă a mamiferelor și păsărilor, de (insuficientele) reglementări privitoare la piața animalelor sălbatice, și, în general, de un raport neadecvat cu resursele lumii vii. Sunt discutate unele norme de biosecuritate din zootehnia intensivă împreună cu analize ce semnalează posibile riscuri de natură epidemiologică care ar putea surveni în cazul nerespectării acestor norme. În legătură cu piața animalelor sălbatice, sunt prezentate 3 exemple: liliecii (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), civeta de palmier (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) și pangolinul, fiind menționate câteva din practicile abuzive legate de acestea mamifere, și regiunile de pe glob unde aceste practici sunt prezente. Perspectiva spirituală, oferită de teologia creștină, introduce reflecțiile patristice despre raționalitatea creației, în lumina Întrupării Logosului, și maniera spirituală de raportare la lumea vie care decurge din ea. Câteva înțelesuri, pentru toate aceste situații luate în discuție, oferite de teologia creștină, sunt identificate la autori precum Panayotis Nellas, părintele Dumitru Stăniloae și Olivier Clement.

Avian Infl uenza H5N1 has been spreading in Indonesia since 2003. The Avian infl uenza virus H5N1 actually infects various animals, including birds, mammalian and others. Since 2005, avian infl uenza virus has infected humans. According to data, there are 132 persons suspected of contracting this virus, and this was one of the highest cases of avian infl uenza H5N1 outbreak in the world. One of the means of protection against infection is vaccination. Until now there is no H5N1 infl uenza vaccine extant, because the virus has a high level of pathogenicity, which makes it diffi  cult to obtain a high yield of seed vaccine.
In this research, we constructed H5N1 virus with low pathogenic Hemagglutinin gene and neuraminidase gene from PR8 (H1N1) using reverse genetic method. The new virus then inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. We tested the H5N1 virus reverse genetic using molecular methods such as PCR and sequencing; and we used EID50 and Intravenous Pathogenicity Index for the pathogenicity test. The new H5N1 virus reverse genetic was also tested in mice to observe the antibody’s titer and challenge.
The result, we found that the low pathogenic H5N1 virus reverse genetic was successfully created. Neuraminidase from PR8 played important role in reducing pathogens in chickens and mice. From molecular data we note that no amino acids were changed, the pathogenicity of H5N1 virus reverse genetic was low, with an Intravenous Pathogenicity Index of 0 and the highest titer was 256 GMT and the highest survival rate was 85.71%.

Members of your community are going to die from pandemic flu if you don't have a balance of birds. This helps ensure H1N1, H5N1, H7N9 and other potentially pandemic strains don't jump to people because (1) a diversity of bird hosts is supported by conservation activity limiting new strains; and (2) susceptible birds are not within infective hosts' range. Predictions are based on available data. A guidebook to the Influenza Database (ncbi.nih.nlm.gov) here includes (A) reviews, (B) methods for navigating the database and creating flu trees to track change through species (to low or high pathogenic); and (C) other resources meant to assist agencies tracking new flu. We cannot pretend we have a working knowledge of which birds are saving us.

Malaria is an infectious disease that is dominant either in tropical area or subtropical area and it can cause death in million people even more for every year. Plasmodium falciparum Morozoite Surface Protein-1(PfMSP-1) is very important in the process of parasite invasion into erythrocyte and it is also a candidate of malaria vaccine. Furthermore, this protein is needed to be researched further, particularly regarding the polymorphism of encoding gene due to having high polymorphism geographically. PfMSP-1 has three types of alleles which are K1, MAD20, and RO33. However, this research aimed to observe the polymorphism of PfMSP-1 in either closed community or opened community at South Buru district. The sample of this research was collected in purposive sampling which was 128 respondents who were from either closed community or opened community by utilizing blood spot and DNA isolation. The result of the identification and DNA isolation was tested in single step PCR method. Hence, it was found 10 samples which were positive P. Falcifarum. According to nested PCR test, it was found that the genetic polymorphism of PfMSP-1 on K1, MAD20, and RO33 allele which were 100bp, 200bp, 300bp were in opened community. However, for the 100bp and 200bp were not found in closed community. Polymorphism was influenced by citizen migration from endemic area to non-endemic area or from non-endemic area to endemic one. The irregular use of anti-malaria drugs could cause a resistance to the plasmodium, hence, it could be occurred a mutation in host's body. The malaria illness history caused relapse even repetitive infections to Plasmodium falciparum that was in the host's body and it had an ability of immune system so that it could survive. It was found that the genetic polymorphism of PfMSP-1 on K1, MAD20, and RO33 allele was in opened community. Nonetheless, it was not found in closed community at South Bulu District, Maluku Province.